CN108371231A - 一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂及其制备方法，属于水产品饲料添加剂技术领域。所述的添加剂由以下按照重量份数计的原料组成：中药提取物5‑15份、草药复合物35‑45份、复合营养素25‑35份、益生元15‑25份。本发明旨在解决现有技术中罗非鱼饲料添加剂的问题，提供一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂，有效弥补此类添加剂的空白，在罗非鱼饲料中进行添加，对罗非鱼抗病力和肌肉品质的改善有良好的促进作用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种饲料添加剂及其制备方法，更具体地说，本发明涉及一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂及其制备方法，属于水产品饲料添加剂技术领域。
背景技术
罗非鱼，俗称非洲鲫鱼、非鲫、越南鱼、南洋鲫等。现在它是世界水产业的重点科研培养的淡水养殖鱼类，且被誉为未来动物性蛋白质的主要来源之一。通常生活于淡水中，也能生活于不同盐份含量的咸水中，也可以存活于湖、河、池塘的浅水中。它有很强的适应能力，在面积狭小之水域中亦能繁殖，甚至在水稻田里能够生长，且对溶氧较少之水有极强之适应性。绝大部分罗非鱼是杂食性，常吃水中植物和碎物。
国家知识产权局于2009.10.07公开了一件公开号为CN101548728A，名称为“一种改善罗非鱼肉质的中草药添加剂”的发明，该发明的中草药添加剂，它的组份和重量百分数范围分别为：鸡血藤22-30；黑豆30-40；甘草10-15；金银花5-10；板兰根5-10：山楂10-15。本发明的优点在于：(1)具有良好的诱食效果。(2)能显著降低罗非鱼肌肉中的脂肪含量和总胆固醇含量，显著增加肌肉中的风味物质-肌苷酸的含量，改善罗非鱼的肌肉品质。(3)添加使用方便，可以直接在商品饲料中添加。其组分可与商品饲料中的其他添加剂成分产生协同效应，提高罗非鱼的增重率和抗病力。(4)本发明所用原料来源稳定、价格低廉、生产工艺简单，易于产业化生产。
国家知识产权局于2010.11.24公开了一件公开号为CN101889664A，名称为“一种预防罗非鱼脂肪肝病的中草药添加剂”的发明，该发明的中草药添加剂，其特征是它的组份和重量配比范围分别为：绿豆8-10份；甘草1-3份；龙胆草1-3份；生栀子1-3份；黄芩1-3份；柴胡1-3份；生地2-5份；车前草1-3份；茵陈1-3份；板蓝根1-3份；蒲公英1-3份；白菊花：2-5份；郁金1-3份，泽泻1-3份。本发明能显著降低罗非鱼的肝体比及肌肉和肝脏中的脂肪含量，降低罗非鱼血清中的谷草转氨酶活力、谷丙转氨酶活力、总固醇含量和甘油三酯含量，保护肝细胞免遭营养因子、环境因子等因素的损伤，能有效预防罗非鱼养殖过程中营养性脂肪肝病的发生；添加使用方便，可以直接在商品饲料中添加，其组分可与商品饲料中的其他添加剂成分产生协同效应，提高罗非鱼的抗病力；所用原料来源稳定、价格低廉、生产工艺简单，易于产业化生产。
现在罗非鱼饲料中多使用常规添加剂，该类添加剂的使用虽然在短期内能够促进罗非鱼快速生长，但整个养殖周期中使用该类添加剂，罗非鱼抗病害能力差，商品鱼肌肉品质不佳。尤其是高温天气，易爆发疾病，因此养殖过程中的死亡率高，养殖的商品成鱼肌肉品质不好，口感差。
发明内容
本发明旨在解决现有技术中罗非鱼饲料添加剂的问题，提供一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂，该饲料添加剂能够提高罗非鱼抗病力，改善肌肉品质。
为了实现上述发明目的，其具体的技术方案如下：
一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂，其特征在于：由以下按照重量份数计的原料组成：中药提取物5-15份、草药复合物35-45份、复合营养素25-35份、益生元15-25份；
所述的中药提取物包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：灵芝10-15份、人参5-10份、当归20-25份、党参15-20份、红枣25-30份、枸杞10-15份；
