CN107926514B - Under-forest cultivation technology of traditional Chinese medicinal material panax japonicus - Google Patents
Under-forest cultivation technology of traditional Chinese medicinal material panax japonicus Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an under-forest cultivation technology of a traditional Chinese medicinal material panax japonicus, which comprises the steps of land selection, forest cleaning, land preparation, cultivation, daily management, harvesting and storage, wherein the panax japonicus is planted at the bottom of 9-10 months every year according to the plant row spacing of 20cm multiplied by 25cm, covered soil is tightly planted, the soil covering depth is 4-6cm, insecticidal particles are scattered in the land preparation process to disinfect and kill insects in the soil, and the insecticidal particles are scattered on the surface of the soil once in the seedling stage to trap and kill the insects. The method can fully utilize the idle under-forest land resources, greatly reduces the cost expenditure for planting the panax japonicus in the cultivated land on the premise of ensuring the quality and the yield of the panax japonicus, and effectively avoids the phenomenon of serious sunburn damage caused by direct sunshine exposure of the panax japonicus in the cultivated land.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of planting of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, in particular to an under-forest cultivation technology of a traditional Chinese medicinal material panax japonicus.
Background
Dried bamboo rhizome-like rhizome of Panax japonicus (Panax japonica C.A.Mey) belonging to the genus Panax of the family Araliaceae is a rare Chinese medicinal material. The Panax japonicus is perennial herb, the wild height is 50-80cm, and the height of the cultivated plant can reach 150 cm. The rhizome is laid horizontally and is in the shape of bamboo rhizome, the meat is thick and white, the nodes have sunken stem marks, and the weight of the cut rhizome can reach 1 kg. The Qing Dynasty Zhao Zhi Ming is recorded in Ben Cao gang mu Shi Yi (supplement to the compendium of materia Medica), the shape is like ginseng, the taste is sweet and rather like ginseng, the area between the skins is provided with reed knots, the color is white like stiff silkworm, each is provided with dents like mortar, so the product is named Japanese ginseng. The traditional Chinese medicine considers that the panax japonicus is sweet in taste, slightly bitter and warm in nature, has the nourishing and strengthening effects similar to ginseng and the blood stasis dissipating, pain relieving, bleeding stopping and phlegm eliminating effects similar to pseudo-ginseng, is mainly used for weakness after illness, overstrain cough and hemoptysis, cough with excessive phlegm and traumatic injury, and is called as 'herb king' by local medicinal artisans in panax japonicus distribution areas.
Modern pharmacological and pharmacological research shows that the main active components of panax japonicus are panax japonicus saponin, ginsenoside, notoginsenoside, pseudo-ginsenoside and the like, 14 kinds of saponins are separated from panax japonicus until now, and the content of crude saponin is about 23.6%. Compared with Ginseng radix and Notoginseng radix of the same genus, the content of rhizoma Panacis Japonici saponin is higher than that of the other, and the rhizoma Panacis Japonici saponin mainly contains oleanane type saponin and dammarane type saponin. In addition, it also contains panax japonicus polysaccharide, volatile oil and 17 water-soluble amino acids, wherein 8 essential amino acids have a certain content. Has the functions of resisting inflammation, delaying senility, reducing blood sugar and resisting arrhythmia, and has wide development and utilization prospect.
Because the panax japonicus is sensitive to environmental factors and is ecologically fragile, wild resources are crazy to be mined, the panax japonicus resources are less and less, the development and utilization of families are inevitable, but the panax japonicus families are in the self-development stage of farmers for a long time, and most of the panax japonicus is planted in the traditional cultivated land. However, the land and management facilities for planting panax japonicus in the traditional cultivated land have high cost, and the cost expenditure for planting panax japonicus in the cultivated land is greatly increased.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention aims to provide an under-forest cultivation technology for a traditional Chinese medicinal material panax japonicus, so that the cost of land and management facilities for planting panax japonicus is low, and the cost expenditure for planting panax japonicus is reduced.
