CN108151925B - Concrete plane dynamic stress sensor based on piezoelectric material - Google Patents
Concrete plane dynamic stress sensor based on piezoelectric material Download PDFInfo
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- CN108151925B CN108151925B CN201810044893.8A CN201810044893A CN108151925B CN 108151925 B CN108151925 B CN 108151925B CN 201810044893 A CN201810044893 A CN 201810044893A CN 108151925 B CN108151925 B CN 108151925B
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 85
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011083 cement mortar Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052755 nonmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
- G01L1/16—Measuring force or stress, in general using properties of piezoelectric devices
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Force Measurement Appropriate To Specific Purposes (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a planar dynamic stress sensor based on piezoelectric materials, which is characterized by comprising the following components: the device comprises a cube sensor matrix, waterproof and insulating treated telescopic and shearing piezoelectric material sheets, shielding wires, connectors and small steel sheets; the telescopic piezoelectric material sheet is fixed on two mutually perpendicular surfaces of the four side surfaces of the sensor matrix through an adhesive material; the shear type piezoelectric material sheet is fixed on the other two mutually perpendicular surfaces of the four side surfaces of the sensor matrix through an adhesive material; the telescopic and shearing type piezoelectric material sheets are connected with the connector through a shielding wire, and the connector is connected with the data acquisition system; the small steel sheet is fixed on the outer side surface of the telescopic and shearing piezoelectric material sheet through an adhesive material. The invention aims to solve the main technical problems of providing the concrete plane dynamic stress sensor based on the piezoelectric material, which has the advantages of simple structure, small volume, simple manufacturing process and good compatibility with concrete.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a sensor, in particular to a sensor for measuring the plane dynamic stress of a concrete structure based on piezoelectric materials.
Background
At present, a technical means for directly measuring the stress of a concrete structure is not available. The stress of a concrete structure is generally measured by sticking a resistive strain gauge to the surface of the concrete structure, and then converting the measured strain into the stress of the concrete by the elastic modulus of the concrete material. The stress of the concrete obtained by the method is often the stress of the surface of the concrete, and the stress state of the interior of the concrete cannot be directly obtained. The method of measuring strain by a resistance strain gauge and converting the elastic modulus of the material to obtain stress has the problem that the stress result is influenced by the value of the elastic modulus of the concrete material, and particularly for the concrete material with large variability of mechanical properties, the variation of the elastic modulus has large influence on the stress conversion result. In addition, under the action of strong dynamic load such as earthquake, the stress-strain relation of the concrete material is not maintained to be linear after the concrete material enters a plastic stage, and larger errors can be caused by directly obtaining the stress through the strain measurement value. Therefore, it is very important to develop a sensor which can be directly embedded into the concrete to directly measure the stress state in the concrete, in particular to a sensor for measuring the plane dynamic stress of a concrete structure under the action of strong dynamic loads such as earthquake, explosion, impact and the like.
At present, no effective means for directly measuring the internal plane dynamic stress of a concrete structure exists, and the patent provides a concrete structure internal plane dynamic stress measuring sensor based on telescopic and shear type piezoelectric materials.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the main technical problems of providing the concrete plane dynamic stress sensor based on the piezoelectric material, which has the advantages of simple structure, small volume, simple manufacturing process and good compatibility with concrete.
In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides a planar dynamic stress sensor based on piezoelectric material, including: the device comprises a cube sensor matrix, waterproof and insulating treated telescopic and shearing piezoelectric material sheets, shielding wires, connectors and small steel sheets;
the telescopic piezoelectric material sheet is fixed on two mutually perpendicular surfaces of the four side surfaces of the sensor matrix through an adhesive material; the shear type piezoelectric material sheet is fixed on the other two mutually perpendicular surfaces of the four side surfaces of the sensor matrix through an adhesive material; the telescopic and shearing type piezoelectric material sheets are connected with the connector through a shielding wire, and the connector is connected with the data acquisition system; the small steel sheet is fixed on the outer side surface of the telescopic and shearing piezoelectric material sheet through an adhesive material;
when the sensor is subjected to external dynamic load, the sensor is in a general plane stress state, and the telescopic piezoelectric material sheets respectively positioned on one group of adjacent and mutually perpendicular surfaces and the shearing piezoelectric material sheets positioned on the other group of adjacent and mutually perpendicular surfaces generate charges due to positive piezoelectric effect, and the charge density is respectively proportional to the dynamic positive stress and the dynamic shearing stress of the corresponding surfaces; the sensitivity coefficient of each piezoelectric material sheet can be determined by the piezoelectric coefficient of the adopted piezoelectric material; the charge output of the four piezoelectric material sheets is converted into voltage signal output, and the voltage signal output is acquired by a data acquisition system; the magnitude of the dynamic positive stress and the dynamic shear stress components of each surface can be respectively determined according to the sensitivity coefficient of each material pressing sheet.
