CN108169804B - Atomic interference gravity gradient measurement method and device based on pyramid-like structure - Google Patents
Atomic interference gravity gradient measurement method and device based on pyramid-like structure Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
A kind of pyramid structure type atom interference gravity gradient measurement method and apparatus based on two-dimentional cross grating, the step of this method is: s1: preparing cold radicals; obtaining cold radicals through pre-cooling; s2: speed selection and state preparation; by passingRaman speed selection, further reducing the temperature of atomic groups; state preparation in magnetically insensitive state F ═ 1, mF0 or higher; s3: atomic interference; and (3) applying three light pulses of pi/2, pi and pi/2 to the atomic group through the two Raman light beams to realize beam splitting and beam combining of the atomic group and construct an atomic interferometer. S4: detecting an internal state; after the interference is finished, the atomic groups fall freely for a period of time, atomic population numbers on the hyperfine energy levels of the two ground states are respectively measured through the cooperation of the probe light, the pump light and the blown light, and finally the transition probability and the gravitational acceleration value are obtained. The device is used for implementing the method. The invention has the advantages of small integral volume, strong robustness, low cost, high measurement precision and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention mainly relates to the field of atom interferometers, in particular to a pyramid-like structure type atom interference gravity gradient measurement method and device based on two-dimensional cross gratings.
Background
Since the invention of the michelson interferometer, the interference measuring instrument constructed according to the diffraction and interference characteristics of the optical wave is widely applied to a plurality of fields such as basic scientific research, production practice, aerospace, geological prospecting, national defense industry and the like due to extremely high measurement precision and sensitivity. In practice, it is gradually recognized that interference with shorter wavelength waves can improve the measurement accuracy, so that electronic interferometers were constructed in 1952 and neutron interferometers were constructed in 1962, and atomic interferometers were not conceived until the 70 s of the 20 th century. The atomic interferometer is formed by using atomic substance waves to replace classical light waves as interference media and using an atomic optical device to replace a classical optical device to realize beam splitting, reflecting and combining processes.
① compared with other interference media, the atomic interferometer has the advantages that the atomic mass is far larger than that of photons, neutrons and electrons, and the corresponding matter wave wavelength is shorter, so that higher measurement accuracy and sensitivity can be obtained11The sensitivity of the atomic accelerometer is 10 times higher than that of the existing accelerometer 17② atomic has abundant internal energy level, can utilize the electromagnetic field to control it precisely, therefore atomic interferometer can provide more extensive basic research and application. ③ atomic exhibits electroneutrality, is disturbed little by stray electric field, and there is not coulomb interaction among the atoms, therefore can obtain the measurement accuracy superior to electronic interferometer. ④ in addition, the development of laser cooling atomic technology makes the cold or ultra cold atomic beam of high flux more accessible, therefore the structure of atomic interferometer is simpler and cheaper than neutron interferometer.
The atomic interferometer uses atomic substance waves to replace classical light waves as interference media, uses an atomic optical device to replace a classical optical device to realize a substance wave interference system formed by beam splitting, reflecting and combining processes, and can realize high-sensitivity measurement of angular velocity, acceleration, time-frequency reference and gravity/gravity gradient. Theoretical analysis shows that the sensitivity of the existing absolute gravimeter can be improved by at least 3 orders of magnitude by the atomic interference absolute gravimeter, so that the cold atomic interference absolute gravimeter is a research hotspot in the field of the existing absolute gravimeter and gravity gradiometer and is expected to bring revolutionary influence on detection of a high-precision earth gravitational field and establishment of a gravitational field model in the future. The basic flow of the cold atom interference gravimeter is as follows: firstly, a 3-dimensional magneto-optical trap technology of six beams of light is utilized to trap a large number of alkali metal (such as rubidium Rb or cesium Cs) atoms and cool the atoms to a mu K magnitude, so that the atom speed of supersonic motion at normal temperature is reduced to be below 1 mm/s; secondly, placing the cooled atomic group in a gravity field to do free-fall motion, interacting with phase coherent laser pulses, performing coherent control on the atomic wave packet such as beam splitting, reflection and beam combination, and realizing atomic interference; and finally, detecting the atomic group terminal state, obtaining atomic interference fringes by utilizing a fluorescence collection or absorption imaging method, fitting out the phase shift caused by the gravitational acceleration, and realizing the accurate measurement of the absolute gravitational acceleration. The basic flow of the cold atom interference gravity gradiometer is similar to that of the gravimeter, and the gravity gradient measurement result is obtained by subtracting the measurement results of the upper atom interference gravimeter and the lower atom interference gravimeter which have a certain distance difference.
