CN107909903B - Experimental method for directly utilizing direct current to quantitatively verify Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction - Google Patents
Experimental method for directly utilizing direct current to quantitatively verify Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to an experimental method for quantitatively verifying Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction by directly utilizing direct current, which comprises the following implementation steps: firstly, preparing an experimental device: 1 direct current 30V stabilized voltage power supply, 1 direct current 12V power supply and 1 sliding rheostat, wherein the resistance range of the sliding rheostat is 0 omega-200 omega, the working current is 1A, and 2 switches are arranged; pointer type sensitive current meter 1 with precision 10‑10～10‑12A, full scale current 30 muA; 1 milliammeter with the measuring range of 300 mA; 1 rotary potentiometer with resistance range of 100 omega-2.2M omega and rated voltage of 50V; 1 low-speed 6-gear timing speed-regulating motor, 1 universal meter and 1 solenoid, wherein the diameter of each solenoid is 4 cm; 1 4-turn parallel coils with the diameter of 10 cm; coil and solenoid support 1 and several wires; then carrying out an operation experiment; and finally, processing the data. The Faraday rotator has the advantages of reasonable and novel design, safe and reliable performance and simple and convenient operation, and is helpful for students to more vividly and intuitively understand the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction; has certain economic benefit and great social benefit.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a physical experiment method, in particular to an experiment method for directly utilizing direct current to quantitatively verify Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
Background
The faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, discovered in 1831, is one of the most important findings in physics, which, together with the oersted effect discovered in 1820, reveal important relationships that electric and magnetic phenomena are interrelated and inter-generated. The discovery of the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction has epoch-making significance in both science and technology. It not only enriches the human understanding of the essence of the electromagnetic phenomenon, promotes the development of electromagnetism, but also develops a wide application field in practice. It can be said that without the discovery of the faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, there is no modern scientific technology and modern electrical and informatization life.
The Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is an important teaching content in high and middle-stage physics courses and the "university physics" course of the science and technology, and it reveals the quantitative relationship between the rate of change of magnetic flux and the induced electromotive force. In the high school and all teaching reference books of ' college physics ' of the department at present, the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is introduced by qualitative experiments such as inserting and pulling magnets in coils, observing the swing amplitude and swing direction of a sensitive ammeter pointer and the like
There is a lack of quantitative and more convincing introductory experiments. In addition, at present, no experiment for visually and quantitatively verifying the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction exists in the ' college physics experiment ' course of the undergraduate students. In order to better understand the faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, it is necessary to develop an experiment for intuitively and quantitatively studying the law of electromagnetic induction in the high school physics and the "college physics experiment" lesson of this department. In recent years, two experiments for quantitatively verifying Faraday's electromagnetic induction law are designed by Wangzongrong and WangxinLiang and the like based on a detachable alternating current demonstration transformer. The two experiments use knowledge of alternating current, while middle school students do not learn knowledge related to the alternating current when learning a Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, and for most college students, the contents of the alternating current are not teaching contents of teaching synopsis. Therefore, these two experiments have certain limitations, which are not easy to be understood by students. And the experiment for intuitively and quantitatively verifying the Faraday electromagnetic induction law is designed by adopting direct current with adjustable current intensity, which is very helpful for teaching work of high school physics, college physics and college physics experiment courses. According to the knowledge, a novel experiment for directly and quantitatively verifying the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction by directly utilizing direct current is designed by adopting direct current with adjustable current intensity, and the experiment is not reported in patents and literatures at present.