The invention solves the technical problems by the following technical means:
an under-forest cultivation technology of a traditional Chinese medicine panax japonicus comprises the following steps:
first, choose the place
Forest stand: selecting broad-leaved forest or needle-wide mixed natural secondary forest, requiring sparse and high trees in the forest land, spacious under the canopy and unsuitable for needle-leaved forest with too high canopy closure or small bamboo forest with a large amount of bamboo rhizomes distributed on the surface soil layer;
slope direction and slope: selecting the middle section of a hillside with the slope direction of a shade slope or a semi-shade slope and the slope of 5-25 degrees for planting;
soil: selecting weak acid soil which is loose, fertile, wet and good in drainage and has the surface humus soil of more than 5 cm;
climate: the climate is cool and moist, the annual average air temperature is 8-10 ℃, the annual activity accumulated temperature is 2700-;
second, clear forest, soil preparation
Time: the method is developed before the seeds are planted at the bottom of 10 months in the last ten days of 9 months each year;
clearing forest: cutting dense forests and shrubs according to the canopy density of 0.6-0.7, completely removing under-forest weeds and shrubs influencing illumination below 1.5m, and completely removing all cleaned objects out of the forest land for harmless treatment;
soil preparation and disinfection: comprehensively preparing soil with depth of 25-35cm without damaging forest growth, cleaning and removing soil impurities such as withered tree roots, stones and the like, then spreading insecticidal particles, preparing soil and ploughing uniformly;
applying a base fertilizer: the base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, 3000kg of the organic fertilizer is applied to each mu of pig, cow and sheep manure which is fully decomposed and refined, and the organic fertilizer is uniformly mixed with soil through a harrow;
ditching and ridging: ditching and ridging according to natural topography, wherein the width of a carriage is 1-1.2m, the length is determined according to the topography, the ditching depth is 15-25cm, and the width is 25-35 m;
thirdly, planting
Selecting seedlings: the panax japonicus seedlings have natural shapes, relatively long rootstocks, health, no diseases and no mechanical damage, the weight of a single plant is more than 10g, and more than one germinated bud is formed;
planting time: planting at the bottom of-10 months in the last ten days of 9 months every year;
planting: planting according to the plant-row spacing of 20cm multiplied by 25cm, covering soil and tightly planting, wherein the soil covering depth is 4-6 cm;
fourth, daily management
Degree of occlusion: the canopy density of the forest stand is kept between 0.6 and 0.7 in the first year of planting, and can be gradually reduced to between 0.4 and 0.5 after the second year, and if the canopy density is too high, branches and leaves are thinned;
weeding and loosening the soil: weeding for more than 3 times in 4-9 months every year, loosening the soil by combining weeding to promote the growth and development of plants, preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests, and weeding shallow weeding to avoid injuring rootstocks;
topdressing: applying topdressing for 2 times before flowering and after budding, respectively, and topdressing with multipurpose diluted human excrement and urine and compound fertilizer, wherein the fertilizing amount of the human excrement and urine is 2000 kg/mu each time, and the compound fertilizer is applied by broadcasting 20 kg/mu each time;
draining water and preventing waterlogging: the panax japonicus is not waterlogging resistant, and the ditch needs to be cleaned to drain water in rainy seasons to prevent water accumulation and keep good root air permeability;
pest and disease damage: in the seedling stage, once insecticidal particles are scattered on the soil surface, the main insect pests of the panax japonicus are underground pests such as cutworms, which harm root systems, cause seedling shortage and ridge breaking, the prevention and control should be 'prevention is mainly performed, comprehensive prevention and control' and the prevention and control are performed by bed soil disinfection, drainage and waterlogging prevention, field cleaning and the like.
Fifthly, harvesting and storing
Harvesting rhizoma Panacis Japonici after transplanting for 4 years, digging in autumn, digging into root and stem by hoe from the space beside the plant, digging up the whole plant, removing soil and stem and leaf to obtain fresh root and stem, air drying, removing outer skin, air drying, removing impurities, and storing in shady and dry place for use to prevent insect damage.