At present, the main scheme of the atomic interference gravity gradiometer is to form a magneto-optical trap (abbreviated as MOT) by six beams of light with three dimensions, trap and cool radicals, perform speed selection and state selection on the radicals, and finally perform a raman interference process. Six laser beams of the magneto-optical trap need to be provided with six beam expanding cylinders on a vacuum cavity, and a large number of optical devices are needed in an optical path part, so that the system volume is inevitably increased.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: aiming at the technical problems in the prior art, the invention provides the pyramid-like structure type atomic interference gravity gradient measurement method and device based on the two-dimensional cross grating, which have the advantages of small overall size, strong robustness, low cost and high measurement precision.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a kind of pyramid structure type atom interference gravity gradient measurement method based on two-dimentional cross grating, its step is:
s1: preparing cold radicals; carrying out pre-stage cooling by using a magneto-optical trap and polarization gradient cooling to obtain cold atomic groups with the temperature of about 15 mu k;
s2: speed selection and state preparation(ii) a Through Raman speed selection, the temperature of atomic groups is further reduced; state preparation in magnetically insensitive state F ═ 1, mF0 or higher;
s3: atomic interference; and (3) applying three light pulses of pi/2, pi and pi/2 to the atomic group through the two Raman light beams to realize beam splitting and beam combining of the atomic group and construct an atomic interferometer.
S4: detecting an internal state; after the interference is finished, the atomic groups fall freely for a period of time, atomic population numbers on the hyperfine energy levels of the two ground states are respectively measured through the cooperation of the probe light, the pump light and the blown light, and finally the transition probability and the gravitational acceleration value are obtained.
As a further improvement of the process of the invention: in step S2, the radical temperature is further decreased to 1 μ k.
As a further improvement of the process of the invention: in step S1, the cold radicals are obtained by pre-cooling with a magneto-optical trap and polarization gradient cooling.
As a further improvement of the process of the invention: in step S4, the atomic population at the two ground hyperfine levels is measured by the probe light in cooperation with the action of the pump light and the blow light.
The invention further provides an atomic interference gravity gradient measuring device with a pyramid-like structure based on a two-dimensional crossed grating, which comprises a vacuum cavity, a beam expanding cylinder, the two-dimensional crossed grating and a reflector assembly for generating a separated pyramid structure; the beam expanding cylinder is used for introducing a single optical fiber of a vacuum system, and the two-dimensional crossed grating is positioned between the beam expanding cylinder and the reflector component; the reflector component is divided into from top to bottom in sequence: the device comprises a first MOT area, a first interference area, a second MOT area, a second interference area and a detection area; the first MOT area comprises four first reflecting mirrors and four optical splitters corresponding to the four first reflecting mirrors, the second MOT area also comprises four first reflecting mirrors, and a second reflecting mirror is arranged below the detection area.
As a further improvement of the device of the invention: and a beam of cooling light is introduced by the beam expanding cylinder, passes through the two-dimensional crossed grating and is divided into five beams of light.
As a further improvement of the device of the invention: the vertical downward light power of the five light beams is 1/2 of the other four light beams, and the polarization characteristics of the five light beams are the same.
As a further improvement of the device of the invention: the four first reflectors in the first MOT area adjust the directions of the four beams of light to be vertical and downward, the four beams of light are divided into two parts through the four light splitters, one part is used for forming an upper magneto-optical trap, and the other part is used for forming a lower magneto-optical trap, so that cooling and trapping of atomic groups are achieved.
