CN107936314A - Foaming tire tread rubber and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Foaming tire tread rubber and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN107936314A CN107936314A CN201711269077.9A CN201711269077A CN107936314A CN 107936314 A CN107936314 A CN 107936314A CN 201711269077 A CN201711269077 A CN 201711269077A CN 107936314 A CN107936314 A CN 107936314A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K13/00—Use of mixtures of ingredients not covered by one single of the preceding main groups, each of these compounds being essential
- C08K13/02—Organic and inorganic ingredients
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
- B60C1/00—Tyres characterised by the chemical composition or the physical arrangement or mixture of the composition
- B60C1/0016—Compositions of the tread
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
- C08J9/06—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a chemical blowing agent
- C08J9/10—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a chemical blowing agent developing nitrogen, the blowing agent being a compound containing a nitrogen-to-nitrogen bond
- C08J9/107—Nitroso compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/02—Elements
- C08K3/04—Carbon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/02—Elements
- C08K3/06—Sulfur
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
- C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
- C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
- C08K3/36—Silica
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
- C08K5/09—Carboxylic acids; Metal salts thereof; Anhydrides thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/16—Nitrogen-containing compounds
- C08K5/17—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds
- C08K5/18—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds with aromatically bound amino groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2203/00—Foams characterized by the expanding agent
- C08J2203/04—N2 releasing, ex azodicarbonamide or nitroso compound
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2307/00—Characterised by the use of natural rubber
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
- C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
- C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
- C08K2003/2296—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals of zinc
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of foaming tire tread rubber and preparation method thereof, belong to tire formulation technical field.It first adds rubber, carbon black, white carbon, ZnO, stearic acid, p phenylenediamine type antioxidant and ketone amines antioxidants in mixer, carries out milling maternal rubber;Sulphur, sulfenamide type accelerators, anti-scorching agent CTP and foaming agent are then added, finally obtains product foaming tire tread rubber.The present invention increases effective heat dissipation area inside crown and outside tyre surface, shoulder caused by reducing heat localization is empty, the empty phenomenon of hat by adding the organic or inorganic foaming agent such as blowing agent H to match with curingprocess rate in tyre surface formula in a manner of foaming.This design method leaves bigger operating space to structure design personnel, such as can be wide by increasing pattern depth, raising tread, the distance travelled of increase decorative pattern saturation degree etc. measure lifting tire, lifts the quality of tire.In addition, the tyre surface of this foaming can also improve the noise of tire, the wet-sliding resistant performance of tire is lifted.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of foaming tire tread rubber and preparation method thereof, belong to tire formulation technical field.
Background technology
In the process of moving, tyre surface directly contacts tire with road surface, and periodic compression causes tyre crown to continue
Heating, and shoulder sky finally occurs, is preced with empty destroy.The factor for influencing crown heating divides external factor and internal factor.External factor
It is related to travel speed, loading capacity, running time and the pavement behavior of tire;Internal factor is related to the viscoelastic of tire tread formula
Heat size, structure type of tread contour etc..Under conditions of external condition is certain, the viscoplasticity of tread mix is to heat
There is major contribution.
For tread rubber, heat, wet and slippery and wearability are traditional " devil " triangles, excellent wear-resisting in order to reach
Property, it usually needs high-specific surface area, super-normal structure black in filling, and the addition of this filler causes the heat higher of sizing material.Rubber
Glue is the non-conductor of heat, and the arrangement of tyre crown internal sizes is close, is unfavorable for heat conduction, also cause temperature constantly to be gathered,
Rise.Middle-long distance vacuum tyre, bearing type tire, the architects of high speed half steel tire are usually adjusted by decorative pattern, for example increased
The effective heat dissipation area of texture mapping, shoulder caused by reducing heat using the wide or more shallow pattern depth of narrower tread is empty,
The empty symptom of hat.Although this mode improves the heat dissipation performance of sizing material to a certain extent, but has damaged the wear-resisting of tyre surface
Performance.Moreover, shoulder is empty, hat sky is high still in three guarantees tire ratio, and the heat dissipation problem of crown is still tire
Bottleneck.
The content of the invention
Present invention aims to solve the deficiencies of the prior art, and provides a kind of a kind of foaming tire tyre surface and preparation method;Pass through
The mode of foaming increases effective heat dissipation area inside and out crown.On the premise of wearability is not sacrificed, shoulder sky, hat are reduced
Empty occurrence frequency, lifts tire quality.