Therefore, it is one of the problems to be solved by the skilled person in the art that an experimental method for directly and quantitatively verifying the faraday's law of electromagnetic induction by using a direct current design with adjustable current intensity is provided, which is simple, novel, reasonable and significant in effect.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects and provide the experimental method for directly and quantitatively verifying the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction by using direct current, which has the advantages of reasonable design, safe and reliable performance, simple and convenient operation and obvious application effect.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: an experimental method for quantitatively verifying Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction by directly utilizing direct current is characterized in that the experimental method comprises the following specific implementation steps: first, experimental equipment was prepared: 1 direct current 30V stabilized voltage power supply, 1 direct current 12V power supply and 1 sliding rheostat, wherein the resistance range of the sliding rheostat is 0-200 omega, the working current is 1A, and 2 switches are arranged; pointer type sensitive current meter 1 with precision 10-10～10-12A, full scale current 30 muA; 1 milliammeter with the measuring range of 300 mA; 1 rotary potentiometer with resistance range of 100 omega-2.2M omega and rated voltage of 50V; 1 low-speed 6-gear timing adjustable speed motor, 1 common multimeter and 1 solenoid, wherein the diameter of the solenoid is 4 cm; 1 4-turn parallel coils with the diameter of 10 cm; the number of the coil and solenoid supports is 1, and a plurality of leads are provided;
the operation experiment steps are as follows:
(1) provided with a connection circuit, a part of which is connected with a switch K2The ammeter and the coil are sequentially connected in series through leads; another part is to switch K1A voltage-stabilized power supply, a slide rheostat, a solenoid, a milliammeter and a potentiometer are sequentially connected in series by leads, and a switch K1，K2In an open state, the resistance value of the slide rheostat is adjusted to be the maximum, the resistance value is 200 omega, the resistance value of the potentiometer is adjusted to be the minimum, the resistance value is 50 omega, and the rotary potentiometer is connected with the speed regulating motor;
(2) closing switch K1，K2Adjusting the resistance of the sliding rheostat to make the milliammeter pointer deflect to two thirds of the scale mark, and the current intensity in the solenoid at the momentIs two thirds of the measuring range of the milliammeter, namely 200 mA;
(3) pressing 1 speed-multiplying button of the speed regulating motor to uniformly increase the resistance of the potentiometer and recording the display I of the milliammeter at the moment1Filled in table 1; observing the indication of the sensitive current meter, disconnecting the speed regulating motor when the indication of the sensitive current meter is stable, and recording the indication I of the milliammeter at the moment2The indication i of the sensitive current meter and the motor rotation time delta t are filled in a table 1;
(4) the reverse switch of the speed regulating motor is pressed, the 1-time speed button is pressed, the resistance of the potentiometer is reduced, and the display I of the milliammeter at the moment is recorded1"filled in Table 2; observing the indication of the sensitive current meter, disconnecting the speed regulating motor when the indication of the sensitive current meter is stable, and recording the indication I of the milliammeter at the moment2"sensitive current meter reading i 'and motor rotation time Δ t', filled in table 2;
(5) respectively pressing buttons of the speed regulating motor for 2 times, 3 times, 4 times and 5 times, and repeating the steps (3) and (4);
(6) measuring the resistance of the coil by using a multimeter;
the rotary potentiometer and the speed regulating motor are integrated.
TABLE 1 measurement data for increasing potentiometer resistance
| Rotational speed | i(10-6A) | I1(10-3A) | I2(10-3A) | ΔI＝I2-I1(10-3A) | Δt(s) | ΔI/Δt(10-3A/s) |
| 1 |
||||||
| 2 times speed | ||||||
| 3 times speed | ||||||
| 4 times speed | ||||||
| 5 times speed |
TABLE 2 measurement data for potentiometer resistance reduction
| Rotational speed | i＇(10-6A) | I1＇(10-3A) | I2＇(10-3A) | ΔI＇＝I2＇-I1＇(10-3A) | Δt＇(s) | ΔI＇/Δt＇(10-3A/s) |
| 1 |
||||||
| 2 times speed | ||||||
| 3 times speed | ||||||
| 4 times speed | ||||||
| 5 times speed |
And finally, carrying out data processing: calculating the result of the data measured in the experiment according to the calculation formulas in the table 1 and the table 2, respectively drawing I-delta I/delta t curves on rectangular coordinate paper under two conditions of increasing and decreasing the current intensity in the solenoid in the experiment, and drawing attention to the signs of the currents I and I' by adopting linear approximation; the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction shows that the I-delta I/delta t curve is a straight line, and the absolute value of the slope of the curve is k, namely M/R; if the resistance of the coil is measured in an experiment, the mutual inductance coefficient M between the coil and the solenoid can be obtained as kR through the slope k; further expanding the experiment, if the position of the coil is changed, the mutual inductance M between the coil and the solenoid can be found to be changed by re-measurement, and the mutual inductance M between the coil and the solenoid is proved to be related to the relative position between the coil and the solenoid.