As a further improvement of the device of the invention: in the first MOT area, the four first reflectors are positioned on four sides of the cavity of the vacuum cavity and form a certain angle with the horizontal plane.
As a further improvement of the device of the invention: the vacuum cavity adopts a variable-frequency dry type scroll pump, a turbine type molecular pump and a compound pump three-level vacuum pump to realize an ultrahigh vacuum environment required by the system.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
1. the invention provides a 3D-MOT design scheme of a combined pyramid-like structure based on two-dimensional cross grating beam splitting. According to the scheme, a beam of laser guided by a single optical fiber is symmetrically divided into 5 beams of coherent laser by using a two-dimensional grating, and three pairs of opposite lasers with mutually vertical propagation directions are formed by using five independent reflectors in a horizontal plane and at the bottom. The scheme has the advantages of small volume, high integration level, convenience in adjustment and the like, the precision requirements of processing and installation are reduced, the consistency of characteristic parameters of three pairs of vertical correlation laser is ensured easily, and the measurement sensitivity of the atomic interference gravity/gravity gradiometer is improved.
2. The invention provides a complete scheme (including radical preparation, state preparation, radical beam splitting and combining and the like) for the atomic interference gravity gradient measurement based on a two-dimensional cross grating quasi-pyramid structure type atomic interference, which has high reference value. Two combined pyramid-like structures are constructed in the same vacuum cavity to generate two ultralow temperature rubidium atomic groups to form an upper set and a lower set of gravity measurement subsystems, the two atomic groups fall freely at the same time to detect the gravity acceleration, and the measurement of the gravity vertical gradient is realized after differential processing. Because the two sets of gravity measurement subsystems adopt the same design scheme, the three pairs of opposite lasers with mutually vertical propagation directions all come from 5 beams of coherent lasers generated by two-dimensional cross grating diffraction, and the two groups of atoms are in the same vacuum cavity, the common mode noises such as laser phase noise, external magnetic field disturbance, environmental temperature fluctuation, random vibration and the like can be effectively inhibited, and the measurement precision of the gravity vertical gradient is greatly improved.
The invention provides a scheme of a pyramid-like atomic interference gravity gradiometer based on two-dimensional cross grating beam splitting. The main advantage of this solution is that only one fiber needs to be introduced into the vacuum chamber. The scheme has the advantages that: 1. the whole system is small in volume. Because only one beam of light is needed to enter the vacuum cavity, a large number of optical devices are omitted from the laser module, and the beam expanding cylinder for four beams of light in the horizontal direction is omitted from the vacuum module, so that the volumes of the vacuum module and the laser module are reduced. 2. And the robustness is strong. The system debugging only needs to ensure that the power of the optical fiber introduced into the vacuum cavity is stable, and the system debugging is easy to realize. Because the system has simple structure and few adjusting variables, the error probability is low when the system works for a long time. 3. The cost is low. This solution saves a lot of optics compared to the classical six beam light solution, thus reducing the overall cost.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of the process of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the principle of the front view structure of the device of the invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic side view of the device of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic perspective view of the device of the present invention.
Illustration of the drawings:
1. a vacuum chamber; 2. a beam expanding cylinder; 3. two-dimensional cross grating; 4. a first MOT region; 5. a first interference region; 6. a second MOT region; 7. a second interference region; 8. a detection region; 9. a first reflector; 10. a light splitter; 11. a second reflective mirror; 12. a mixing pump.
Detailed Description
The invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the drawings and specific examples.
As shown in fig. 1, the atomic interference gravity gradient measurement method based on the two-dimensional cross grating pyramid-like structure of the present invention includes the following steps:
s1: and (4) preparing cold atomic groups.
First, pre-Cooling by a magneto-optical trap and Polarization Gradient Cooling (PGC) to obtain a cold radical with a temperature of about 15 μ k.
S2: speed selection and state preparation.
The radical temperature is further reduced to about 1 μ k by raman velocity selection. State preparation in magnetically insensitive state F ═ 1, mFEqual to 0.
S3: atomic interference.