Further, the soil in the first step is one or more of mountain yellow brown soil, brown soil or dark brown soil.
Further, the pH value of the soil in the first step is 5.5-6.5.
And further, ditching and ridging in the step two adopt ditching along the direction of the flow of the hillside.
Further, the top dressing in the fourth step is selected to be applied in rainy days after the fertilization.
Further, the insecticidal particles mainly comprise the following raw materials in parts by weight: 5-10 parts of oleander leaves, 1-3 parts of wheat bran, 2-4 parts of cottonseed cake powder, 3-5 parts of gelatin and 3-5 parts of shell powder loaded with titanium dioxide.
Further, the preparation method of the insecticidal granules comprises the following steps:
A. cleaning oleander leaves, drying in the air, drying at 60 ℃, crushing to obtain oleander leaf powder, sieving by a 60-mesh sieve, frying the crushed cottonseed cake powder and the crushed wheat bran powder in a pot to be fragrant, sieving by the 60-mesh sieve, and uniformly mixing the sieved oleander leaf powder, the crushed cottonseed cake powder and the crushed wheat bran powder to obtain mixed powder;
B. firstly, soaking gelatin in deionized water with the mass of 5 times for 1 hour, then heating to 90 ℃, and fully stirring to completely dissolve the gelatin to obtain a gelatin solution;
C. adding the mixed powder and the titanium dioxide-loaded shell powder into a gelatin solution, uniformly stirring and mixing, and then granulating by using a swing granulator to obtain the insecticidal granules.
The gelatin is used as a molding raw material for the insecticidal particles, so that the insecticidal particles can be softened and not scattered when meeting water, and compared with the traditional chemical agents, the gelatin has small environmental pollution and small influence of rainwater on the effect; wheat bran is used as an adsorption carrier, the cottonseed cake powder is used for attracting cutworms to eat by utilizing the smell of the wheat bran, the vitality of the cutworms is weakened after eating the insecticidal particles, most of the cutworms are drilled underground to die, the root systems of the panax japonicus are prevented from being damaged by the cutworms, and the insecticidal particles are brought underground by the cutworms drilled underground; after the cutworms die, the shell powder loaded with titanium dioxide in the insecticidal particles is released, so that the soil texture is looser, and the growth of the panax japonicus is promoted; the nano titanium dioxide has high-efficiency functions of killing harmful bacteria, degrading organic pollutants and the like, can sterilize bacteria, can decompose endotoxin generated after the bacteria die, can play a role in continuously resisting bacteria and prevent panax japonicus from infecting the bacteria; and soil preparation soil turning in-process, nanometer titanium dioxide in the soil is turned to the top layer, can promote the disinfection effect to soil under sunshine shines.
Further, the preparation method of the shell powder loaded with titanium dioxide comprises the following steps:
cleaning and drying shells, washing the shells with sulfuric acid for 12 hours, then calcining the shells in a muffle furnace at the temperature of l000 ℃ for l-2 hours, washing the shells with acid for 12 hours, cleaning the shells with deionized water, drying the washed shells, and grinding the shells through a 200-mesh sieve to obtain porous shell powder;
mixing deionized water and methanol according to the volume ratio of 1:12 to obtain a mixed solution, placing the obtained mixed solution in an ice water bath for cooling for lh, adding porous shell powder with the volume of 0.2-0.4 times that of the mixed solution, uniformly mixing, and then adding TiCl with the weight of 0.05 times that of the porous shell powder4Mixing uniformly, adjusting the pH value to 0.5-1.0 with hydrochloric acid, hydrolyzing for 1h, filtering to remove filtrate, washing filter residue, and roasting at 500 ℃ to obtain the titanium dioxide-loaded shell powder.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the method can fully utilize idle underground land resources, saves the cost of more than 5000 yuan/mu compared with the method of using cultivated land to plant the panax japonicus, reduces the land cost from more than 600 yuan/mu of the used cultivated land to less than 50 yuan/mu, reduces the cost of using the cultivated land to build a shade shed, reduces the cost of 5000 yuan per mu, reduces the weed growth by less than half compared with the cultivated land due to the environment shielded under the forest, can reduce the labor cost of about 500 yuan/mu every year, increases the labor cost of about 1000 yuan/mu only in the first stage of clearing the forest and preparing the land, greatly reduces the cost expenditure of planting the panax japonicus on the cultivated land on the premise of ensuring the quality and the yield of the panax japonicus, and effectively avoids the phenomenon of serious sunburn damage of the panax japonicus caused by direct sunshine.