In a preferred embodiment: the cube sensor is made of composite cement mortar compatible with concrete materials, or natural rock materials or metal or nonmetal materials.
In a preferred embodiment: the piezoelectric material of the piezoelectric material sheet is piezoelectric ceramics or piezoelectric films.
In a preferred embodiment: the cube sensor matrix is manufactured by pouring composite cement mortar through a die.
In a preferred embodiment: the die comprises a partition plate, a template layer and a bottom plate layer, wherein the template layer is provided with a plurality of cube-shaped female dies; the bottom plate layer is positioned below the template layer, the template layer is composed of a detachable single template layer, and the template layer is tightly connected with the bottom plate layer through a partition plate.
Compared with the prior art, the technical scheme of the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention provides a plane dynamic stress sensor based on piezoelectric materials, which has the advantages of simple structure, small volume, simple and convenient manufacturing process and low manufacturing cost.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a layout of piezoelectric ceramic plates in a concrete planar dynamic stress sensor in a preferred embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic illustration of the bonding of a sheet of piezoelectric material to a surface of a cubic sensor substrate in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a mold used in a preferred embodiment of the present invention for fabricating a cube sensor matrix from composite cement mortar.
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of the positive piezoelectric effect of a retractable and shear type piezoelectric material sheet used for calibrating a concrete planar dynamic stress sensor in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic view showing a plane stress state of an inner portion of a concrete structure according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
Referring to fig. 1, the present embodiment includes waterproof insulation treated stretchable piezoelectric material sheets 1,2, shear type piezoelectric material sheets 3,4, a cubic sensor base 5, and is arranged in the manner of the figure: the telescopic piezoelectric material sheets 1,2 are arranged on one set of adjacent and mutually perpendicular sides of the cubic sensor base body 5, and the shear piezoelectric material sheets 3,4 are arranged on the other set of adjacent and mutually perpendicular sides. Two pieces of telescopic piezoelectric material 1,2 adhered to two adjacent and mutually perpendicular surfaces of the cubic sensor matrix 5 respectively measure two dynamic normal stress components in the dynamic stress state of the plane where the measuring point is located. Two shear type piezoelectric material sheets 3,4 adhered to the other two mutually perpendicular surfaces of the cubic sensor matrix 5 respectively measure two dynamic shear stress components in the dynamic stress state of the plane where the measuring point is located.
Referring to fig. 2, the four piezoelectric ceramic plates and the cubic sensor matrix 5 are bonded and fixed into a whole by bonding and insulating materials such as epoxy resin 8, and the positive and negative electrodes of each piezoelectric material plate are connected with a joint 7 by a shielding wire. The steel plates 6 are each covered with a bonding and insulating material such as epoxy 8. The cubic sensor matrix 5 may be prefabricated by the mould using composite cement mortar compatible with the concrete material. When made of other natural rock materials or metallic and non-metallic materials, it is made by machining means.
Referring to fig. 3, a mold for manufacturing a composite cement mortar cube sensor substrate 5 according to an embodiment of the invention includes a spacer 9, a template layer 10, and a bottom plate layer 11. The template layer 10 is provided with 40 square female dies with the width of 2cm and the height of 2cm (the dimension can be adjusted according to actual needs or design), the bottom plate layer 11 is positioned below the template layer 10, and the template layer 10 consists of a detachable single template. The template layer 10 and the base layer 11 are fixed by the spacers 9. When the composite cement mortar is used for manufacturing the cube sensor matrix 5, the die is cleaned, lubricating oil is uniformly coated on the surface of the female die, then the stirred composite cement mortar is poured into the die for vibrating compaction, the die is disassembled after standing for one day, and the composite cement mortar cube sensor matrix 5 is obtained and then is put into water for maintenance for standby.
