CN108040573A - A kind of gardens efficient pulverizing stirring-type liquid manure integrated device - Google Patents
A kind of gardens efficient pulverizing stirring-type liquid manure integrated device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108040573A CN108040573A CN201711448806.7A CN201711448806A CN108040573A CN 108040573 A CN108040573 A CN 108040573A CN 201711448806 A CN201711448806 A CN 201711448806A CN 108040573 A CN108040573 A CN 108040573A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- liquid manure
- helical gear
- shaft
- motor
- bottom plate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C23/00—Distributing devices specially adapted for liquid manure or other fertilising liquid, including ammonia, e.g. transport tanks or sprinkling wagons
- A01C23/04—Distributing under pressure; Distributing mud; Adaptation of watering systems for fertilising-liquids
- A01C23/042—Adding fertiliser to watering systems
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C23/00—Distributing devices specially adapted for liquid manure or other fertilising liquid, including ammonia, e.g. transport tanks or sprinkling wagons
- A01C23/04—Distributing under pressure; Distributing mud; Adaptation of watering systems for fertilising-liquids
- A01C23/047—Spraying of liquid fertilisers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F27/00—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders
- B01F27/05—Stirrers
- B01F27/11—Stirrers characterised by the configuration of the stirrers
- B01F27/19—Stirrers with two or more mixing elements mounted in sequence on the same axis
- B01F27/191—Stirrers with two or more mixing elements mounted in sequence on the same axis with similar elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F27/00—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders
- B01F27/80—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders with stirrers rotating about a substantially vertical axis
- B01F27/90—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders with stirrers rotating about a substantially vertical axis with paddles or arms
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
- B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
- B02C1/00—Crushing or disintegrating by reciprocating members
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of gardens efficient pulverizing stirring-type liquid manure integrated devices,Including bottom plate,Liquid manure case,First motor,Bent axle,Rod journal,Sleeve,Connecting rod,Fixed link,Crush plate,Stirring rod,Shaft,Nozzle,Second motor,Incomplete helical gear and helical gear,The present invention is equipped with motor,Bent axle,Stirring rod,Rod journal,Sleeve,Connecting rod,Fixed link and crushing plate,By cooperation the cooperation of the first crushing tooth and the second crushing tooth is made to crush solid fertilizer,It further speeds up fertilizer and is dissolved in water,Improve the confecting efficiency of liquid rich water,Equipped with the second motor,Incomplete helical gear,Helical gear and shaft,Second motor drives incomplete helical gear to rotate,Incomplete helical gear drives shaft rotating by helical gear,Shaft drives nozzle rotating,Expand spraying range,It improves work efficiency,Alleviate the labor intensity of worker.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to garden equipment technical fields, are specifically that a kind of gardens are integrally filled with efficient pulverizing stirring-type liquid manure
It puts.
Background technology
Gardens are i.e. in certain region application engineering technology and artistic media, by transforming landform（Or it further builds mountain, fold
Stone, Li Shui）, the beautiful natural environment that forms of plantation trees flowers and plants, the approach creation such as constructing architecture and arrangement garden road and border of strolling about or have a rest
Domain is known as gardens.It takes the course of its own in Chinese traditional architecture, significant achievement is historic gardens building.Traditional Chinese text
A kind of art form in change is subject to traditional " gift pleasure " cultural influence very deep.It is used as by landform, scenery with hills and waters, groups of building, flowers and trees etc.
Carrier sets off out the spirit culture of human subject.Gardens have many extension concepts：Gardens community, gardens street, garden city
City（Ecocity）, national gardens county town etc..Modern life style and living environment has urgent function for gardens
The requirement of property and artistry.There is increasingly important role with following people's developing direction for our modern living.
Existing afforestation fertilizer apparatus cannot will watering fertilising be carried out at the same time, if after rich water is prepared again into
Row sprinkling, use inconvenience, add the labor intensity of staff, add the working time, if watering when
Time is configured, it will cause solid fertilizer dissolving it is insufficient, solid fertilizer utilization rate is low, and confecting efficiency is low, and exist spray
Spill the shortcomings that uneven, spraying efficiency is low.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of gardens efficient pulverizing stirring-type liquid manure integrated device, to solve the above-mentioned back of the body
The problem of being proposed in scape technology.