2. The invention kills the main insect pest cutworms of the panax japonicus by the mode of trapping and killing the insecticidal particles, and brings the insecticidal particles into the ground by the cutworms, compared with the traditional chemical agents, the invention has less pollution to the environment, has little influence of rain weather on the action effect, can kill underground insects and germs more thoroughly, and can play a role in lasting disinfection and calcium fertilizer supplement.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to examples below:
preparation example of insecticidal granules
The insecticidal particles mainly comprise the following raw materials in parts by weight: 5 parts of oleander leaves, 1 part of wheat bran, 2 parts of cottonseed cake powder, 3 parts of gelatin and 3 parts of shell powder loaded with titanium dioxide. The preparation method comprises the following steps:
cleaning and drying shells, washing the shells with sulfuric acid for 12 hours, then calcining the shells in a muffle furnace at the temperature of l000 ℃ for l-2 hours, washing the shells with acid for 12 hours, cleaning the shells with deionized water, drying the washed shells, and grinding the shells through a 200-mesh sieve to obtain porous shell powder; mixing deionized water and methanol according to the volume ratio of 1:12 to obtain a mixed solution, placing the obtained mixed solution in an ice water bath for cooling for lh, adding porous shell powder with the volume of 0.2-0.4 times that of the mixed solution, uniformly mixing, and then adding TiCl with the weight of 0.05 times that of the porous shell powder4Mixing uniformly, adjusting the pH value to 0.5-1.0 with hydrochloric acid, hydrolyzing for 1h, filtering to remove filtrate, washing filter residue, and roasting at 500 ℃ to obtain the titanium dioxide-loaded shell powder. Cleaning oleander leaves, drying in the air, drying at 60 ℃, crushing to obtain oleander leaf powder, sieving by a 60-mesh sieve, frying the crushed cottonseed cake powder and the crushed wheat bran powder in a pot to be fragrant, sieving by the 60-mesh sieve, and uniformly mixing the sieved oleander leaf powder, the crushed cottonseed cake powder and the crushed wheat bran powder to obtain mixed powder; firstly, soaking gelatin in deionized water with the mass of 5 times for 1 hour, then heating to 90 ℃, and fully stirring to completely dissolve the gelatin to obtain a gelatin solution; adding the mixed powder and the titanium dioxide-loaded shell powder into a gelatin solution, uniformly stirring and mixing, and then granulating by using a swing granulator to obtain the insecticidal granules.
Preparation of insecticidal granules example two
The insecticidal particles mainly comprise the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10 parts of oleander leaves, 3 parts of wheat bran, 4 parts of cottonseed cake powder, 5 parts of gelatin and 5 parts of titanium dioxide-loaded shell powder. The preparation method comprises the following steps:
cleaning and drying shells, washing the shells with sulfuric acid for 12 hours, then calcining the shells in a muffle furnace at the temperature of l000 ℃ for l-2 hours, washing the shells with acid for 12 hours, cleaning the shells with deionized water, drying the washed shells, and grinding the shells through a 200-mesh sieve to obtain porous shell powder;mixing deionized water and methanol according to the volume ratio of 1:12 to obtain a mixed solution, placing the obtained mixed solution in an ice water bath for cooling for lh, adding porous shell powder with the volume of 0.2-0.4 times that of the mixed solution, uniformly mixing, and then adding TiCl with the weight of 0.05 times that of the porous shell powder4Mixing uniformly, adjusting the pH value to 0.5-1.0 with hydrochloric acid, hydrolyzing for 1h, filtering to remove filtrate, washing filter residue, and roasting at 500 ℃ to obtain the titanium dioxide-loaded shell powder. Cleaning oleander leaves, drying in the air, drying at 60 ℃, crushing to obtain oleander leaf powder, sieving by a 60-mesh sieve, frying the crushed cottonseed cake powder and the crushed wheat bran powder in a pot to be fragrant, sieving by the 60-mesh sieve, and uniformly mixing the sieved oleander leaf powder, the crushed cottonseed cake powder and the crushed wheat bran powder to obtain mixed powder; firstly, soaking gelatin in deionized water with the mass of 5 times for 1 hour, then heating to 90 ℃, and fully stirring to completely dissolve the gelatin to obtain a gelatin solution; adding the mixed powder and the titanium dioxide-loaded shell powder into a gelatin solution, uniformly stirring and mixing, and then granulating by using a swing granulator to obtain the insecticidal granules.
