CN107998902A - Flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane and preparation method based on metal organic framework MIL-53 - Google Patents

Flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane and preparation method based on metal organic framework MIL-53 Download PDF

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CN107998902A
CN107998902A CN201711329482.5A CN201711329482A CN107998902A CN 107998902 A CN107998902 A CN 107998902A CN 201711329482 A CN201711329482 A CN 201711329482A CN 107998902 A CN107998902 A CN 107998902A
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osmosis membrane
forward osmosis
mil
mixed
flat
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CN107998902B (en
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王秀菊
王立国
巴学莲
王仲鹏
刘思全
刘伟
何芳
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University of Jinan
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D69/00Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/06Flat membranes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D61/00Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/002Forward osmosis or direct osmosis
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D67/00Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0002Organic membrane manufacture
    • B01D67/0009Organic membrane manufacture by phase separation, sol-gel transition, evaporation or solvent quenching
    • B01D67/0011Casting solutions therefor
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D67/00Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0002Organic membrane manufacture
    • B01D67/0009Organic membrane manufacture by phase separation, sol-gel transition, evaporation or solvent quenching
    • B01D67/0013Casting processes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D69/00Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/10Supported membranes; Membrane supports
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D71/00Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06Organic material
    • B01D71/08Polysaccharides
    • B01D71/12Cellulose derivatives
    • B01D71/14Esters of organic acids
    • B01D71/16Cellulose acetate
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/44Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
    • C02F1/445Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by forward osmosis

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane and preparation method based on metal organic framework MIL 53, belong to UF membrane field.By 0.05%~2.0%(w/w)MIL 53 is dispersed in 65.0%~90.95% by ultrasound(w/w)In the mixed solvent, then with 7.0%~20.0%(w/w)Cellulose acetate together, is added in three neck round bottom flask according to certain order, after stirring is completely dissolved cellulose acetate, adds 2.0%~13.0%(w/w)Polyvinylpyrrolidone or polyethylene glycol, for 2~16h of stirring and dissolving to being completely dissolved, 3~16h of standing and defoaming, prepares forward osmosis membrane casting solution at a temperature of 15~90 DEG C;Striking film forming and 5~60mins of heat treatment in 30~90 DEG C of deionized waters, that is, be made the flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane based on MIL 53 on backing material.The made forward osmosis membrane of the present invention is by the use of 1M NaCl as driving liquid, deionized water as material liquid, and in the 1h testing times, its pure water flux is more than 41.0L/m2H, reverse flux salt are less than 2.0g/m2•h。

Description

Flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane and preparation based on metal organic framework MIL-53 Method
Technical field
The present invention relates to flat forward osmosis membrane of a kind of macromolecule and preparation method thereof, and metal is based on more particularly to one kind The flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane and preparation method of organic backbone MIL-53.
Background technology
The scarcity of water resource and the water pollution of getting worse become the bottleneck for restricting social progress and economic development, new water Source is developed and effluent sewage recycling also becomes global question of common concern.Since seawater resources are extremely abundant on the earth, And substantial amounts of effluent sewage is produced, sea water desalination and sewage recycling become the strategic choice for solving water resources crisis.Many Sea water desalination and sewage recycling technology in, membrane separation technique is one of best selection.As this key issue of solution And be born low energy consumption, the positive infiltration technology of high Water Sproading rate into sea water desalination and sewage recycling field research emphasis and Hot spot, to solving the problems, such as that shortage of water resources has important strategic importance.
Positive infiltration (forward osmosis, FO) is a kind of membrane separation technique driven by film both sides osmotic pressure, just It is paid more and more attention, relevant theoretical and application study achieves larger progress, and is successfully applied to sea water desalination, at waste water The field such as reason, food medicine, the energy.At present, common forward osmosis membrane mainly has cellulose acetate film, polybenzimidazole membrane, gathers Acid amides composite membrane etc., degree of commercialization is not high to be mainly a lack of forward osmosis membrane of good performance and suitable driving liquid, and just oozes Permeable membrane is the key point of whole positive process of osmosis.The close phase of structure of high performance forward osmosis membrane and its material character and film Close, it is seen that it is particularly important that the membrane material and forward osmosis membrane preparation method of function admirable.Common forward osmosis membrane preparation method bounded Three kinds of face polymerization, double selection tunic the preparation methods and nanofiltration membrane modifying.Concentration difference in positive osmosis composite membrane prepared by interfacial polymerization Polarize more serious;Double selection tunics effectively reduce interior concentration polarization, but preparation process is complex;NF membrane Modified Membrane is to list The rejection and water flux of valency salt are relatively low;Therefore, it is necessary to develop new forward osmosis membrane preparation process to improve forward osmosis membrane Separating property and the feasibility of industrialization.