Technical scheme, foaming tire tread rubber, formula rate are as follows by weight:100 parts of rubber, carbon black
40 ~ 53 parts, 0 ~ 20 part of white carbon, 2 ~ 5 parts of ZnO, 2 ~ 4 parts of stearic acid, 1.5 ~ 2 parts of p phenylenediamine type antioxidant, ketoamine class prevent always
2 ~ 3 parts of agent, 1 ~ 1.3 part of sulphur, 1.5 ~ 2 parts of sulfenamide type accelerators, 0.2 ~ 0.5 part of anti-scorching agent CTP, foaming agent 0.3 ~ 5
Part;
It first adds rubber, carbon black, white carbon, ZnO, stearic acid, p phenylenediamine type antioxidant and ketone amines antioxidants close
In mill, milling maternal rubber is carried out;Sulphur, sulfenamide type accelerators, anti-scorching agent CTP and foaming agent are then added, is finally obtained
Product foaming tire tread rubber.
Further, the rubber is the mixed of one or more of materials in natural rubber, butadiene rubber and butadiene-styrene rubber
Compound.
Further, the carbon black is the mixture of one or several kinds of materials in N234, N220, N134 and N115.
Further, the foaming agent is nitroso compound such as blowing agent H or other blowing temperatures and vulcanization temperature
Spend the organic and inorganic foaming agent to match.
The preparation method of the foaming tire tread rubber, by weight step are as follows:
(1)Masterbatching:
A, one section of rubber master batch refining glue:Successively by 100 parts of rubber, 40 ~ 53 parts of carbon black, 0 ~ 20 part of white carbon, 2 ~ 5 parts of ZnO, stearic acid 2
~ 4 parts, 1.5 ~ 2 parts of p phenylenediamine type antioxidant, in 2 ~ 3 parts of addition mixers of ketone amines antioxidants, keep fill factor 65% ~
75%, the dumping under the conditions of 155 ~ 165 DEG C, the refining glue time is 1 ~ 3 min;It is 5 ~ 10mm that the bottom sheet of mixer, which controls film stock thickness,
One section of rubber master batch is prepared;
B, two sections of rubber master batch refining glues:One section of rubber master batch obtained by step a is added in mixer according to 65% ~ 75% fill factor and is continued
It is kneaded, dump temperature is 155 ~ 160 DEG C, and the refining glue time is 1 ~ 3min;
(2)Refining eventually:By step(1)Gained rubber master batch is added in mixer, and the fill factor of mixer is 70% ~ 80%, is continuously added
1 ~ 1.3 part of sulphur, 1.5 ~ 2 parts of sulfenamide type accelerators, 0.2 ~ 0.5 part of anti-scorching agent CTP, 0.3 ~ 5 part of foaming agent, during refining glue
Between be 2 ~ 3min, dump temperature is 85 ~ 95 DEG C;Mixer bottom sheet and to control thickness be 5 ~ 7mm, obtains foaming tire tread rubber.
Further, step(1)Further include three sections of masterbatchings:By step(1)Two sections of masterbatch are according to 65% ~ 75% obtained by b
Fill factor is added in mixer and is kneaded, and dump temperature is 155 ~ 160 DEG C, and the refining glue time is 1 ~ 3min.
Further, step(2)Gained foaming tread mix obtains finished product tyre surface by extrusion, shaping, vulcanization process, into
The aperture of product tread rubber is 1 ~ 3mm, is evenly distributed.
Beneficial effects of the present invention:The present invention by added in tyre surface formula with match organic of curingprocess rate or
Inorganic foaming agent such as blowing agent H, increases effective heat dissipation area inside crown and outside tyre surface in a manner of foaming, reduces heat
Shoulder caused by accumulation is empty, the empty phenomenon of hat.This design method leaves bigger operating space to structure design personnel, such as can
With wide by increasing pattern depth, raising tread, the distance travelled of increase decorative pattern saturation degree etc. measure lifting tire, lifting
The quality of tire.In addition, the tyre surface of this foaming can also improve the noise of tire, the wet-sliding resistant performance of tire is lifted.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, the present invention is further illustrated.
Embodiment 1
A kind of foaming tire tire tread sizing material, each component are calculated by weight as:100 parts of rubber, 45 parts of carbon black N234, hard charcoal
Black 15 parts, 4,020 1.5 parts of p phenylenediamine type antioxidant, 2 parts of ketoamine class anti-aging agent RD, 3 parts of ZnO, 2 parts of stearic acid, sulphur
1.1 parts, 1.5 parts of sulfenamide type accelerators NS, 0.3 part of blowing agent H, 0.3 part of anti-scorching agent CTP.Preparation method includes as follows
Step:
(1)Masterbatching:Masterbatching uses two sections of refining glues.