所述的草药复合物包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：苎麻15-20份、紫苏20-25份、杜仲5-10份、大蒜10-15份、竹叶25-30份、桑叶10-15份；
所述的复合营养素包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：L-丙氨酸10-15份、L-蛋氨酸15-20份、L-甘氨酸15-20份、L-色氨酸15-20份、L-谷氨酸15-20份、维生素A 1-4份、维生素C5-7份、维生素E 4-6份、酵母硒5-8份；
所述的益生元包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：破壁酵母细胞15-20份、乳酸菌体蛋白20-25份、异麦芽糖7-10份、低聚果糖10-15份、低聚半乳糖5-10份、菊粉20-27份、大豆低聚糖6-10份。
优选的，一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂，其特征在于：由以下按照重量份数计的原料组成：中药提取物10份、草药复合物40份、复合营养素30、益生元20份；
所述的中药提取物包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：灵芝12份、人参7份、当归23份、党参18份、红枣28份、枸杞12份；
所述的草药复合物包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：苎麻18份、紫苏22份、杜仲7份、大蒜12份、竹叶28份、桑叶13份；
所述的复合营养素包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：L-丙氨酸14份、L-蛋氨酸16份、L-甘氨酸18份、L-色氨酸19份、L-谷氨酸15份、维生素A 3份、维生素C 6份、维生素E 4份、酵母硒5份；
所述的益生元包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：破壁酵母细胞17份、乳酸菌体蛋白23份、异麦芽糖9份、低聚果糖12份、低聚半乳糖8份、菊粉24份、大豆低聚糖7份。
一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂的制备方法，其特征在于：包括以下工艺步骤：
A、将灵芝、人参、当归、党参、红枣、枸杞按照重量份数混合粉碎，过120-140目筛，加入总重量5-6倍量的酒精溶液，置于42-45kHz超声波中提取，离心得提取液，剩余药渣重复提取两次，合并提取液，加热浓缩得中药提取物；
B、将苎麻、紫苏、杜仲、大蒜、竹叶、桑叶烘干粉碎混合，过160-180目筛，得草药复合物；
C、将步骤A和步骤B所得的中药提取物、草药复合物与复合营养素、益生元按照进行均匀混合后，打包得饲料添加剂。
本发明在步骤A中，所述酒精溶液为75-77％的酒精溶液。
本发明在步骤A中，所述超声波提取的时间为40-45分钟。
本发明在步骤A中，所述加热浓缩是指加热浓缩至水分为7-10％。
本发明带来的有益技术效果：
1、本发明旨在解决现有技术中罗非鱼饲料添加剂的问题，提供一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂，有效弥补此类添加剂的空白，在罗非鱼饲料中进行添加，对罗非鱼抗病力和肌肉品质的改善有良好的促进作用。
2、本发明通过对罗非鱼饲喂含有该添加剂的罗非鱼饲料，提高罗非鱼抗菌抗病能力，促进罗非鱼生长，改善肠道有益菌群，减少鱼用药品投放，改善环境，提高罗非鱼养殖效益；中草药粉复合物和复合营养素的添加可有效改善罗非鱼肌肉品质，使鱼肌肉自然醇香、鲜嫩有弹性。
3、本发明中药提取物中的灵芝、人参、当归、党参、红枣、枸杞组合，具有补气益气、提高免疫力、增强病害防御能力；草药复合物苎麻、紫苏、杜仲、大蒜、竹叶、桑叶组合与复合营养素L-丙氨酸、L-蛋氨酸、L-甘氨酸、L-色氨酸、L-谷氨酸、维生素A、维生素C、维生素E、酵母硒，具有增强罗非鱼抗应激能力，同时改善罗非鱼肌肉风味、增加肌肉弹性、提高口感的作用；益生元破壁酵母细胞、乳酸菌体蛋白、异麦芽糖、低聚果糖、低聚半乳糖、菊粉、大豆低聚糖组合具有改善肠道环境，促进营养物质的吸收，增加诱食的效果。三组原料相互配合，协同作用，共同促进，才能既很好地提高罗非鱼的抗病能力，又能改善罗非鱼的肉质，而不是像现有罗非鱼饲料添加剂一样，只能从一个方面着手，且治标不治本。