The sixties in last century, foreign countries start the research of positive infiltration technology, using commercialization reverse osmosis membrane or NF membrane into The application study that row is just permeating, as a result proves that existing reverse osmosis membrane or NF membrane are difficult to use in positive process of osmosis, but at the same time Performance and membrane material, the membrane structure for demonstrating forward osmosis membrane are closely related;Then, all multimembrane scientific workers have started positive infiltration The basic research of film preparation.Result of study shows, can be excellent with processability by selecting suitable membrane material, film-forming process Forward osmosis membrane.The research of the positive infiltration technology in China is started late, and the current country aligns the research of infiltration technology, either film system Standby or membrane process research, still in the exploratory stage.Some film researchers explore the preparation of cellulose family forward osmosis membrane Condition, have studied influence of the various factors to forward osmosis membrane performance, but not yet prepare just oozing for commercially viable function admirable Permeable membrane;The preparation and application study of forward osmosis membrane still shoulder heavy responsibilities.The studying enlightenments of early period we, changed using blending technology Property membrane material, be expected to improve water flux, salt-stopping rate, mechanical performance and the anti-fouling performance of forward osmosis membrane, and be easily achieved production Industry.Patent of invention ZL201410770001.4,201510245514.8 and ZL201410769752.4,201510245504.4 Nano-titanium dioxide and graphene is respectively adopted and prepares flat and doughnut forward osmosis membrane with acetyl cellulose blend, it is made The separating property and permeance property of standby forward osmosis membrane have obtained raising by a relatively large margin;Patent of invention 2017100954795, 2017100954780th, 2017100954846 more excellent performance is prepared for using functionalized carbon nano-tube and acetyl cellulose blend Forward osmosis membrane;But by selecting suitable material, the separating property and permeance property of prepared forward osmosis membrane can still be carried out Further to improve, satisfaction is commercially produced and application demand.
It is new that metal organic framework (Metal-Organic Frameworks, MOFs) is that a kind of latest developments are got up Material, also known as metal organic complex polymer, it is to pass through coordination group by the organic ligand and metal ion of oxygen-containing, nitrogen etc. Fill the porous material of the infinite network structure formed.Compared to traditional inorganic porous material, MOFs materials possess zeolite, activity The unrivaled excellent performance of the inorganic porous materials such as charcoal, carbon nanotubes, its Micropore volume are higher by several than above-mentioned porous material Times, and have the characteristics that duct is variable, steady chemical structure.These excellent characteristics cause MOFs materials in gas storage, water Body pollution thing adsorbing separation, gas catalysis etc. have huge application prospect.Metal organic framework is as a kind of new Organic-inorganic hybrid material, the organic ligand in its structure help to improve the affinity between MOFs particles and polymer substrate, It is preferable mixed substrate membrane containing nano-grade molecular sieve dispersed phase.Therefore, suitable MOFs materials and acetyl cellulose blend are such as prepared into mixed-matrix Forward osmosis membrane, is expected to while high water flux, salt-stopping rate is obtained, also make forward osmosis membrane product have stain resistance, this is just The research and development and application of permeable membrane material provide new thinking.
How while hydrophilic nmature is obtained, and make forward osmosis membrane that there is resistance tocrocking and keep the stabilization of water flux Property, this is the problem that film scientific worker is thinking and studying always in recent years.The present invention improves mixed-matrix using MIL-53 The research of the structure and permeance property, separating property of forward osmosis membrane, both at home and abroad there is not yet document report.
The content of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane based on metal organic framework MIL-53, It is a further object to provide the preparation method of the mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane.