And (3) applying three light pulses of pi/2, pi and pi/2 to the atomic group through the two Raman light beams to realize beam splitting and beam combining of the atomic group and construct an atomic interferometer.
S4: and (5) detecting an internal state.
After the interference is finished, the atomic groups fall freely for a period of time, then atomic population numbers on the hyperfine energy levels of the two ground states are respectively measured through the cooperation of the probe light and the action of the pump light and the blown light, and finally transition probability and a gravitational acceleration value are obtained.
As shown in fig. 2, fig. 3 and fig. 4, the atomic interference gravity gradient measurement device with the pyramid-like structure based on the two-dimensional cross grating adopts a design scheme of a pyramid-like magneto-optical trap formed by splitting beams by the two-dimensional cross grating 3. Specifically, the whole vacuum system only needs one beam of light from top to bottom, the five beams of light with the same characteristics are split through the two-dimensional crossed grating 3, and a separated pyramid structure is formed through four reflecting mirrors in the horizontal direction and the lowest reflecting mirror, so that the traditional six-beam light scheme is replaced.
The device specifically comprises a vacuum cavity 1, a beam expanding cylinder 2, a two-dimensional crossed grating 3 and a reflector component for generating a separated pyramid structure. The beam expanding cylinder 2 is used for introducing a single optical fiber of a vacuum system, and the two-dimensional cross grating 3 is positioned between the beam expanding cylinder 2 and the reflector component. The reflector component is divided into from top to bottom in sequence: a first MOT region 4, a first interference region 5, a second MOT region 6, a second interference region 7, and a detection region 8. The first MOT region 4 includes four first reflection mirrors 9 and four corresponding optical splitters 10, the second MOT region 6 also includes four first reflection mirrors 9, and a second reflective mirror 11 is disposed below the detection region 8. One beam of cooling light is introduced by the beam expanding cylinder 2, and is divided into five beams of light after passing through the two-dimensional crossed grating 3, wherein the vertical downward light power is 1/2 of the power of the other four beams of light, and the polarization characteristics of the five beams of light are the same. The four first reflecting mirrors 9 positioned in the first MOT area 4 adjust the directions of the four beams of light to be vertical downward, the four beams of light are divided into two parts through four light splitters 10, one part is used for forming an upper magneto-optical trap, and the other part is used for forming a lower magneto-optical trap, so that the cooling and trapping of atomic groups are realized.
In the specific application example, a first reflector 9 is disposed on each of four sides of the vacuum chamber 1.
The atom interference gravity gradiometer adopts cold atoms as an inspection medium, the thermal diffusion rate is low, the measurement time is favorably prolonged, but the atoms are easy to randomly collide with background stray gas in the cooling and trapping processes, so that the service life and the coherence time of the cold atoms are reduced, and therefore, a cold atom interference experiment needs to be carried out in an ultrahigh vacuum environment. In a specific application example, the vacuum chamber 1 is a glass vacuum chamber 1 which is a cuboid with a side length of 20 mm. As a preferred embodiment, the vacuum system of the invention adopts a three-stage vacuum pump of a variable-frequency dry type scroll pump, a turbo type molecular pump and a compound pump 12 (formed by combining an ion pump and a getter) to realize the ultrahigh vacuum environment (better than 10) required by the system-8Pa)。
In a specific application example, the light introduced by the optical fiber comprises: cooling light, pump back light, probe light and Raman light. The frequency difference between the two Raman lights is 6.8 GHz. A cooled radical (temperature about 1 μ k) in a magnetically insensitive state F-1, m after state preparationFAnd (2) applying three light pulses of pi/2, pi and pi/2 to the atomic group to realize beam splitting and beam combining of the atomic group, and constructing an atomic interference gravity gradient by an upper atomic interferometer and a lower atomic interferometerProvided is an instrument. And finally, respectively measuring the atomic population numbers on the hyperfine energy levels of the two ground states by the action of the probe light and the return pump light, and finally obtaining the transition probability and the gravity gradient value.