Preparation example III of insecticidal granules
The insecticidal particles mainly comprise the following raw materials in parts by weight: 7 parts of oleander leaves, 2 parts of wheat bran, 3 parts of cottonseed cake powder, 4 parts of gelatin and 4 parts of shell powder loaded with titanium dioxide. The preparation method comprises the following steps:
cleaning and drying shells, washing the shells with sulfuric acid for 12 hours, then calcining the shells in a muffle furnace at the temperature of l000 ℃ for l-2 hours, washing the shells with acid for 12 hours, cleaning the shells with deionized water, drying the washed shells, and grinding the shells through a 200-mesh sieve to obtain porous shell powder; mixing deionized water and methanol according to the volume ratio of 1:12 to obtain a mixed solution, placing the obtained mixed solution in an ice water bath for cooling for lh, adding porous shell powder with the volume of 0.2-0.4 times that of the mixed solution, uniformly mixing, and then adding TiCl with the weight of 0.05 times that of the porous shell powder4Mixing uniformly, adjusting the pH value to 0.5-1.0 with hydrochloric acid, hydrolyzing for 1h, filtering to remove filtrate, washing filter residue, and roasting at 500 ℃ to obtain the titanium dioxide-loaded shell powder. Cleaning folium Nerii, air drying, drying at 60 deg.C, pulverizing to obtain folium Nerii powder, sieving with 60 mesh sieve, parching pulverized semen gossypii cake powder and testa Tritici powder respectively in a pan,sieving with a 60-mesh sieve, and then uniformly mixing the sieved oleander leaf powder, cottonseed cake powder and wheat bran powder to obtain mixed powder; firstly, soaking gelatin in deionized water with the mass of 5 times for 1 hour, then heating to 90 ℃, and fully stirring to completely dissolve the gelatin to obtain a gelatin solution; adding the mixed powder and the titanium dioxide-loaded shell powder into a gelatin solution, uniformly stirring and mixing, and then granulating by using a swing granulator to obtain the insecticidal granules.
Taking 3 nutrition pots in which 25 panax japonicus seedlings are bred, respectively putting 20 cutworms into the nutrition pots, respectively throwing 200 insecticidal particles prepared in the first to third examples into the soil surface layers of the 3 nutrition pots after the cutworms are all drilled into the soil, respectively counting the feeding amount (particles) of the insecticidal particles, the number (strains) of the panax japonicus seedlings, the death rate (%) of the cutworms and the proportion (%) of the cutworms dead on the soil surface layers after the insecticidal particles are scattered for 1 day, and the counting results are shown in table 1:
as shown by statistics of data in Table 1, the trapping rate of the agrotis ypsilon by the insecticidal particles prepared in the first to third examples reaches 100%, the proportion of the agrotis ypsilon dead on the surface layer of soil is lower than 7%, the average feeding amount of each agrotis ypsilon to the insecticidal particles is more than 6, and the damage amount to cotton seedlings is only 1 at most after 1 day of feeding the insecticidal particles. Therefore, the prepared insecticidal particles can thoroughly trap and kill underground cutworms, and more than 90 percent of the insecticidal particles are brought underground by the cutworms, so that the soil is durably disinfected and calcium fertilizer is supplemented.