To achieve the above object, the technical solution taken of the present invention is:
A kind of flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane based on MIL-53, is by the material composition of following mass percent:It is poly- Compound membrane material 7.0%~20.0%(w/w), pore-foaming agent 2.0%~13.0%(w/w), MIL-53 0.05%~2.0%(w/w), it is molten Agent 65.0%~90.95%(w/w);
The polymeric film material is one or both of cellulose diacetate and Triafol T, content for 7.0%~ 20.0%(w/w);
The metal organic framework MIL-53 is self-control metal-organic framework materials, 3 D rhombic fins polyhedral structure and bar-shaped Structure, content are 0.05%~2.0%(w/w);
The pore-foaming agent is polyvinylpyrrolidone and one kind of polyethylene glycol-400, and content is 2.0%~13.0%(w/w);
The solvent is 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and the mixed solvent of acetone, its volume ratio is 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone:Acetone= 1:0.1~7.0, content is 65.0%~90.95%(w/w).
A kind of preparation method of the flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane based on metal organic framework MIL-53, including it is following Step:
(1)A certain amount of MIL-53 is added in the mixed solvent, is allowed to fully dispersed wherein using ultrasound, is disperseed After the completion of be added in three neck round bottom flask, and add a certain amount of polymeric film material, stir evenly;
(2)A certain amount of pore-foaming agent is added in three neck round bottom flask, when stirring and dissolving 2~16 is small at a temperature of 15~90 DEG C To being completely dissolved, the initial casting solution of the flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane based on MIL-53 is configured to;Then, will obtain Casting solution removes bubble remaining in casting solution when static placement 3~16 is small at a temperature of stirring and dissolving;
(3)Supporting layer is laid in and cleans and on dry glass plate, then pours into a certain amount of casting solution on glass plate, is used The striking of plate membrane scraper forms a film;After the nascent state film formed is evaporated 1~30 second at room temperature, 15~60 DEG C of constant temperature is immersed Solidification forming in coagulating bath water tank, film shaping automatically disengages glass plate, after taking the film out in deionized water at normal temperature immersion 12~ 48 it is small when, be then heat-treated 5~60 minutes in 30~90 DEG C of deionized water, that is, obtain the flat mixing based on MIL-53 Matrix forward osmosis membrane.
The supporting layer is one kind of polyester screen, non-woven fabrics, cotton yarn filter cloth, filter paper and nylon cloth, its aperture is 60 ~280 mesh;
Evaporation time under the nascent state film room temperature, refers to that prepared flat forward osmosis membrane is completed after sky in knifing Residence time in gas, evaporation time are 1~30 second;
The heat treatment temperature and time, refer to the deionization water temperature being heat-treated to prepared flat forward osmosis membrane Degree and processing time, heat treatment temperature are 30~90 DEG C, and heat treatment time is 5~60 minutes;
The coagulating bath is deionized water.
The present invention provides a kind of flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane based on metal organic framework MIL-53 and preparation Method, MIL-53 is incorporated into polymer and prepares mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane, and it is good to assign mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane Permeance property, separating property and antifouling property, this is the innovation of the present invention.Test result shows that prepared just oozes The pure water flux of permeable membrane and reverse flux salt have very big improvement.
The present invention is compared with prior art, has following beneficial effect:
(1)MIL-53 provided by the present invention solves the problems, such as caving in for conventional metals organic backbone, prepared by its blending and modifying Flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane and traditional Cellulose acetate forward osmotic membrane, the blending forward osmosis membrane based on carbon nanotubes Compare, its pure water flux and reverse flux salt are obviously improved.
(2)The method that MIL-53 blending and modifyings provided by the present invention prepare flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane, it is used Equipment it is simple, easily-controllable, film preparation technique is simple, assign while film forming prepared by the good permeance property of forward osmosis membrane, point From performance and antifouling property, it is easy to accomplish industrialization.
Embodiment:
With reference to embodiment, the present invention is described in further detail, but the implementation of the present invention is not limited to this.