To achieve the above object, the present invention provides following technical solution：
A kind of gardens efficient pulverizing stirring-type liquid manure integrated device, including bottom plate, liquid manure case and nozzle, bottom base plate both sides are equal
Idler wheel is installed, bottom plate left end is fixed with handrail, and liquid manure case is equipped on the left of plate upper surface, be equipped on the left of liquid manure box top into
Hopper is equipped with the first motor among liquid manure box top, and the output shaft of the first motor is fixedly connected by shaft coupling with bent axle, bent
Axis bottom is connected by bearing block with liquid manure box cavity lower rotation, and bent axle lower part is equipped with rod journal, rod journal outer cover
Equipped with sleeve, sleeve is rotatablely connected with rod journal, is respectively and fixedly provided with connecting rod on sleeve two side, the connecting rod other end is hinged with
Fixed link, the fixed link other end are fixed with crushing plate, crush plate bottom and are fixed with sliding block, it is uniform close to liquid manure case one side to crush plate
Multiple first crushing tooths are fixed with, is located on bent axle above crushing plate and is equidistantly fixed with multigroup stirring rod, under liquid manure case right side wall
Portion is connected with outlet pipe, and booster pump is equipped on outlet pipe, is equipped with shaft on the right side of the plate upper surface, shaft bottom passes through axis
Bearing is rotatablely connected with bottom plate, and shaft top is equipped with nozzle, and the outlet pipe other end is connected with nozzle, is located on bottom plate and is turned
The second motor is installed on the left of axis, incomplete helical gear, incomplete helical gear upper and lower are installed on the output shaft of the second motor
Helical gear is equipped with, incomplete helical gear is engaged with helical gear, and helical gear is installed on shaft lower part.
As further embodiment of the present invention：The idler wheel is self-locking idler wheel.
As further embodiment of the present invention：Support is connected between the liquid manure case two bottom sides and plate upper surface
Leg.
As further embodiment of the present invention：The shaft bottom is rotatablely connected by bearing block and bottom plate.
As further embodiment of the present invention：The sliding block is connected with liquid manure box cavity basal sliding, liquid manure box cavity bottom
Portion offers the sliding slot being slidably connected with sliding block.
As further embodiment of the present invention：The liquid manure chamber interior wall lower part is fixed with multiple second crushing tooths.
As further embodiment of the present invention：The junction of the outlet pipe and liquid manure case is equipped with strainer.
Compared with prior art, the beneficial effects of the invention are as follows：The present invention is equipped with motor, bent axle, stirring rod, pitman shaft
Neck, sleeve, connecting rod, fixed link and crushing plate, motor drive crank rotation, and bent axle drives stirring rod to rotate, makes solid fertilizer
Water is preferably dissolved in, improves mixing efficiency, while bent axle drives rod journal to rotate, rod journal drives too pain to rotate, sleeve
It is driven by connecting rod and fixed link and crushes plate side-to-side movement, crush cooperation pair of the plate by the first crushing tooth and the second crushing tooth
Solid fertilizer crushes, and further speeds up fertilizer and is dissolved in water, improves the confecting efficiency of liquid rich water, equipped with the second motor, no
Complete helical gear, helical gear and shaft, the second motor drive incomplete helical gear to rotate, and incomplete helical gear passes through helical gear band
Turn axis rotating, shaft drive nozzle rotating, expand spraying range, improve work efficiency, alleviate the labor of worker
Fatigue resistance.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structure diagram of gardens efficient pulverizing stirring-type liquid manure integrated device.
Fig. 2 is not exclusively helical gear and helical gear structural representation in the efficient pulverizing stirring-type liquid manure integrated device of gardens
Figure.
In figure：1- bottom plates, 2- helical gears, 3- shafts, the incomplete helical gears of 4-, 5- nozzles, 6- outlet pipes, the second electricity of 7-
Machine, the second crushing tooths of 8-, 9- liquid manure case, 10- stirring rods, 11- bent axles, the first motors of 12-, 13- feed hoppers, 14- crush plate,
15- fixed links, 16- handrails, 17- support legs, 18- connecting rods, 19- sleeves, 20- rod journals, 21- idler wheels, 22- superchargings
Pump.
Specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with the attached drawing in the embodiment of the present invention, the technical solution in the embodiment of the present invention is carried out clear, complete
Site preparation describes, it is clear that described embodiment is only part of the embodiment of the present invention, instead of all the embodiments.It is based on
Embodiment in the present invention, those of ordinary skill in the art are obtained every other without making creative work
Embodiment belongs to the scope of protection of the invention.