具体实施方式
实施例1
一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂，由以下按照重量份数计的原料组成：中药提取物5份、草药复合物35份、复合营养素25份、益生元15份；
所述的中药提取物包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：灵芝10份、人参5份、当归20份、党参15份、红枣25份、枸杞10份；
所述的草药复合物包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：苎麻15份、紫苏20份、杜仲5份、大蒜10份、竹叶25份、桑叶10份；
所述的复合营养素包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：L-丙氨酸10份、L-蛋氨酸15份、L-甘氨酸15份、L-色氨酸15份、L-谷氨酸15份、维生素A 1份、维生素C 5份、维生素E 4份、酵母硒5份；
所述的益生元包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：破壁酵母细胞15份、乳酸菌体蛋白20份、异麦芽糖7份、低聚果糖10份、低聚半乳糖5份、菊粉20份、大豆低聚糖6份。
实施例2
一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂，由以下按照重量份数计的原料组成：中药提取物15份、草药复合物45份、复合营养素35份、益生元25份；
所述的中药提取物包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：灵芝15份、人参10份、当归25份、党参20份、红枣30份、枸杞15份；
所述的草药复合物包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：苎麻20份、紫苏25份、杜仲10份、大蒜15份、竹叶30份、桑叶15份；
所述的复合营养素包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：L-丙氨酸15份、L-蛋氨酸20份、L-甘氨酸20份、L-色氨酸20份、L-谷氨酸20份、维生素A 4份、维生素C 7份、维生素E 6份、酵母硒8份；
所述的益生元包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：破壁酵母细胞20份、乳酸菌体蛋白25份、异麦芽糖10份、低聚果糖15份、低聚半乳糖10份、菊粉27份、大豆低聚糖10份。
实施例3
一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂，由以下按照重量份数计的原料组成：中药提取物10份、草药复合物40份、复合营养素30份、益生元20份；
所述的中药提取物包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：灵芝12份、人参8份、当归22份、党参17份、红枣28份、枸杞13份；
所述的草药复合物包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：苎麻18份、紫苏22份、杜仲7份、大蒜13份、竹叶28份、桑叶13份；
所述的复合营养素包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：L-丙氨酸12份、L-蛋氨酸17份、L-甘氨酸17份、L-色氨酸17份、L-谷氨酸18份、维生素A 2.5份、维生素C 6份、维生素E 5份、酵母硒6.5份；
所述的益生元包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：破壁酵母细胞18份、乳酸菌体蛋白22份、异麦芽糖8.5份、低聚果糖13份、低聚半乳糖8份、菊粉23份、大豆低聚糖8份。
实施例4
一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂，由以下按照重量份数计的原料组成：中药提取物9份、草药复合物42份、复合营养素26份、益生元21份；