The experimental principle of the invention is as follows: the invention relates to an experimental method for directly and quantitatively verifying Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction by adopting direct current with adjustable current intensity. In an experiment, when the magnetic flux passing through the conductor loop changes, an electromotive force is generated in the conductor loop, and further, a current is generated, and this phenomenon is called an electromagnetic induction phenomenon, and the generated electromotive force becomes an induced electromotive force. Experiments have shown that the induced electromotive force is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux passing through the conductor loop, in such a direction that the magnetic field generated by the induced current opposes the change of the magnetic flux. With the international system of units, the induced electromotive force can be expressed as:
this conclusion is called faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. The potentiometer is controlled by a speed regulating motor. The energized solenoid produces a magnetic field proportional to the current intensity I and producing a magnetic flux in the adjacent coil
(M is the mutual inductance coefficient of the solenoid and the coil, and M is a constant value when the relative position and the relative orientation of the coil and the solenoid are kept unchanged in the experiment), the current intensity I in the solenoid is changed by the constant-speed rotating potentiometer, the magnetic field generated by the solenoid is changed, and the magnetic flux passing through the coil is changed correspondingly, so that the induction electric driving is generated in the closed coilPotential and current. When the potentiometer starts to adjust, since the magnetic flux passing through the solenoid changes, self-induced electromotive force is generated in the solenoid, the current generated by the self-induced electromotive force blocks the current change in the solenoid, and the coil also generates mutual-induced electromotive force in the solenoid, and the current generated by the mutual-induced electromotive force also blocks the current change in the solenoid. However, when the rate of change of the current intensity in the solenoid becomes stable after a short time, the rate of change of the magnetic flux passing through the solenoid and the coil becomes stable, the mutual electromotive force generated in the solenoid by the coil disappears, and the self-induced electromotive force in the solenoid becomes stable. At this time, a stable induced electromotive force ∈ and a stable induced current i are generated in the coil, respectively:
where M is the mutual inductance of the solenoid and the coil.
Wherein R is the resistance of the coil. 4 turns of same coils are connected in parallel in the experiment, so that the resistance of a coil loop is reduced under the condition of ensuring that induced electromotive force is unchanged, and the induced current in the coils is increased. The coil diameter used is 2.5 times the diameter of the solenoid in order to increase the magnetic flux through the coil. The rate of change of current intensity in the solenoid during the experiment can be approximated as:
wherein Δ I ═ I2-I1，Δt＝t2-t1。I2，t2To stop the intensity and timing of the current in the solenoid loop when the potentiometer is turned, I1，t1The current strength and the moment in the solenoid loop when the potentiometer starts to turn. Neglecting the time to start the transient process, Δ t ═ t2-t1Is the time that the potentiometer is rotating. In the experiment, I-delta I/delta t curves are respectively made under the two conditions of increasing and decreasing the current intensity in the solenoid. The Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction indicates that the I-delta I/delta t curve is a straight line,the slope is k-M/R. If the resistance of the coil is measured in an experiment, the mutual inductance M ═ kR between the coil and the solenoid can be obtained from the slope k. Further expanding the experiment, if the position of the coil is changed, the mutual inductance M between the coil and the solenoid can be found to be changed by re-measurement, and the mutual inductance M between the coil and the solenoid is proved to be related to the relative position between the coil and the solenoid.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the direct quantitative measurement and verification of the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction by changing the direct current design is a feasible method, which is helpful for students to understand the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction more vividly and intuitively.