Embodiment 1:
By 0.5%(w/w)MIL-53 be added to 54.5%(w/w)1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and 25.0%(w/w)Acetone composition mixes In bonding solvent, it is allowed to fully dispersed wherein using ultrasound, is added to after the completion of scattered in three neck round bottom flask, and adds Enter 12.0%(w/w)Cellulose acetate, stir evenly.By 8.0%(w/w)Polyethylene glycol-400 pore-foaming agent be added to three mouthfuls of circles In the flask of bottom, stirring and dissolving is configured to the flat mixed-matrix based on MIL-53 in 8 hours to being completely dissolved at a temperature of 65 DEG C The initial casting solution of forward osmosis membrane;Then, by obtained casting solution when static placement 9 is small at a temperature of stirring and dissolving, removing casting Remaining bubble in film liquid.The polyester screen of 180 mesh is laid in and is cleaned and on dry glass plate, then by a certain amount of casting Film liquid is poured on glass plate, is formed a film with the striking of plate membrane scraper;After the nascent state film formed is evaporated 10 seconds at room temperature, leaching Enter solidification forming in 25 DEG C of constant temperature coagulating bath water tank, film shaping automatically disengages glass plate, in room temperature deionization after taking the film out When immersion 24 is small in water, then it is heat-treated 15 minutes, that is, obtains flat mixed based on MIL-53 in 65 DEG C of deionized water Close matrix forward osmosis membrane.It is made in the testing time of 1h as material liquid by the use of 1MNaCl as driving liquid, deionized water The pure water flux of standby forward osmosis membrane reaches 41.0L/m2More than h, reverse flux salt are less than 2.0g/m2•h。
Embodiment 2:
The content of MIL-53,1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone is adjusted to 0.05% respectively(w/w)With 54.95%(w/w), remaining is the same as real Apply example 1.Then the performance of the obtained flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane based on MIL-53 is:Driving is used as by the use of 1MNaCl Liquid, deionized water is as material liquid, and in the testing time of 1h, the pure water flux of prepared forward osmosis membrane reaches 29.0L/m2•h More than, reverse flux salt is less than 3.0g/m2•h。
Embodiment 3:
The content of MIL-53,1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone is adjusted to 2.0% respectively(w/w)With 53.0%(w/w), remaining is the same as implementation Example 1.Then the performance of the obtained flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane based on MIL-53 is:Driving is used as by the use of 1MNaCl Liquid, deionized water is as material liquid, and in the testing time of 1h, the pure water flux of prepared forward osmosis membrane reaches 39.0L/m2•h More than, reverse flux salt is less than 2.5g/m2•h。
Embodiment 4:
Polyethylene glycol-400 in pore-foaming agent is changed to polyvinylpyrrolidone, remaining is the same as embodiment 1.It is then obtained The performance of flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane based on MIL-53 is:Driving liquid, deionized water conduct are used as by the use of 1MNaCl Material liquid, in the testing time of 1h, the pure water flux of prepared forward osmosis membrane reaches 32.0L/m2More than h, reverse flux salt Less than 2.0g/m2•h。
Embodiment 5:
Coagulation bath temperature is adjusted to 60 DEG C by 25 DEG C, remaining is the same as embodiment 1.It is then obtained based on the flat of MIL-53 The performance of mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane is:By the use of 1MNaCl as driving liquid, deionized water is as material liquid, in the test of 1h Between in, the pure water flux of prepared forward osmosis membrane reaches 44.0L/m2More than h, reverse flux salt are less than 3.0g/m2•h。
Embodiment 6:
Heat treatment temperature is adjusted to 90 DEG C by 65 DEG C, remaining is the same as embodiment 1.It is then obtained based on the flat of MIL-53 The performance of mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane is:By the use of 1MNaCl as driving liquid, deionized water is as material liquid, in the test of 1h Between in, the pure water flux of prepared forward osmosis membrane reaches 35.0L/m2More than h, reverse flux salt are less than 2.5g/m2•h。
Embodiment 7:
Heat treatment time was adjusted to 60 minutes by 15 minutes, remaining is the same as embodiment 1.It is then obtained flat based on MIL-53 The performance of board-like mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane is:By the use of 1MNaCl as driving liquid, deionized water is as material liquid, in the survey of 1h Try in the time, the pure water flux of prepared forward osmosis membrane reaches 36.0L/m2More than h, reverse flux salt are less than 2.0g/m2•h。
Comparative example 1:
By 55.0%(w/w)1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and 25.0%(w/w)The mixed solvent of acetone composition is added to three mouthfuls of round bottoms and burns In bottle, 13.0% is then added(w/w)Cellulose acetate, stir evenly.By 7.0%(w/w)Polyethylene glycol-400 pore-foaming agent It is added in three neck round bottom flask, stirring and dissolving is configured to flat acetate fiber in 8 hours to being completely dissolved at a temperature of 65 DEG C The initial casting solution of plain mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane;Then, by obtained casting solution, static placement 9 is small at a temperature of stirring and dissolving When, remove bubble remaining in casting solution.The polyester screen of 180 mesh is laid in and is cleaned and on dry glass plate, then will A certain amount of casting solution is poured on glass plate, is formed a film with the striking of plate membrane scraper;The nascent state film formed is steamed at room temperature Hair immerses solidification forming in 25 DEG C of constant temperature coagulating bath water tank after 10 seconds, and film shaping automatically disengages glass plate, after taking the film out When immersion 24 is small in deionized water at normal temperature, then it is heat-treated 15 minutes in 65 DEG C of deionized water, that is, obtains flat acetic acid Cellulose mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane.By the use of 1MNaCl as driving liquid, deionized water is as material liquid, in the testing time of 1h In, the pure water flux of prepared forward osmosis membrane reaches 33.0L/m2More than h, reverse flux salt are less than 4.0g/m2•h。

Claims (10)

  1. A kind of 1. flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane based on metal organic framework MIL-53, it is characterised in that its casting solution In contain metal organic framework MIL-53, and influence the structure and performance of forward osmosis membrane;Casting solution is by following mass percent Material composition:Polymeric film material 7.0%~20.0%(w/w), pore-foaming agent 2.0%~13.0%(w/w), MIL-53 0.05%~ 2.0%(w/w), solvent 65.0%~90.95%(w/w).