Under-forest cultivation example four of panax japonicus
First, choose the place
Forest stand: selecting broad-leaved forest or needle-wide mixed natural secondary forest, requiring sparse and high trees in the forest land, spacious under the canopy and unsuitable for needle-leaved forest with too high canopy closure or small bamboo forest with a large amount of bamboo rhizomes distributed on the surface soil layer;
slope direction and slope: selecting the middle section of a hillside with the slope direction of a shade slope or a semi-shade slope and the slope of 5-25 degrees for planting;
soil: selecting one or more of weak acid mountain yellow brown soil, brown soil or dark brown soil which is loose, fertile, moist and good in drainage and has surface layer humus of more than 5cm, wherein the pH value of the soil is 5.5-6.5;
climate: the climate is cool and moist, the annual average air temperature is 8-10 ℃, the annual activity accumulated temperature is 2700-;
second, clear forest, soil preparation
Time: the method is developed before the seeds are planted at the bottom of 10 months in the last ten days of 9 months each year;
clearing forest: cutting dense forests and shrubs according to the canopy density of 0.6-0.7, completely removing under-forest weeds and shrubs influencing illumination below 1.5m, and completely removing all cleaned objects out of the forest land for harmless treatment;
soil preparation and disinfection: comprehensively preparing soil with depth of 25-35cm without damaging forest growth, cleaning and removing soil impurities such as withered tree roots, stones and the like, then spreading insecticidal particles, preparing soil and ploughing uniformly;
applying a base fertilizer: the base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, 3000kg of the organic fertilizer is applied to each mu of pig, cow and sheep manure which is fully decomposed and refined, and the organic fertilizer is uniformly mixed with soil through a harrow;
ditching and ridging: ditching and ridging according to natural topography, ditching along the direction of mountain slope flowing water, wherein the width of a carriage is 1-1.2m, the length is determined according to the topography, the ditching depth is 15-25cm, and the ditching width is 25-35 m;
thirdly, planting
Selecting seedlings: the panax japonicus seedlings have natural shapes, relatively long rootstocks, health, no diseases and no mechanical damage, the weight of a single plant is more than 10g, and more than one germinated bud is formed;
planting: planting according to the plant-row spacing of 20cm multiplied by 25cm, covering soil and tightly planting, wherein the soil covering depth is 4-6 cm;
fourth, daily management
Degree of occlusion: the canopy density of the forest stand is kept between 0.6 and 0.7 in the first year of planting, and can be gradually reduced to between 0.4 and 0.5 after the second year, and if the canopy density is too high, branches and leaves are thinned;
weeding and loosening the soil: weeding for more than 3 times in 4-9 months every year, loosening the soil by combining weeding to promote the growth and development of plants, preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests, and weeding shallow weeding to avoid injuring rootstocks;
topdressing: applying topdressing for 2 times before flowering and after budding, respectively, and topdressing multi-purpose diluted human excrement and urine and compound fertilizer, wherein the fertilizing amount of the human excrement and urine is 2000 kg/mu each time, the compound fertilizer is applied by broadcasting 20 kg/mu each time, and the topdressing is selected to be applied in rainy days after fertilization;
draining water and preventing waterlogging: the panax japonicus is not waterlogging resistant, and the ditch needs to be cleaned to drain water in rainy seasons to prevent water accumulation and keep good root air permeability;
pest and disease damage: in the seedling stage, once insecticidal particles are scattered on the soil surface, the main insect pests of the panax japonicus are underground pests such as cutworms, which harm root systems, cause seedling shortage and ridge breaking, the prevention and control should be 'prevention is mainly performed, comprehensive prevention and control' and the prevention and control are performed by bed soil disinfection, drainage and waterlogging prevention, field cleaning and the like.
Fifthly, harvesting and storing
Harvesting rhizoma Panacis Japonici after transplanting for 4 years, digging in autumn, digging into root and stem by hoe from the space beside the plant, digging up the whole plant, removing soil and stem and leaf to obtain fresh root and stem, air drying, removing outer skin, air drying, removing impurities, and storing in shady and dry place for use to prevent insect damage.