(2) When drawing, the positive and negative signs of the induced current when the motor rotates forwards and backwards are required to be noticed, so that the negative sign meaning in the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction can be correctly understood.
(3) The experiment can be used as the experiment of high school physics and the teaching content of physics experiment lessons of science and technology universities. Further enriches the teaching contents of classroom physical experiments, and has very important significance for culturing the physical thinking and the innovative scientific consciousness of students.
In a word, the experimental method for visually and quantitatively verifying the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is adopted, so that the design is reasonable and novel, the performance is safe and reliable, the operation is simple and convenient, the application effect is very obvious, certain economic benefits and important social benefits are achieved, and the method has an important application prospect.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the coil and solenoid carrier structure of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the face plate of the adjustable speed motor of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an experimental schematic of the present invention;
in the figure: 1 coil jack and terminal, 2 spiral tube support.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of the embodiments and features provided in accordance with the present invention is made with reference to the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments:
as shown in fig. 1 to 3, an experimental method for quantitatively verifying faraday's law of electromagnetic induction directly using direct current includes the following steps:
firstly, preparing experimental equipment
1 direct current 30V stabilized voltage power supply, 1 direct current 12V power supply, 1 sliding rheostat, 2 switches and 1 pointer type sensitive ammeter (precision 10)-10～10-12A, full scale current 30 muA), 1 milliammeter (range 300mA), 1 rotary potentiometer (resistance range is 100 omega-2.2M omega, rated voltage 50V), 1 low-speed 6 grades of speed governing motors of timing, 1 universal meter, 1 solenoid (diameter is 4cm), 1 parallel coil of 4 circles (diameter is 10cm), 1 coil and solenoid support, the wire is a plurality of.
Second, description of some experimental equipments
(1) The coil comprises a coil and solenoid bracket 2, wherein the coil is provided with a coil jack and a binding post 1; as shown in fig. 1; the coil position jacks 3 groups are used for adjusting the positions of the coils relative to the solenoid by changing the jacks, and the coil position jacks are used for researching the influence experiment of the relative positions of the coils and the solenoid on the mutual inductance coefficient.
(2) The potentiometer controlled by the low-speed regulating motor has a power supply of 12V direct current, and a panel of the potentiometer is shown in figure 2. The motor speed is 6 gears. When the 1-time speed key is pressed, the motor operates at the lowest rotating speed at a constant speed. When the key is pressed again, the key pops up, the motor stops running, and a time display window on the panel displays the running time of the motor. The rotating speed of the motor of other 5-gear keys is integral multiple of the lowest rotating speed, namely the multiple is the number of the keys. When the 'reverse' switch is pressed, the motor rotates in the reverse direction.
Third, operating the experimental process
(1) The circuit is connected according to fig. 3, the switch K is arranged in the left part of fig. 32The ammeter and the coil are sequentially connected in series through leads; switch K in the right part of FIG. 31A voltage-stabilized power supply, a slide rheostat, a solenoid, a milliammeter and a potentiometer are sequentially connected in series by leads, and a switch K1，K2And in an open state, adjusting the resistance value of the sliding rheostat to 200 omega, adjusting the resistance value of the potentiometer to 50 omega, and connecting the potentiometer with the speed regulating motor.
(2) Closing (closing)Switch K1，K2The sliding rheostat resistance is adjusted, so that the milliammeter pointer deflects to the position of two thirds of the scale mark, and the current intensity in the solenoid is two thirds of the measuring range of the milliammeter (namely 200 mA).
(3) Pressing 1 speed-multiplying button of the speed regulating motor to uniformly increase the resistance of the potentiometer and recording the display I of the milliammeter at the moment1And filled in table 1. Observing the indication of the sensitive current meter, disconnecting the speed regulating motor when the indication of the sensitive current meter is stable, and recording the indication I of the milliammeter at the moment2The number i of the sensitive current meter and the motor rotation time Δ t are filled in table 1.