  2. 2. the flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane based on MIL-53 according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:It is described Forward osmosis membrane be done using traditional phase inversion-it is prepared by wet method.
  3. 3. the flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane based on MIL-53 according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:It is described MIL-53 be self-control metal organic framework, be 3 D rhombic fins polyhedral structure and club shaped structure, content is 0.05%~2.0% (w/w).
  4. 4. the flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane according to claim 1 based on MIL-53, it is characterised in that:Described Cellulose acetate is one or both of cellulose diacetate and Triafol T.
  5. 5. the flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane according to claim 1 based on MIL-53, it is characterised in that:Described Pore-foaming agent is polyvinylpyrrolidone and one kind of polyethylene glycol-400, and content is 2.0%~13.0%(w/w).
  6. 6. the flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane according to claim 1 based on MIL-53, it is characterised in that:It is described molten Agent is 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and the mixed solvent of acetone, its volume ratio is 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone:Acetone=1:0.1~7.0, Content is 65.0%~90.95%(w/w).
  7. A kind of 7. preparation method of the flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane based on metal organic framework MIL-53, it is characterised in that It includes:
    (1)A certain amount of MIL-53 is added in the mixed solvent, is allowed to fully dispersed wherein using ultrasound, is disperseed After the completion of be added in three neck round bottom flask, and add a certain amount of polymeric film material, stir evenly;
    (2)A certain amount of pore-foaming agent is added in three neck round bottom flask, when stirring and dissolving 2~16 is small at a temperature of 15~90 DEG C To being completely dissolved, the initial casting solution of the flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane based on MIL-53 is configured to;Then, will obtain Casting solution removes bubble remaining in casting solution when static placement 3~16 is small at a temperature of stirring and dissolving;
    (3)Supporting layer is laid in and cleans and on dry glass plate, then pours into a certain amount of casting solution on glass plate, is used The striking of plate membrane scraper forms a film;After the nascent state film formed is evaporated 1~30 second at room temperature, 15~60 DEG C of constant temperature is immersed Solidification forming in coagulating bath water tank, film shaping automatically disengages glass plate, after taking the film out in deionized water at normal temperature immersion 12~ 48 it is small when, be then heat-treated 5~60 minutes in 30~90 DEG C of deionized water, that is, obtain the flat mixing based on MIL-53 Matrix forward osmosis membrane.
  8. 8. the preparation method of the flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane according to claim 7 based on MIL-53, its feature It is:The supporting layer is polyester screen, non-woven fabrics, cotton yarn filter cloth, one kind of filter paper and nylon cloth, its aperture for 60~ 280 mesh;The coagulating bath is deionized water.
  9. 9. the preparation method of the flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane according to claim 7 based on MIL-53, its feature It is:Evaporation time under the nascent state film room temperature is 1~30 second.
  10. 10. the preparation method of the flat mixed-matrix forward osmosis membrane according to claim 7 based on MIL-53, its feature It is:The heat treatment temperature is 30~90 DEG C, and the heat treatment time is 5~60 minutes.
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