Please refer to Fig.1~2, in the embodiment of the present invention, a kind of gardens efficient pulverizing stirring-type liquid manure integrated device, including
Bottom plate 1, liquid manure case 9 and nozzle 5,1 two bottom sides of bottom plate are mounted on idler wheel 21, and idler wheel 21 is self-locking idler wheel, convenient entire
The movement of device, 1 left end of bottom plate are fixed with handrail 16, liquid manure case 9,9 two bottom sides of liquid manure case are equipped on the left of 1 upper surface of bottom plate
Support leg is connected between 1 upper surface of bottom plate, 9 top left side of liquid manure case is equipped with feed hopper 13, the installation of 9 crown center of liquid manure case
There is the first motor 12, the output shaft of the first motor 12 is fixedly connected by shaft coupling with bent axle 11, and 11 bottom of bent axle passes through bearing
Seat is rotatablely connected with 9 intracavity bottom of liquid manure case, and 11 lower part of bent axle is equipped with rod journal 20, and 20 outer cover of rod journal is equipped with sleeve
19, sleeve 19 is rotatablely connected with rod journal 20, and connecting rod 18,18 other end of connecting rod hinge are respectively and fixedly provided on 19 two side of sleeve
Fixed link 15 is connected to, 15 other end of fixed link, which is fixed with, crushes plate 14, crushes 14 bottom of plate and is fixed with sliding block, sliding block and liquid manure case
9 intracavity bottoms are slidably connected, and 9 intracavity bottom of liquid manure case offers the sliding slot being slidably connected with sliding block, crush plate 14 close to liquid manure
9 one side of case is uniformly fixed with multiple first crushing tooths, and 9 inner wall lower of liquid manure case is fixed with multiple second crushing tooths 8, on bent axle 11
Multigroup stirring rod 10 is equidistantly fixed with above plate 14 positioned at crushing, 9 right side wall lower part of liquid manure case is connected with outlet pipe 6, outlet pipe 6
Strainer is installed with the junction of liquid manure case 9, outlet pipe 6 is prevented to be blocked, booster pump 22, the bottom are installed on outlet pipe 6
Shaft 3 is equipped on the right side of 1 upper surface of plate, 3 bottom of shaft is rotatablely connected by bearing block and bottom plate 1, and 3 top of shaft is equipped with nozzle
5,6 other end of outlet pipe is connected with nozzle 5, and 3 left side of shaft is located on bottom plate 1 and is equipped with the second motor 7, the second motor 7
Output shaft on incomplete helical gear 7 is installed, incomplete 7 upper and lower of helical gear is equipped with helical gear 2, incomplete helical gear 7
It is engaged with helical gear 2, helical gear 2 is installed on 3 lower part of shaft.
The present invention operation principle be：In the use of the present invention, solid fertilizer and water are added in into water by feed hopper 13 first
In fertilizer box 9, then start motor 12, motor 12 is rotated with dynamic crankshaft 11, and bent axle 11 drives stirring rod 10 to rotate, and makes solid fertilizer
Water is preferably dissolved in, improves mixing efficiency, while bent axle 11 drives rod journal 20 to rotate, rod journal 20 drives too 19 turns of pain
Dynamic, sleeve 19 is driven by connecting rod 18 and fixed link 15 and crushes 14 side-to-side movement of plate, crush plate 14 by the first crushing tooth with
The cooperation of second crushing tooth 8 crushes solid fertilizer, further speeds up fertilizer and is dissolved in water, improves the preparation effect of liquid rich water
Rate, while the second motor 7 drives incomplete helical gear 4 to rotate, incomplete helical gear 4 drives shaft 3 positive and negative by helical gear 2
Turn, shaft 3 drives 5 rotating of nozzle, expands spraying range, improves work efficiency, alleviates the labor intensity of worker.
It is obvious to a person skilled in the art that the invention is not restricted to the details of above-mentioned exemplary embodiment, Er Qie
In the case of without departing substantially from spirit or essential attributes of the invention, the present invention can be realized in other specific forms.Therefore, no matter
From the point of view of which point, the present embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the scope of the present invention is by appended power
Profit requirement rather than above description limit, it is intended that all by what is fallen within the meaning and scope of the equivalent requirements of the claims
Variation is included within the present invention.Any reference numeral in claim should not be considered as to the involved claim of limitation.