The method can fully utilize idle underground land resources, saves the cost of more than 5000 yuan/mu compared with the method of using cultivated land to plant the panax japonicus, reduces the land cost from more than 600 yuan/mu of the used cultivated land to less than 50 yuan/mu, reduces the cost of using the cultivated land to build a shade shed, reduces the cost of 5000 yuan per mu, reduces the weed growth by less than half compared with the cultivated land due to the environment shielded under the forest, can reduce the labor cost of about 500 yuan/mu every year, increases the labor cost of about 1000 yuan/mu only in the first stage of clearing the forest and preparing the land, has low cost expenditure for planting the panax japonicus on the cultivated land on the premise of ensuring the quality and the yield of the panax japonicus, and avoids the phenomenon of serious sunburn damage caused by the direct sunny exposure of the panax japonicus in the cultivated land.
Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. The techniques, shapes, and configurations not described in detail in the present invention are all known techniques.
Claims (5)
1. A cultivation technique under forest for traditional Chinese medicine panax japonicus is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
first, choose the place
Forest stand: selecting broad-leaved forest or needle-wide mixed natural secondary forest, requiring sparse and high trees in the forest land, spacious under the canopy and unsuitable for needle-leaved forest with too high canopy closure or small bamboo forest with a large amount of bamboo rhizomes distributed on the surface soil layer;
slope direction and slope: selecting the middle section of a hillside with the slope direction of a shade slope or a semi-shade slope and the slope of 5-25 degrees for planting;
soil: selecting weak acid soil which is loose, fertile, wet and good in drainage and has the surface humus soil of more than 5 cm;
climate: the climate is cool and moist, the annual average air temperature is 8-10 ℃, the annual activity accumulated temperature is 2700-;
second, clear forest, soil preparation
Time: the method is developed before the seeds are planted at the bottom of 10 months in the last ten days of 9 months each year;
clearing forest: cutting dense forests and shrubs according to the canopy density of 0.6-0.7, completely removing under-forest weeds and shrubs influencing illumination below 1.5m, and completely removing all cleaned objects out of the forest land for harmless treatment;
soil preparation and disinfection: comprehensively preparing soil to a depth of 25-35cm without damaging the growth of the trees, cleaning and removing the roots and stones of the withered trees, then spreading insecticidal particles, preparing soil and uniformly harrowing;
applying a base fertilizer: the base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, 3000kg of the organic fertilizer is applied to each mu of pig, cow and sheep manure which is fully decomposed and refined, and the organic fertilizer is uniformly mixed with soil through a harrow;
ditching and ridging: ditching and ridging according to natural topography, wherein the width of a carriage is 1-1.2m, the length is determined according to the topography, the ditching depth is 15-25cm, and the width is 25-35 m;
thirdly, planting
Selecting seedlings: the panax japonicus seedlings have natural shapes, relatively long rootstocks, health, no diseases and no mechanical damage, the weight of a single plant is more than 10g, and more than one germinated bud is formed;
planting time: planting at the bottom of-10 months in the last ten days of 9 months every year;
planting: planting according to the plant-row spacing of 20cm multiplied by 25cm, covering soil and tightly planting, wherein the soil covering depth is 4-6 cm;
fourth, daily management
Degree of occlusion: the canopy density of the forest stand is kept between 0.6 and 0.7 in the first year of planting, and can be gradually reduced to between 0.4 and 0.5 after the second year, and if the canopy density is too high, branches and leaves are thinned;
weeding and loosening the soil: weeding for more than 3 times in 4-9 months every year, loosening the soil by combining weeding to promote the growth and development of plants, preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests, and weeding shallow weeding to avoid injuring rootstocks;