One section of rubber master batch:100 parts of natural rubber, 45 parts of carbon black N234,15 parts of white carbon, p-phenylenediamine class are prevented always successively
In 2 parts of 4,020 1.5 parts of agent, 2 parts of ketoamine class anti-aging agent RD, 3 parts of ZnO, stearic acid addition mixers, fill factor is kept
70%, in 165 DEG C of dumpings, the refining glue time is 3min or so;It is 5 ~ 10mm that the bottom sheet of mixer, which controls film stock thickness, is prepared
One section of rubber master batch;
Two sections of rubber master batch:One section of rubber master batch is added in GK series or F series mixers according to 65% fill factor and is kneaded, dumping
Temperature is 160 DEG C, and the refining glue time is 1.5 min.
(2)Refining eventually:By rubber master batch, 1.1 parts of sulphur, 1.5 parts of accelerator NS, 0.3 part of blowing agent H, anti-scorching agent CTP 0.3
Part is added in mixer, and the refining glue time is 2min, and dump temperature is 100 DEG C;Mixer bottom sheet and to control thickness be 5 ~ 7mm,
Obtain foaming wheel tire tread rubber compound.
Embodiment 2
A kind of foaming tire tire tread sizing material, each component are calculated by weight as:100 parts of rubber, 45 parts of carbon black N115, hard charcoal
Black 10 parts, 2 parts of p phenylenediamine type antioxidant, 2 parts of ketone amines antioxidants, 4 parts of ZnO, 3 parts of stearic acid, 1.3 parts of sulphur, secondary sulphur
2 parts of amide-type accelerating agent, 0.5 part of anti-scorching agent CTP, 2 parts of blowing agent H.Preparation method includes the following steps:
(1)Masterbatching:Masterbatching uses three sections of refining glues.
One section of rubber master batch:100 parts of natural rubber, 50 parts of carbon black N115,5 parts of white carbon, p-phenylenediamine class are prevented always successively
In 2 parts of 4,020 2 parts of agent, 2 parts of ketoamine class anti-aging agent RD, 3 parts of ZnO, stearic acid addition mixers, fill factor 70% is kept,
In 165 DEG C of dumpings, the refining glue time is 3 min or so;It is 5 ~ 10mm that the bottom sheet of mixer, which controls film stock thickness, is prepared one section
Rubber master batch;
Two sections of rubber master batch:One section of rubber master batch is added in GK series or F series mixers according to 65% fill factor and is kneaded, dumping
Temperature is 160 DEG C, and the refining glue time is 1.5 min.
Three sections of rubber master batch(Can nothing):One section of rubber master batch is added in GK series or F series mixers according to 65% fill factor
It is kneaded, dump temperature is 155 DEG C, and the refining glue time is 2 min.
(2)Refining eventually:By rubber master batch, 1.3 parts of sulphur, 2 parts of sulfenamide type accelerators, 0.5 part of anti-scorching agent CTP, blowing agent H
2 parts are added in mixer, and the refining glue time is 2min, and dump temperature is 100 DEG C;Mixer bottom sheet and control thickness for 5 ~
7mm, obtains foaming wheel tire tread rubber compound.
Embodiment 3
A kind of foaming tire tire tread sizing material, each component are calculated by weight as:100 parts of rubber, 50 parts of carbon black N134, to benzene
2 parts of Diamines antioxidant, 2 parts of ketone amines antioxidants, 5 parts of ZnO, 4 parts of stearic acid, 1.2 parts of sulphur, sulfenamide promote
1.7 parts of agent, 0.5 part of anti-scorching agent CTP, 1 part of blowing agent H.Preparation method includes the following steps:
(1)Masterbatching:Masterbatching uses three sections of refining glues.
One section of rubber master batch:100 parts of natural rubber, 50 parts of carbon black N115,5 parts of white carbon, p-phenylenediamine class are prevented always successively
In 2 parts of 4,020 2 parts of agent, 2 parts of ketoamine class anti-aging agent RD, 3 parts of ZnO, stearic acid addition mixers, fill factor 70% is kept,
In 165 DEG C of dumpings, the refining glue time is 3 min or so;It is 5 ~ 10mm that the bottom sheet of mixer, which controls film stock thickness, is prepared one section
Rubber master batch;
Two sections of rubber master batch:One section of rubber master batch is added in GK series or F series mixers according to 65% fill factor and is kneaded, dumping
Temperature is 160 DEG C, and the refining glue time is 1.5 min.
Three sections of rubber master batch:One section of rubber master batch is added in GK series or F series mixers according to 65% fill factor and is kneaded,
Dump temperature is 155 DEG C, and the refining glue time is 2 min.
(2)Refining eventually:By rubber master batch, 1.2 parts of sulphur, 1.7 parts of sulfenamide type accelerators, 0.5 part of anti-scorching agent CTP, foaming agent
1 part of H is added in mixer, and the refining glue time is 2min, and dump temperature is 100 DEG C;Mixer bottom sheet and control thickness for 5 ~
7mm, obtains foaming wheel tire tread rubber compound.