Referring to fig. 4, fig. 4a is a schematic diagram of positive piezoelectric effect of the telescopic piezoelectric material, and fig. 4b is a schematic diagram of positive piezoelectric effect of the shear piezoelectric material (all directions are 3 directions as polarization directions). The basic working principle of the embodiment is as follows: when the flexible piezoelectric material sheets 1 and 2 are subjected to external dynamic positive stress, positive and negative bound charges with opposite signs are generated on the surfaces of the flexible piezoelectric material sheets by utilizing the positive piezoelectric effect of the piezoelectric material, and the charge density is proportional to the magnitude of the received dynamic positive stress. When the shear type piezoelectric material sheets 3,4 are subjected to external dynamic shear stress, positive and negative bound charges with opposite signs appear on the surfaces of the shear type piezoelectric material sheets, and the charge density is proportional to the magnitude of the applied dynamic shear stress. The sensitivity coefficient of each piezoelectric material piece can be determined by the piezoelectric coefficient of the piezoelectric material used. The charge output of the four piezoelectric material sheets is converted into voltage signal output, and the voltage signal output is acquired by a data acquisition system. The magnitude of the dynamic positive stress and the dynamic shear stress components of each surface of the sensor can be respectively determined according to the sensitivity coefficient of each pressing material sheet.
Referring to fig. 5, the state of the plane stress at a point inside the concrete structure is generally a plane stress state, and includes two dynamic normal stresses and two dynamic shear stresses. According to the mutual constant force of the shearing stress, the two dynamic shearing stresses are equal. The basic working principle of the planar dynamic stress sensor based on the piezoelectric ceramic plate is a piezoelectric equation of the positive piezoelectric effect of the piezoelectric material plate (wherein the 2 direction is perpendicular to the 1-3 plane), taking the piezoelectric ceramic material as an example, and the piezoelectric equation is represented by the following formula (1). Will be electric displacement D in the i direction i Is converted into a voltage U, as shown in the following formula (2). Wherein d is ij The piezoelectric coefficient of the electrode surface perpendicular to the i direction is given by the stress in the j direction. T (T) i (i＝1,23) positive stress in i direction, T i (i=4, 5, 6) is the shear stress acting on the 1-2 faces, 1-3 faces and 2-3 faces, respectively. K (K) ij The sensitivity coefficient of the piezoelectric ceramic plate is that A is the polarized surface area of the piezoelectric ceramic, and C is the capacitance of the piezoelectric ceramic plate. The plane stress of a certain unit body in the concrete structure is sigma respectively x ,σ y ,τ xy And τ yx Of which there is tau xy ＝τ yx 。
U＝Q i /C＝D i ×A/C＝∑(d ij ×T j )×A/C＝∑(k ij ×T j )(2)
For the telescopic piezoelectric ceramics 1,2, there is the following equation (3)
U 1 ＝k 31 ×σ x +k 33 ×σ y
U 2 ＝k 31 ×σ y +k 33 ×σ x (3)
Using a known constant k 31 ，k 33 Voltage data U detected by data acquisition system 1 ,U 2 Obtainable sigma x And sigma (sigma) y 。
For the shear type piezoelectric ceramics 3,4, there is the following equation (4)
U 3 ＝k 15 ×τ xy
U 4 ＝k 15 ×τ yx And U is as follows 3 ＝U 4 。 (4)
Using a known constant k 15 Voltage data U detected by data acquisition system 3 ,U 4 Obtainable τ xy And τ yx And τ xy ＝τ yx 。
The invention has simple structure, small volume and simple manufacturing process. The sensor provides an effective means for measuring the dynamic normal stress and the dynamic shear stress of the concrete structure under the action of dynamic load in a general plane dynamic stress state
The foregoing description is only of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and therefore, the technical scope of the present invention should not be limited thereby, and all equivalent changes and modifications that are made according to the technical spirit and the description of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. A piezoelectric material based planar dynamic stress sensor, comprising: the device comprises a cube sensor matrix, waterproof and insulating treated telescopic and shearing piezoelectric material sheets, shielding wires, connectors and small steel sheets;