topdressing: applying topdressing for 2 times before flowering and after budding, respectively, and topdressing with multipurpose diluted human excrement and urine and compound fertilizer, wherein the fertilizing amount of the human excrement and urine is 2000 kg/mu each time, and the compound fertilizer is applied by broadcasting 20 kg/mu each time;
draining water and preventing waterlogging: the panax japonicus is not waterlogging resistant, and the ditch needs to be cleaned to drain water in rainy seasons to prevent water accumulation and keep good root air permeability;
pest and disease damage: in the period of seedling alignment, the soil surface is spread with once insecticidal particles;
the insecticidal particles mainly comprise the following raw materials in parts by weight: 5-10 parts of oleander leaves, 1-3 parts of wheat bran, 2-4 parts of cottonseed cake powder, 3-5 parts of gelatin and 3-5 parts of shell powder loaded with titanium dioxide;
the preparation method of the insecticidal granules comprises the following steps:
A. cleaning oleander leaves, drying in the air, drying at 60 ℃, crushing to obtain oleander leaf powder, sieving by a 60-mesh sieve, frying the crushed cottonseed cake powder and the crushed wheat bran powder in a pot to be fragrant, sieving by the 60-mesh sieve, and uniformly mixing the sieved oleander leaf powder, the crushed cottonseed cake powder and the crushed wheat bran powder to obtain mixed powder;
B. firstly, soaking gelatin in deionized water with the mass of 5 times for 1 hour, then heating to 90 ℃, and fully stirring to completely dissolve the gelatin to obtain a gelatin solution;
C. adding the mixed powder and the titanium dioxide-loaded shell powder into a gelatin solution, uniformly stirring and mixing, and then granulating by using a swing granulator to obtain insecticidal granules;
the preparation method of the titanium dioxide-loaded shell powder comprises the following steps:
cleaning and drying shells, washing the shells with sulfuric acid for 12 hours, then calcining the shells in a muffle furnace at the temperature of l000 ℃ for l-2 hours, washing the shells with acid for 12 hours, cleaning the shells with deionized water, drying the washed shells, and grinding the shells through a 200-mesh sieve to obtain porous shell powder;
mixing deionized water and methanol according to the volume ratio of 1:12 to obtain a mixed solution, placing the obtained mixed solution in an ice water bath for cooling for lh, adding porous shell powder with the volume of 0.2-0.4 times that of the mixed solution, uniformly mixing, and then adding TiCl with the weight of 0.05 times that of the porous shell powder4Mixing uniformly, adjusting the pH value to 0.5-1.0 with hydrochloric acid, hydrolyzing for 1h, filtering to remove filtrate, washing filter residues, and roasting at 500 ℃ to obtain the titanium dioxide-loaded shell powder;
fifthly, harvesting and storing
Harvesting rhizoma Panacis Japonici after transplanting for 4 years, digging in autumn, digging into root and stem by hoe from the space beside the plant, digging up the whole plant, removing soil and stem and leaf to obtain fresh root and stem, air drying, removing outer skin, air drying, removing impurities, and storing in shady and dry place for use to prevent insect damage.
2. The under-forest cultivation technology of the traditional Chinese medicinal material panax japonicus according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the soil in the step one is one or more of mountain yellow brown soil, brown soil or dark brown soil.
3. The under-forest cultivation technology of the traditional Chinese medicinal material panax japonicus according to claim 2, characterized in that: the pH value of the soil in the step one is 5.5-6.5.
4. The under-forest cultivation technology of the traditional Chinese medicinal material panax japonicus according to claim 3, characterized in that: and ditching and ridging in the step two adopt ditching along the direction of the flow of the hillside.
5. The under-forest cultivation technology of the traditional Chinese medicinal material panax japonicus according to claim 4, characterized in that: and the additional fertilizer in the fourth step is applied in rainy days after the fertilizer is applied.
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Inventor after: Zhou Yiquan Inventor after: Tan Xiaomei Inventor after: Qu Xianyou Inventor after: Pan Rui Inventor after: Ye Chenjuan Inventor after: Wang Changhua Inventor before: Zhou Yiquan Inventor before: Tan Xiaomei Inventor before: Qu Xianyou Inventor before: Pan Rui Inventor before: Ye Chengjuan Inventor before: Wang Changhua |