Moreover, it will be appreciated that although this specification is described in terms of embodiments, but not each embodiment is only wrapped
Containing an independent technical solution, this description of the specification is merely for the sake of clarity, and those skilled in the art should
Using specification as an entirety, the technical solutions in each embodiment can also be properly combined, forms those skilled in the art
It is appreciated that other embodiment.
Claims (7)
1. a kind of gardens efficient pulverizing stirring-type liquid manure integrated device, including bottom plate（1）, liquid manure case（9）And nozzle（5）,
It is characterized in that, bottom plate（1）Two bottom sides are mounted on idler wheel（21）, bottom plate（1）Left end is fixed with handrail（16）, bottom plate（1）
Liquid manure case is equipped on the left of upper surface（9）, liquid manure case（9）Top left side is equipped with feed hopper（13）, liquid manure case（9）Crown center is installed
There is the first motor（12）, the first motor（12）Output shaft pass through shaft coupling and bent axle（11）It is fixedly connected, bent axle（11）Bottom
Pass through bearing block and liquid manure case（9）Intracavity bottom is rotatablely connected, bent axle（11）Lower part is equipped with rod journal（20）, rod journal
（20）Outer cover is equipped with sleeve（19）, sleeve（19）With rod journal（20）Rotation connection, sleeve（19）It is fixed on two side
There is connecting rod（18）, connecting rod（18）The other end is hinged with fixed link（15）, fixed link（15）The other end is fixed with crushing plate
（14）, crush plate（14）Bottom is fixed with sliding block, crushes plate（14）Close to liquid manure case（9）One side is uniformly fixed with multiple first powder
Broken tooth, bent axle（11）It is upper to be located at crushing plate（14）Top is equidistantly fixed with multigroup stirring rod（10）, liquid manure case（9）Right side wall lower part
It is connected with outlet pipe（6）, outlet pipe（6）On booster pump is installed（22）, the bottom plate（1）Shaft is equipped on the right side of upper surface（3）,
Shaft（3）Bottom passes through bearing block and bottom plate（1）Rotation connection, shaft（3）Top is equipped with nozzle（5）, the outlet pipe（6）
The other end and nozzle（5）Connection, bottom plate（1）It is upper to be located at shaft（3）Left side is equipped with the second motor（7）, the second motor（7）It is defeated
Incomplete helical gear is installed on shaft（7）, incomplete helical gear（7）Upper and lower is equipped with helical gear（2）, incomplete helical gear
（7）With helical gear（2）Engagement, helical gear（2）It is installed on shaft（3）Lower part.
2. gardens according to claim 1 efficient pulverizing stirring-type liquid manure integrated device, which is characterized in that the idler wheel
（21）For self-locking idler wheel.
3. gardens according to claim 1 efficient pulverizing stirring-type liquid manure integrated device, which is characterized in that the liquid manure
Case（9）Two bottom sides and bottom plate（1）Support leg is connected between upper surface.
4. gardens according to claim 1 efficient pulverizing stirring-type liquid manure integrated device, which is characterized in that the shaft
（3）Bottom passes through bearing block and bottom plate（1）Rotation connection.
5. gardens according to claim 1 efficient pulverizing stirring-type liquid manure integrated device, which is characterized in that the sliding block
With liquid manure case（9）Intracavity bottom is slidably connected, liquid manure case（9）Intracavity bottom offers the sliding slot being slidably connected with sliding block.
6. gardens according to claim 1 efficient pulverizing stirring-type liquid manure integrated device, which is characterized in that the liquid manure
Case（9）Inner wall lower is fixed with multiple second crushing tooths（8）.