所述的中药提取物包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：灵芝12份、人参9份、当归24份、党参19份、红枣28份、枸杞11份；
所述的草药复合物包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：苎麻18.5份、紫苏22份、杜仲8.5份、大蒜11份、竹叶27份、桑叶10.5份；
所述的复合营养素包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：L-丙氨酸14份、L-蛋氨酸19份、L-甘氨酸16份、L-色氨酸18份、L-谷氨酸19份、维生素A 2.5份、维生素C 5.5份、维生素E5.6份、酵母硒7.5份；
所述的益生元包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：破壁酵母细胞18份、乳酸菌体蛋白21份、异麦芽糖8.5份、低聚果糖11份、低聚半乳糖6份、菊粉22份、大豆低聚糖8份。
实施例5
一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂，由以下按照重量份数计的原料组成：中药提取物10份，草药复合物40份，复合营养素30，益生元20份；
所述的中药提取物包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：灵芝12份、人参7份、当归23份、党参18份、红枣28份、枸杞12份；
所述的草药复合物包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：苎麻18份、紫苏22份、杜仲7份、大蒜12份、竹叶28份、桑叶13份；
所述的复合营养素包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：L-丙氨酸14份、L-蛋氨酸16份、L-甘氨酸18份、L-色氨酸19份、L-谷氨酸15份、维生素A 3份、维生素C6份、维生素E4份、酵母硒5份；
所述的益生元包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：破壁酵母细胞17份、乳酸菌体蛋白23份、异麦芽糖9份、低聚果糖12份、低聚半乳糖8份、菊粉24份、大豆低聚糖7份。
在罗非鱼配合饲料生产中，添加0.5-1％本发明所述的饲料添加剂，按照工厂常规生产配合饲料的方式进行生产即可。
菊粉：菊粉能促进一些微生物分泌植酸酶，植酸酶能使与植酸螯合的金属离子释放出来，促进其吸收。
破壁酵母细胞壁：破壁酵母细胞壁粉富含核苷酸，营养小肽、谷胱甘肽及酵母细胞壁多糖等多种营养成分，对动物具有极佳的诱食性、免疫性和促生长性。
酵母硒：酵母硒中的硒元素是谷脱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的必要组成成分；GSH-Px能使有害的脂质过氧化物还原成无害的羟基化合物，并最终分解过氧化物，从而避免破坏细胞膜的结构和功能，减少肌肉汁液渗出，改善肌肉口感。
维生素C：适当提高饲料中维生素C的含量，可防止水质环境变化过程中的应激作用，使罗非鱼可以有效地应付环境中的高浓度氨和氮，提高存活率。
竹叶：含有黄酮、多糖、氨基酸及微量元素，有优良的抗氧化、抗衰老及增强免疫力等生物学功效。竹叶中的挥发油是一种良好的天然香料，其香气具有典型的绿叶特征，具有很高的药用价值，可使虾肉有弹性，具有植物特殊香味，提高肌肉呈味氨基酸含量，改善罗非鱼肌肉品质。
苎麻：可明显改善饲养动物肌肉品质，使养殖动物肉质自然醇香。
红枣：含有大量的糖类物质，主要为葡萄糖，还含有果糖、蔗糖及由葡萄糖和果糖组成的低聚糖、***聚糖及半乳醛聚糖等；并含有大量的维生素C、核黄素、硫胺素、胡萝卜素、尼克酸等多种维生素。具有较强的补养作用，能提高免疫功能，增强抗病能力。
党参：党参有增强免疫力、改善微循环、增强造血功能等作用。
紫苏：含油量高达35-50％，其中富含α-亚麻酸、亚油酸和油酸等多不饱和脂肪酸。这些多不饱和脂肪酸能增加生长激素、甲状腺素、肾上腺素、胰岛素等的合成和分泌，促进蛋白质合成；还能通过调节与脂肪代谢相关酶基因的表达，从而降低脂肪在动物体内的沉积，提高肌肉品质。
动物养殖试验：
在相同的养殖条件下，购买罗非鱼配合饲料为试验料1，使用本发明实施例5的添加剂、市售的常规添加剂A、常规添加剂B按照1％的比例添加到配方中生产试验配合饲料，为试验料2-试验料4，用试验料1-4对罗非鱼进行养殖。