The invention provides a scheme design of a separated inverted pyramid, and only one optical fiber is required to be introduced into the vacuum cavity 1. The invention has the advantages that:
(1) the whole system is small in volume. Compared with the classic six-beam MOT, the invention only needs one beam of light to enter the vacuum cavity 1, the laser module omits a large amount of optical devices, and the vacuum module omits the beam expanding cylinder 2 of the MOT light in the horizontal direction, thereby reducing the volume of the vacuum module and the laser module.
(2) And the robustness is strong. The system debugging only needs to ensure that the power of the optical fiber introduced into the vacuum cavity 1 is stable, and the system debugging is easy to realize. Because the system has simple structure and few adjusting variables, the error probability is low when the system works for a long time.
(3) The adjustment is flexible. Compared with the traditional pyramid scheme, the pyramid measuring device has the advantages that the four surfaces of the pyramid are formed by combining discrete components, each surface can be flexibly and independently adjusted, the precision requirements of processing and installation are reduced, and meanwhile, the stability of a measuring result is improved.
(4) Because the upper and lower sets of gravity measurement subsystems adopt the same design scheme, three pairs of opposite laser beams with mutually vertical propagation directions all come from 5 beams of coherent laser beams generated by diffraction of the two-dimensional crossed grating 3, and two groups of atoms are positioned in the same vacuum cavity 1, common mode noise such as laser phase noise, external magnetic field disturbance, environmental temperature fluctuation, random vibration and the like can be effectively inhibited, and the measurement precision of the gravity vertical gradient is greatly improved.
(5) The cost is low. Compared with the classical six-beam light scheme, the invention saves a large number of optical devices, thereby reducing the overall cost.
The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments, and all technical solutions belonging to the idea of the present invention belong to the protection scope of the present invention. It should be noted that modifications and embellishments within the scope of the invention may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the principle of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. A two-dimensional cross grating-based pyramid-like structure type atomic interference gravity gradient measurement method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: preparing cold radicals; pre-cooling by cooling to obtain cold radicals;
s2: speed selection and state preparation; through Raman speed selection, the temperature of atomic groups is further reduced; state preparation in magnetically insensitive state F ═ 1, mF0 or higher;
s3: atomic interference; three light pulses of pi/2, pi and pi/2 are applied to the atomic group through two beams of Raman light to realize beam splitting and beam combination of the atomic group and construct an atomic interferometer;
s4: detecting an internal state; after the interference is finished, the atomic groups fall freely for a period of time, atomic population numbers on the hyperfine energy levels of the two ground states are respectively measured through detecting light, and finally transition probability and a gravitational acceleration value are obtained;
the measuring device used for realizing the measuring method of the steps S1-S4 comprises a vacuum cavity, a beam expanding cylinder, a two-dimensional crossed grating and a reflector component for generating a separated pyramid structure; the beam expanding cylinder is used for introducing a single optical fiber of a vacuum system, and the two-dimensional crossed grating is positioned between the beam expanding cylinder and the reflector component; the reflector component is divided into from top to bottom in sequence: the device comprises a first MOT area, a first interference area, a second MOT area, a second interference area and a detection area; the first MOT area comprises four first reflecting mirrors and four optical splitters corresponding to the four first reflecting mirrors, the second MOT area also comprises four first reflecting mirrors, and a second reflecting mirror is arranged below the detection area.
2. The two-dimensional crossed grating-based atomic interference gravity gradient measurement method of a pyramid-like structure type according to claim 1, wherein in the step S2, the temperature of atomic groups is further reduced to 1 μ k.
3. The two-dimensional crossed grating-based atomic interference gravity gradient measurement method of a pyramid-like structure type according to claim 1, wherein in step S1, pre-cooling is performed by using a magneto-optical trap and polarization gradient cooling to obtain a cold atomic group.
4. The method for measuring atomic interference gravity gradient based on two-dimensional crossed grating pyramid-like structure according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the atomic population at the two ground-state hyperfine energy levels is measured by the probe light in step S4 in combination with the action of the pump light and the blow light.