(4) The reverse switch of the speed regulating motor is pressed, the 1-time speed button is pressed, the resistance of the potentiometer is reduced, and the display I of the milliammeter at the moment is recorded1Filled in table 2. Observing the indication of the sensitive current meter, disconnecting the speed regulating motor when the indication of the sensitive current meter is stable, and recording the indication I of the milliammeter at the moment2"sensitive galvanometer readings i 'and motor rotation time Δ t', filled in Table 2.
(5) And (4) respectively pressing buttons of the speed regulating motor for 2 times, 3 times, 4 times and 5 times, and repeating the steps (3) and (4).
(6) The resistance of the coil was measured using a multimeter.
The rotary potentiometer and the speed regulating motor are integrated.
TABLE 1 measurement data for increasing potentiometer resistance
| Rotational speed | i(10-6A) | I1(10-3A) | I2(10-3A) | ΔI＝I2-I1(10-3A) | Δt(s) | ΔI/Δt(10-3A/s) |
| 1 |
||||||
| 2 times speed | ||||||
| 3 times speed | ||||||
| 4 times speed | ||||||
| 5 times speed |
TABLE 2 measurement data for potentiometer resistance reduction
| Rotational speed | i＇(10-6A) | I1＇(10-3A) | I2＇(10-3A) | ΔI＇＝I2＇-I1＇(10-3A) | Δt＇(s) | ΔI＇/Δt＇(10-3A/s) |
| 1 |
||||||
| 2 times speed | ||||||
| 3 times speed | ||||||
| 4 times speed | ||||||
| 5 times speed |
Fourthly, data processing is carried out
The results of the data measured in the experiment are calculated according to the calculation formulas in the table 1 and the table 2, I-delta I/delta t curves are respectively drawn on the rectangular coordinate paper under the two conditions of increasing and decreasing the current intensity in the solenoid in the experiment, and the signs of the currents I and I' are noticed in the drawing by adopting linear approximation. The Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction indicates that the I- Δ I/Δ t curve is a straight line, and the absolute value of the slope is k, which is M/R. If the resistance of the coil is measured in an experiment, the mutual inductance coefficient M between the coil and the solenoid can be obtained as kR through the slope k; further expanding the experiment, if the position of the coil is changed, the mutual inductance M between the coil and the solenoid can be found to be changed by re-measurement, and the mutual inductance M between the coil and the solenoid is proved to be related to the relative position between the coil and the solenoid.
Fifthly, other problems needing to be explained
(1) Particularly, if the potentiometer and the speed regulating motor are integrated into a whole, the experiment of students can be greatly facilitated, but the experiment principle that the current is regulated through the resistor is not easy to understand for the students. Sometimes, the excessively automated experiment is not beneficial to the students to understand the physical process and principle of the experiment.
(2) Because the motor speed governing is very fast, and the adjustable range of electric current is less, therefore the experimentation goes on very fast, requires the student to read as fast as possible accurately, and this has just inevitably increased accidental error, can require in the experiment that the student surveyed thrice for every data, and the averaging is solved to improve the rate of accuracy.
(3) In the experiment, students are particularly reminded to strictly distinguish the sensitive ammeter from the milliammeter so as to avoid confusion.
(4) When drawing, the positive and negative signs of the induced current when the motor rotates forwards and backwards are required to be noticed, so that the negative sign meaning in the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction can be correctly understood.
In a word, the direct quantitative measurement and verification of the Faraday electromagnetic induction law by adopting the method for changing the direct current is a feasible method, and is helpful for students to more vividly and intuitively understand the Faraday electromagnetic induction law. The experiment can be used as the experiment of high school physics and the teaching content of physics experiment lessons of science and technology universities. Further enriches the teaching contents of classroom physical experiments, and has certain significance for culturing the physical thinking and the innovative scientific consciousness of students.