Claims (8)
1. foaming tire tread rubber, it is characterized in that formula rate is as follows by weight:It is 100 parts of rubber, 40 ~ 53 parts of carbon black, white
0 ~ 20 part of carbon black, 2 ~ 5 parts of ZnO, 2 ~ 4 parts of stearic acid, 1.5 ~ 2 parts of p phenylenediamine type antioxidant, 2 ~ 3 parts of ketone amines antioxidants, sulphur
1 ~ 1.3 part of sulphur, 1.5 ~ 2 parts of sulfenamide type accelerators, 0.2 ~ 0.5 part of anti-scorching agent CTP, 0.3 ~ 5 part of foaming agent;
It first adds rubber, carbon black, white carbon, ZnO, stearic acid, p phenylenediamine type antioxidant and ketone amines antioxidants close
In mill, milling maternal rubber is carried out;Sulphur, sulfenamide type accelerators, anti-scorching agent CTP and foaming agent are then added, is finally obtained
Product foaming tire tread rubber.
2. foaming tire tread rubber as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that:The rubber is natural rubber, butadiene rubber and fourth
The mixture of one or more of materials in benzene rubber.
3. foaming tire tread rubber as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that:The carbon black is in N234, N220, N134 and N115
One or several kinds of materials mixture.
4. foaming tire tread rubber as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that:The foaming agent is nitroso compound.
5. foaming tire tread rubber as claimed in claim 4, it is characterized in that:The foaming agent is blowing agent H.
6. the preparation method of one of claim 1 ~ 5 foaming tire tread rubber, it is characterized in that step is as follows by weight:
(1)Masterbatching:
A, one section of rubber master batch refining glue:Successively by 100 parts of rubber, 40 ~ 53 parts of carbon black, 0 ~ 20 part of white carbon, 2 ~ 5 parts of ZnO, stearic acid
2 ~ 4 parts, 1.5 ~ 2 parts of p phenylenediamine type antioxidant, in 2 ~ 3 parts of addition mixers of ketone amines antioxidants, keep fill factor 65%
~ 75%, the dumping under the conditions of 155 ~ 165 DEG C, the refining glue time is 1 ~ 3 min;The bottom sheet of mixer control film stock thickness for 5 ~
10mm, is prepared one section of rubber master batch;
B, two sections of rubber master batch refining glues:One section of rubber master batch obtained by step a is added in mixer according to 65% ~ 75% fill factor and is continued
It is kneaded, dump temperature is 155 ~ 160 DEG C, and the refining glue time is 1 ~ 3min;
(2)Refining eventually:By step(1)Gained rubber master batch is added in mixer, and the fill factor of mixer is 70% ~ 80%, is continuously added
1 ~ 1.3 part of sulphur, 1.5 ~ 2 parts of sulfenamide type accelerators, 0.2 ~ 0.5 part of anti-scorching agent CTP, 0.3 ~ 5 part of foaming agent, during refining glue
Between be 2 ~ 3min, dump temperature is 85 ~ 95 DEG C;Mixer bottom sheet and to control thickness be 5 ~ 7mm, obtains foaming tire tread rubber.
7. the preparation method of foaming tire tread rubber as claimed in claim 6, it is characterized in that:Step(1)Further include three sections of masterbatchings:
By step(1)Two sections of masterbatch obtained by b are added in mixer according to 65% ~ 75% fill factor to be kneaded, dump temperature 155
~ 160 DEG C, the refining glue time is 1 ~ 3min.
8. the preparation method of foaming tire tread rubber as claimed in claim 6, it is characterized in that:Step(2)Gained foaming tread rubber
Material obtains finished product tyre surface by extrusion, shaping, vulcanization process, and the aperture of finished product tread rubber is 1 ~ 3mm, is evenly distributed.
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CN201711269077.9A CN107936314A (en) | 2017-12-05 | 2017-12-05 | Foaming tire tread rubber and preparation method thereof |
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN110423384A (en) * | 2019-07-22 | 2019-11-08 | 四川远星橡胶有限责任公司 | Electronic automobile-used rubber pange tire and preparation method thereof |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN103980560A (en) * | 2014-03-13 | 2014-08-13 | 中国化工橡胶桂林有限公司 | High-wear-resistant engineering tire tread rubber |
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CN103980560A (en) * | 2014-03-13 | 2014-08-13 | 中国化工橡胶桂林有限公司 | High-wear-resistant engineering tire tread rubber |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN110423384A (en) * | 2019-07-22 | 2019-11-08 | 四川远星橡胶有限责任公司 | Electronic automobile-used rubber pange tire and preparation method thereof |
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Application publication date: 20180420 |