5. An atomic interference gravity gradient measuring device with a pyramid-like structure based on a two-dimensional crossed grating is characterized by comprising a vacuum cavity, a beam expanding cylinder, the two-dimensional crossed grating and a reflector assembly for generating a separated pyramid structure; the beam expanding cylinder is used for introducing a single optical fiber of a vacuum system, and the two-dimensional crossed grating is positioned between the beam expanding cylinder and the reflector component; the reflector component is divided into from top to bottom in sequence: the device comprises a first MOT area, a first interference area, a second MOT area, a second interference area and a detection area; the first MOT area comprises four first reflecting mirrors and four optical splitters corresponding to the four first reflecting mirrors, the second MOT area also comprises four first reflecting mirrors, and a second reflecting mirror is arranged below the detection area.
6. The atomic interference gravity gradient measurement device of the pyramid-like structure type based on the two-dimensional crossed grating as claimed in claim 5, wherein one beam of cooling light is introduced by the beam expanding cylinder, and is divided into five beams of light after passing through the two-dimensional crossed grating.
7. The two-dimensional crossed grating-based atomic interference gravity gradient measurement device with the pyramid-like structure according to claim 6, wherein the vertical downward light power of the five beams is 1/2 of the other four beams, and the polarization characteristics of the five beams are the same.
8. The atomic interference gravity gradient measurement device with the pyramid-like structure based on the two-dimensional crossed grating as claimed in claim 6 or 7, wherein the four first mirrors located in the first MOT region adjust the directions of the four beams of light to be vertical downward, and the four beams of light are divided into two parts through four optical splitters, one part is used for forming an upper magneto-optical trap, and the other part is used for forming a lower magneto-optical trap, so that the cooling and trapping of atomic clusters are realized.
9. The two-dimensional crossed grating-based atomic interference gravity gradient measurement device of pyramid-like structure type according to claim 6 or 7, wherein in the first MOT region, the four first reflection mirrors are located on four sides of the cavity of the vacuum chamber and form an angle with a horizontal plane.
10. The atomic interference gravity gradient measurement device of the two-dimensional cross grating-based pyramid-like structure type according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the vacuum chamber adopts a variable frequency dry scroll pump, a turbo-molecular pump and a compound pump three-stage vacuum pump to realize the ultra-high vacuum environment required by the system.
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| CN109298457B (en) * | 2018-11-20 | 2020-05-12 | 中国科学技术大学 | Vibration noise correction compensation method suitable for atomic interference gravimeter |
| CN109799542B (en) * | 2019-02-26 | 2020-04-14 | 中国人民解放军军事科学院国防科技创新研究院 | System and method for measuring full tensor of atomic interference gravity gradient |
| CN110596773A (en) * | 2019-10-23 | 2019-12-20 | 中国人民解放军军事科学院国防科技创新研究院 | Miniaturized atomic interference gravimeter vacuum device adopting folding light path |
| CN111045070B (en) * | 2019-11-26 | 2021-11-30 | 浙江大学 | System and method for measuring captured cold atoms based on differential interferometer |
| CN111308569B (en) * | 2020-02-24 | 2021-03-12 | 北京大学 | Optical fiber gravity gradiometer and gravity gradient measurement method |
| CN112764115B (en) * | 2020-12-29 | 2022-06-21 | 杭州微伽量子科技有限公司 | Quantum absolute gravimeter and probe thereof |
| CN114167080B (en) * | 2021-10-26 | 2024-05-10 | 华中光电技术研究所（中国船舶重工集团公司第七一七研究所） | Horizontal acceleration measuring device and method |
| CN114236629B (en) * | 2021-12-31 | 2024-05-28 | 华中科技大学 | Atomic gravity gradiometer based on dislocation conical mirror |
| CN114689282B (en) * | 2022-03-15 | 2022-12-20 | 华中科技大学 | Atomic interference device and method for calibrating amplification factor of imaging system on line |
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| CN203519846U (en) * | 2013-09-22 | 2014-04-02 | 中国科学院武汉物理与数学研究所 | Vertical gravity gradient measurement sensor based on atomic interference effects |
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