The above detailed description of the experimental method for quantitatively verifying faraday's law of electromagnetic induction directly using direct current with reference to the embodiments is illustrative and not restrictive, and thus variations and modifications thereof without departing from the general inventive concept are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (2)
1. An experimental method for quantitatively verifying Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction by directly utilizing direct current is characterized in that the experimental method comprises the following specific implementation steps: first, experimental equipment was prepared: 1 direct current 30V stabilized voltage power supply, 1 direct current 12V power supply and 1 sliding rheostat, wherein the resistance range of the sliding rheostat is 0-200 omega, the working current is 1A, and 2 switches are arranged; pointer type sensitive current meter 1 with precision 10-10～10-12A, full scale current 30 muA; 1 milliammeter with the measuring range of 300 mA; 1 rotary potentiometer with resistance range of 100 omega-2.2M omega and rated voltage of 50V; 1 low-speed 6-gear timing speed-regulating motor, 1 common multimeter and 1 solenoid, wherein the diameter of the solenoid is 4 cm; 1 4-turn parallel coils with the diameter of 10 cm; the number of the coil and solenoid supports is 1, and a plurality of leads are provided;
the operation experiment steps are as follows:
(1) provided with a connection circuit, a part of which is connected with a switch K2The ammeter and the coil are sequentially connected in series through leads; another part is to switch K1A voltage-stabilized power supply, a slide rheostat, a solenoid, a milliammeter and a potentiometer are sequentially connected in series by leads, and a switch K1，K2In an open state, the resistance value of the slide rheostat is adjusted to be the maximum, the resistance value is 200 omega, the resistance value of the potentiometer is adjusted to be the minimum, the resistance value is 50 omega, and the potentiometer is connected with a speed regulating motor;
(2) closing switch K1，K2Adjusting the resistance of the slide rheostat to deflect the milliampere pointer to three divisions of the scale markTwo, the current intensity in the solenoid at this time is two thirds of the milliammeter range, namely 200 mA;
(3) pressing 1 speed-multiplying button of the speed regulating motor to uniformly increase the resistance of the potentiometer and recording the display I of the milliammeter at the moment1Filled in table 1; observing the indication of the sensitive current meter, disconnecting the speed regulating motor when the indication of the sensitive current meter is stable, and recording the indication I of the milliammeter at the moment2The indication i of the sensitive current meter and the motor rotation time delta t are filled in a table 1;
(4) the reverse switch of the speed regulating motor is pressed, the 1-time speed button is pressed, the resistance of the potentiometer is reduced, and the display I of the milliammeter at the moment is recorded1"filled in Table 2; observing the indication of the sensitive current meter, disconnecting the speed regulating motor when the indication of the sensitive current meter is stable, and recording the indication I of the milliammeter at the moment2"sensitive current meter reading i 'and motor rotation time Δ t', filled in table 2;
(5) respectively pressing buttons of the speed regulating motor for 2 times, 3 times, 4 times and 5 times, and repeating the steps (3) and (4);
(6) measuring the resistance of the coil by using a multimeter;
TABLE 1 measurement data for increasing potentiometer resistance
TABLE 2 measurement data for potentiometer resistance reduction
And finally, carrying out data processing: calculating the result of the data measured in the experiment according to the calculation formulas in the table 1 and the table 2, respectively drawing I-delta I/delta t curves on rectangular coordinate paper under two conditions of increasing and decreasing the current intensity in the solenoid in the experiment, and drawing attention to the signs of the currents I and I' by adopting linear approximation; the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction shows that the I-delta I/delta t curve is a straight line, and the absolute value of the slope of the curve is k, namely M/R; if the resistance of the coil is measured in an experiment, the mutual inductance coefficient M between the coil and the solenoid can be obtained as kR through the slope k; further expanding the experiment, if the position of the coil is changed, the mutual inductance M between the coil and the solenoid can be found to be changed by re-measurement, and the mutual inductance M between the coil and the solenoid is proved to be related to the relative position between the coil and the solenoid; the change rate of the current is quantitatively and accurately controlled by adopting a speed regulating motor and a rotary potentiometer so as to quantitatively control the change rate of the magnetic field.
2. The experimental method for quantitatively verifying Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction by directly using direct current according to claim 1, wherein the rotary potentiometer and the speed regulating motor are integrated machines.
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