养殖试验在规格为2m×2m×1.5m的网箱中饲养。正式试验前，先将试验罗非鱼在网箱中驯养15d，投喂试验料1，使其适应试验饲料和养殖环境。试验开始时，先将罗非鱼饥饿24h后，挑选体质健康、规格为107.40±1.75g的罗非鱼720尾，随机分为4组，每组3个重复，每个重复60尾。分别用4种饲料在每天9:00、17:00对罗非鱼进行投饵。日投饲量为罗非鱼体质量的1％～4％。视残饵情况增减投饵量，尽量保证不过剩，每天记录投饵量。本试验中各环境条件如下：容氧6.0-8.5mg/L,水温25-31℃，PH为7.0-8.5。养殖周期为60天，养殖试验结束后，对罗非鱼进行攻毒试验，24小时后观察存活率，结果显示如下表：
通过以上数据可以看上，食用添加本发明实施例5的添加剂饲料，养殖试验结束后对罗非鱼进行攻毒24小时后的存活率显著高于其他各组；养殖试验的特定生长率、增重率显著优于其他饲料；罗非鱼的肌肉剪切力显著高于其他饲料，肌肉滴水损失率显著低于其他饲料。说明本发明的添加剂添加到罗非鱼饲料中可以促进罗非鱼的生长，提高罗非鱼的抗病能力，同时增加肌肉弹性和肌肉锁水率，提高罗非鱼肌肉品质。
实施例6
一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂的制备方法，包括以下工艺步骤：
A、将灵芝、人参、当归、党参、红枣、枸杞按照重量份数混合粉碎，过120目筛，加入总重量5倍量的酒精溶液，置于42kHz超声波中提取，离心得提取液，剩余药渣重复提取两次，合并提取液，加热浓缩得中药提取物；
B、将苎麻、紫苏、杜仲、大蒜、竹叶、桑叶烘干粉碎混合，过160目筛，得草药复合物；
C、将步骤A和步骤B所得的中药提取物、草药复合物与复合营养素、益生元按照进行均匀混合后，打包得饲料添加剂。
优选的，在步骤A中，所述酒精溶液为75％的酒精溶液。
优选的，在步骤A中，所述超声波提取的时间为40分钟。
优选的，在步骤A中，所述加热浓缩是指加热浓缩至水分为7％。
实施例7
一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂的制备方法，包括以下工艺步骤：
A、将灵芝、人参、当归、党参、红枣、枸杞按照重量份数混合粉碎，过140目筛，加入总重量6倍量的酒精溶液，置于45kHz超声波中提取，离心得提取液，剩余药渣重复提取两次，合并提取液，加热浓缩得中药提取物；
B、将苎麻、紫苏、杜仲、大蒜、竹叶、桑叶烘干粉碎混合，过180目筛，得草药复合物；
C、将步骤A和步骤B所得的中药提取物、草药复合物与复合营养素、益生元按照进行均匀混合后，打包得饲料添加剂。
优选的，在步骤A中，所述酒精溶液为77％的酒精溶液。
优选的，在步骤A中，所述超声波提取的时间为45分钟。
优选的，在步骤A中，所述加热浓缩是指加热浓缩至水分为10％。
实施例8
一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂的制备方法，包括以下工艺步骤：
A、将灵芝、人参、当归、党参、红枣、枸杞按照重量份数混合粉碎，过130目筛，加入总重量5.5倍量的酒精溶液，置于43.5kHz超声波中提取，离心得提取液，剩余药渣重复提取两次，合并提取液，加热浓缩得中药提取物；
B、将苎麻、紫苏、杜仲、大蒜、竹叶、桑叶烘干粉碎混合，过170目筛，得草药复合物；
C、将步骤A和步骤B所得的中药提取物、草药复合物与复合营养素、益生元按照进行均匀混合后，打包得饲料添加剂。
优选的，在步骤A中，所述酒精溶液为76％的酒精溶液。
优选的，在步骤A中，所述超声波提取的时间为42.5分钟。
优选的，在步骤A中，所述加热浓缩是指加热浓缩至水分为8.5％。
实施例9
一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂的制备方法，包括以下工艺步骤：
A、将灵芝、人参、当归、党参、红枣、枸杞按照重量份数混合粉碎，过125目筛，加入总重量5.2倍量的酒精溶液，置于43kHz超声波中提取，离心得提取液，剩余药渣重复提取两次，合并提取液，加热浓缩得中药提取物；
B、将苎麻、紫苏、杜仲、大蒜、竹叶、桑叶烘干粉碎混合，过175目筛，得草药复合物；
C、将步骤A和步骤B所得的中药提取物、草药复合物与复合营养素、益生元按照进行均匀混合后，打包得饲料添加剂。