the telescopic piezoelectric material sheet is fixed on two mutually perpendicular surfaces of the four side surfaces of the sensor matrix through an adhesive material; the shear type piezoelectric material sheet is fixed on the other two mutually perpendicular surfaces of the four side surfaces of the sensor matrix through an adhesive material; the telescopic and shearing type piezoelectric material sheets are connected with the connector through a shielding wire, and the connector is connected with the data acquisition system; the small steel sheet is fixed on the outer side surface of the telescopic and shearing piezoelectric material sheet through an adhesive material;
when the sensor is subjected to external dynamic load, the sensor is in a general plane stress state, and the telescopic piezoelectric material sheets respectively positioned on one group of adjacent and mutually perpendicular surfaces and the shearing piezoelectric material sheets positioned on the other group of adjacent and mutually perpendicular surfaces generate charges due to positive piezoelectric effect, and the charge density is respectively proportional to the dynamic positive stress and the dynamic shearing stress of the corresponding surfaces; the sensitivity coefficient of each piezoelectric material sheet can be determined by the piezoelectric coefficient of the adopted piezoelectric material; the charge output of the four piezoelectric material sheets is converted into voltage signal output, and the voltage signal output is acquired by a data acquisition system; the magnitude of dynamic positive stress and dynamic shear stress components of each surface can be respectively determined according to the sensitivity coefficient of each material pressing sheet;
the cube sensor matrix is manufactured by pouring composite cement mortar through a die;
the general plane stress state of a certain point in the concrete structure comprises two dynamic normal stresses and two dynamic shear stresses, and the two dynamic shear stresses are equal according to the mutual constant force of the shear stresses;
the basic working principle of the planar dynamic stress sensor based on the piezoelectric ceramic plate is a piezoelectric equation of positive piezoelectric effect of the piezoelectric material plate, the piezoelectric equation is shown as the following formula (1), the electric displacement Di in the i direction is converted into voltage U, the following formula (2), wherein dij is a piezoelectric coefficient of an electrode surface perpendicular to the i direction under the action of stress in the j direction, ti (i=1, 2, 3) is positive stress in the i direction, ti (i=4, 5, 6) is shearing stress acting on the 1-2 surface, the 1-3 surface and the 2-3 surface respectively, kij is a sensitivity coefficient of the piezoelectric ceramic plate, A is a polarization surface area of the piezoelectric ceramic, C is capacitance of the piezoelectric ceramic plate, and plane stress of a certain unit body in the concrete structure is sigma respectively x ,σ y ,τ xy And τ yx Of which there is tau xy ＝τ yx ；
U＝Q i /C＝D i ×A/C＝∑(d ij ×T j )×A/C＝∑(k ij ×T j ) (2)
For the telescopic piezoelectric ceramic, there is the following equation (3)
U 1 ＝k 31 ×σ x +k 33 ×σ y
U 2 ＝k 31 ×σ y +k 33 ×σ x (3)
Using a known constant k 31 ，k 33 Voltage data U detected by data acquisition system 1 ,U 2 Obtainable sigma x And sigma (sigma) y ；
For shear type piezoelectric ceramics, there is the following equation (4)
U 3 ＝k 15 ×τ xy
U 4 ＝k 15 ×τ yx And U is as follows 3 ＝U 4 (4)
By using already-usedKnowing the constant k 15 Voltage data U detected by data acquisition system 3 ,U 4 Obtainable τ xy And τ yx And τ xy ＝τ yx 。
2. A piezoelectric material based planar dynamic stress sensor according to claim 1, characterized in that: the piezoelectric material of the piezoelectric material sheet is piezoelectric ceramics or piezoelectric films.
3. A piezoelectric material based planar dynamic stress sensor according to claim 1, characterized in that: the die comprises a partition plate, a template layer and a bottom plate layer, wherein the template layer is provided with a plurality of cube-shaped female dies; the bottom plate layer is positioned below the template layer, the template layer is composed of a detachable single template layer, and the template layer is tightly connected with the bottom plate layer through a partition plate.
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| CN112179553B (en) * | 2020-09-09 | 2021-06-22 | 西南交通大学 | Method for ultrasonically and synchronously measuring axial force and shearing force of bolt |
| CN113237578B (en) * | 2021-05-08 | 2022-09-30 | 大连理工大学 | Multi-dimensional force/moment measuring method based on full-shear effect quartz wafer |
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