7. gardens according to claim 1 efficient pulverizing stirring-type liquid manure integrated device, which is characterized in that the water outlet
Pipe（6）With liquid manure case（9）Junction strainer is installed.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201711448806.7A CN108040573A (en) | 2017-12-27 | 2017-12-27 | A kind of gardens efficient pulverizing stirring-type liquid manure integrated device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201711448806.7A CN108040573A (en) | 2017-12-27 | 2017-12-27 | A kind of gardens efficient pulverizing stirring-type liquid manure integrated device |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN108040573A true CN108040573A (en) | 2018-05-18 |
Family
ID=62127848
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201711448806.7A Withdrawn CN108040573A (en) | 2017-12-27 | 2017-12-27 | A kind of gardens efficient pulverizing stirring-type liquid manure integrated device |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN108040573A (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109821641A (en) * | 2019-03-10 | 2019-05-31 | 青岛联合智造科技有限公司 | A kind of construction gravel screening plant and its screening technique |
| CN111133876A (en) * | 2020-01-13 | 2020-05-12 | 贾秀建 | Agricultural fertilizer injection unit that grows seedlings |
| CN112189647A (en) * | 2020-11-11 | 2021-01-08 | 河南北清同创信息科技研究院有限公司 | Multifunctional facility agriculture atomizing, water spraying and pesticide spraying device |
| CN112753342A (en) * | 2021-01-05 | 2021-05-07 | 广州访柔电子商务有限公司 | Modern agriculture big-arch shelter watering equipment |
| CN114793589A (en) * | 2022-05-23 | 2022-07-29 | 山东农业工程学院 | Combined agricultural product production equipment |
-
2017
- 2017-12-27 CN CN201711448806.7A patent/CN108040573A/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109821641A (en) * | 2019-03-10 | 2019-05-31 | 青岛联合智造科技有限公司 | A kind of construction gravel screening plant and its screening technique |
| CN111133876A (en) * | 2020-01-13 | 2020-05-12 | 贾秀建 | Agricultural fertilizer injection unit that grows seedlings |
| CN112189647A (en) * | 2020-11-11 | 2021-01-08 | 河南北清同创信息科技研究院有限公司 | Multifunctional facility agriculture atomizing, water spraying and pesticide spraying device |
| CN112189647B (en) * | 2020-11-11 | 2023-03-14 | 河南北清同创信息科技研究院有限公司 | Multifunctional facility agriculture atomizing, water spraying and pesticide spraying device |
| CN112753342A (en) * | 2021-01-05 | 2021-05-07 | 广州访柔电子商务有限公司 | Modern agriculture big-arch shelter watering equipment |
| CN112753342B (en) * | 2021-01-05 | 2021-11-30 | 安徽大地智慧农业科技有限公司 | Modern agriculture big-arch shelter watering equipment |
| CN114793589A (en) * | 2022-05-23 | 2022-07-29 | 山东农业工程学院 | Combined agricultural product production equipment |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN108040573A (en) | A kind of gardens efficient pulverizing stirring-type liquid manure integrated device | |
| CN108077036A (en) | A kind of afforestation efficiently watering fertilizing integrated equipment | |
| CN108124572A (en) | A kind of afforestation crank block type water-fertilizer integral equipment | |
| CN107278829A (en) | A kind of multi-faceted automatic agricultural irrigation watering device | |
| CN107624615A (en) | A kind of forestry high-efficient irrigation fertilizing integrated device | |
| CN107371543A (en) | A kind of garden lawn greening fertilizer apparatus | |
| CN207135677U (en) | A kind of agricultural greenhouse fertilising irrigation device | |
| CN108522474A (en) | A kind of swing type municipal administration gardens chemical spraying device | |
| CN108370701A (en) | A kind of crank type water conservancy irrigation device | |
| CN108260500A (en) | A kind of forestry rocking type flusher | |
| CN107439123A (en) | A kind of water for afforestation fertilizer integrated apparatus | |
| CN206227237U (en) | A kind of Multifunctional garden attending device | |
| CN109258050A (en) | A kind of comprehensive watering mechanism and the municipal gardens sprinkler comprising the mechanism | |
| CN206865958U (en) | A kind of loosening device for gardens meadow | |
| CN207201821U (en) | A kind of gardens pesticide spraying device | |
| CN106719548A (en) | A kind of agricultural atomizer | |
| CN108293396A (en) | A kind of afforestation watering fertilising removal of impurities equipment integrating | |
| CN209376291U (en) | A kind of garden landscape showing stand | |
| CN107667833A (en) | A kind of Chinese garden planting watering fertilizer apparatus | |
| CN107912273A (en) | A kind of garden lawn greening watering fertilizer apparatus | |
| CN108902094A (en) | A kind of rotary portable type municipal administration gardens chemical spraying device | |
| CN207369944U (en) | A kind of electric garden pesticide spray truck | |
| CN107091438A (en) | A kind of Road lamp for garden with A rotary flower pot | |
| CN107182311A (en) | A kind of mountain area gardens equipment for plant protection | |
| CN207321890U (en) | A kind of garden lawn greening fertilizer apparatus |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| WW01 | Invention patent application withdrawn after publication |
Application publication date: 20180518 |
|
| WW01 | Invention patent application withdrawn after publication |