优选的，在步骤A中，所述酒精溶液为75.5％的酒精溶液。
优选的，在步骤A中，所述超声波提取的时间为41分钟。
优选的，在步骤A中，所述加热浓缩是指加热浓缩至水分为9％。
Claims (6)
1.一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂，其特征在于：由以下按照重量份数计的原料组成：中药提取物5-15份、草药复合物35-45份、复合营养素25-35份、益生元15-25份；
所述的中药提取物包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：灵芝10-15份、人参5-10份、当归20-25份、党参15-20份、红枣25-30份、枸杞10-15份；
所述的草药复合物包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：苎麻15-20份、紫苏20-25份、杜仲5-10份、大蒜10-15份、竹叶25-30份、桑叶10-15份；
所述的复合营养素包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：L-丙氨酸10-15份、L-蛋氨酸15-20份、L-甘氨酸15-20份、L-色氨酸15-20份、L-谷氨酸15-20份、维生素A 1-4份、维生素C 5-7份、维生素E 4-6份、酵母硒5-8份；
所述的益生元包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：破壁酵母细胞15-20份、乳酸菌体蛋白20-25份、异麦芽糖7-10份、低聚果糖10-15份、低聚半乳糖5-10份、菊粉20-27份、大豆低聚糖6-10份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂，其特征在于：由以下按照重量份数计的原料组成：中药提取物10份、草药复合物40份、复合营养素30份、益生元20份；
所述的中药提取物包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：灵芝12份、人参7份、当归23份、党参18份、红枣28份、枸杞12份；
所述的草药复合物包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：苎麻18份、紫苏22份、杜仲7份、大蒜12份、竹叶28份、桑叶13份；
所述的复合营养素包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：L-丙氨酸14份、L-蛋氨酸16份、L-甘氨酸18份、L-色氨酸19份、L-谷氨酸15份、维生素A 3份、维生素C 6份、维生素E 4份、酵母硒5份；
所述的益生元包括以下按照重量份数计的原料：破壁酵母细胞17份、乳酸菌体蛋白23份、异麦芽糖9份、低聚果糖12份、低聚半乳糖8份、菊粉24份、大豆低聚糖7份。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂的制备方法，其特征在于：包括以下工艺步骤：
A、将灵芝、人参、当归、党参、红枣、枸杞按照重量份数混合粉碎，过120-140目筛，加入总重量5-6倍量的酒精溶液，置于42-45kHz超声波中提取，离心得提取液，剩余药渣重复提取两次，合并提取液，加热浓缩得中药提取物；
B、将苎麻、紫苏、杜仲、大蒜、竹叶、桑叶烘干粉碎混合，过160-180目筛，得草药复合物；
C、将步骤A和步骤B所得的中药提取物、草药复合物与复合营养素、益生元按照进行均匀混合后，打包得饲料添加剂。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂的制备方法，其特征在于：在步骤A中，所述酒精溶液为75-77%的酒精溶液。
5.根据权利要求3所述的一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂的制备方法，其特征在于：在步骤A中，所述超声波提取的时间为40-45分钟。
6.根据权利要求3所述的一种罗非鱼饲料添加剂的制备方法，其特征在于：在步骤A中，所述加热浓缩是指加热浓缩至水分为7-10%。
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