CN107876966A - It is a kind of to reduce welding method of the agitating friction welding to lap joint defect - Google Patents
It is a kind of to reduce welding method of the agitating friction welding to lap joint defect Download PDFInfo
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- CN107876966A CN107876966A CN201711373854.4A CN201711373854A CN107876966A CN 107876966 A CN107876966 A CN 107876966A CN 201711373854 A CN201711373854 A CN 201711373854A CN 107876966 A CN107876966 A CN 107876966A
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- welding
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- binding face
- overlap joint
- stirring
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
- B23K20/122—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding
- B23K20/1265—Non-butt welded joints, e.g. overlap-joints, T-joints or spot welds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
- B23K20/122—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding
- B23K20/123—Controlling or monitoring the welding process
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- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
Abstract
Agitating friction welding is reduced to the welding method of lap joint defect the invention provides a kind of, belongs to agitating friction welding technique field.Welding method of the present invention, comprises the following steps：Step 1: the geometric parameter of measurement welded piece and stirring-head；Step 2: fixed welded piece；Step 3: determine welding position；Step 4: agitating friction welds.The welding method of the present invention is used for the agitating friction weldering to bridging arrangement.The retrogressing side that methods described will be welded to the overlap joint binding face in bridging arrangement as agitating friction, opposite side are then used as advance side.The method of advance side is mainly offset to by taper mixing needle, it is accompanied by the mode of high thermal weld stress, to avoid entering in stirring area to overlapping the oxide-film at binding face in bridging arrangement, so as on the premise of avoiding advance side hook shape defect from being formed, reduce and retreat caused cold lapping defect in the stirring area of side, reach the purpose for improving quality of weld joint.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to agitating friction to weld field, more particularly to a kind of to reduce agitating friction welding to lap joint defect
Welding method.
Background technology
Agitating friction welds (Friction Stir Welding, abbreviation FSW) technology as a kind of solid phase joining technique,
Can effectively avoid occurring in fusion welding in welding process due to stomata caused by metallurgical problems, the weld defect such as be mingled with.But
It is when agitating friction weldering scoops out the welding for bridging arrangement, due to the Plastic Flow of weld metal, meeting is in joint stirring area
Both sides there is hook-shaped defect, especially there is also the cold lapping defect (heat processing technique that extends in stirring area retreating side
Vol.46,No.3(2017)p189-194；J Mater Process Technol, Vol.238 (2016) p244-254), seriously
The quality of joint is endangered, is urgent problem to be solved in agitating friction overlap joint welding.
It is a kind of common structure for having docking structure and bridging arrangement feature concurrently to bridging arrangement, such as in high ferro, light rail
It is frequently necessary to be welded (JMSE to bridging arrangement for this in the agitating friction welding of train body side wall
International Journal,Vol.47,No.3(2004)p502-511；Technique and new technology, Vol.42, No.5
(2013)p31-36).Welded for this agitating friction to bridging arrangement, docking fitting is mainly placed in by mixing needle at present
The mode at face center is welded to it.The control of selection and welding process of this mode for mixing needle length proposes non-
Often high requirement.When stirring needle end part does not touch overlap joint binding face, incomplete penetration defect can be caused, it is necessary to carry out repair welding (weldering
Connect, Vol.11, (2016) p37-40)；If mixing needle ends contact (welds) to overlap joint binding face similar to bridging arrangement, Jiu Huiyin
Play the hook-shaped defect occurred in similar overlap welding or cold lapping defect (Li Hong, the welding of urban rail side wall of aluminum alloy bodywork agitating friction
Technical research, Harbin Institute of Technology's master thesis, 2014, p35-36), so as to influence joint performance.Analysis is to overlap joint
The characteristic of structure is visible, and this structure only has side to be similar to bridging arrangement, when the longer mixing needle of use is welded, welds
Can only occur hook-shaped defect or cold connection defect in journey in the side of joint, opposite side is due in the absence of overlap joint interface, just not
Drawbacks described above occurs.When research is shown using overlap joint interface as side is retreated, joint is smaller by the adverse effect of defect, joint
Performance is better than the performance (welding technique, Vol.16, (2014) p57-60,64) using faying surface as joint during advance side.So
And when in this way, cold lapping defect can be formed in stirring area, still can the performance of butt joint have a negative impact.
In view of the adverse effect of the hook-shaped defect butt joint performance of advance side is greater than cold connection defect (number of patent application：
201410705553.7), therefore how to be eliminated to hook-shaped defect in bridging arrangement using simple mode, while reduced as far as possible
Cold lapping defect in stirring area, for improving the quality to bridging arrangement joint, have great importance.
The content of the invention
It is tight to hook-shaped defect present in bridging arrangement welding and cold lapping defect in agitating friction to solve prior art
Ghost image rings the problem of joint performance, quality, and the present invention provides a kind of welding for reducing agitating friction welding to lap joint defect
Method.
Welding method of the present invention includes：
Step 1: the geometric parameter of measurement welded piece and stirring-head：
Welded piece includes flat board welded piece and step welded piece, flat board welded piece include the first butting surface and
First overlap joint surface, step welded piece include the second butting surface and the second overlap joint surface；The first couple of flat board welded piece
Connect surface and the second butting surface of step welded piece and be brought into close contact composition and dock faying face, the first of flat board welded piece takes
Connect surface and the second overlap joint surface of step welded piece and be brought into close contact composition overlap joint binding face；Stirring-head includes what is interconnected
The shaft shoulder and mixing needle；
Flat board welded piece is measured by the sheet metal thickness H1 in welding zone domain, step welded piece by the sheet metal thickness in welding zone domain
H2, the diameter D1 of the shaft shoulder, the transverse width L1 of the overlap joint binding face；When the shaft shoulder presses to welding state from the shaft shoulder face to overlap joint
The distance L2, L2 of faying face are the difference of the thickness H1 and default shaft shoulder volume under pressure, and measure the mixing needle at the L2
Diameter D2；The half of the diameter D1 and the diameter D2 difference should be greater than being equal to the width L1, i.e. L1 is not less than 0.5 (D1-
D2)；Mixing needle length L3 is more than the thickness H1 and is less than the thickness H2；The diameter D3 of mixing needle root is at least more straight than described
The small 2mm of footpath D1；The diameter D4 of end of the mixing needle away from the shaft shoulder is at least smaller 2mm than the diameter D3；
Step 2: fixed welded piece：
The welded piece is fixed on the table using fixture, and makes flat board welded piece closely to taking in step quilt
The top of welder's part, docking binding face and overlap joint binding face is set all to realize and be brought into close contact that flat board welded piece is with step by welder
Part highest upper surface is maintained at same level, completes the assembling of welded piece；
Step 3: determine welding position：
First, stirring-head is moved to above the docking binding face of the welded piece, make the center line of mixing needle positioned at pair
Connect the surface of binding face；Then the center line of mixing needle is marched forward side horizontal-shift 0.5D2 distance, is taking mixing needle
The outer wall connect at faying face is tangent with docking the intersection that binding face and overlap joint binding face are formed, and completes the positioning of stirring-head；
Step 4: agitating friction welds：
Stirring-head is pressed into the welded piece, keep outer wall of the mixing needle at overlap joint faying face all the time with it is described
The intersection for docking binding face and overlapping binding face formation is tangent；Stirring-head along parallel to it is described docking binding face with it is described by welder
The intersection direction walking of part upper surface, until welding is completed.
Mixing needle described in step 1 is taper mixing needle.
Default shaft shoulder intrusion control is in the range of 0.1-0.3mm described in step 1.
The insertion of the mixing needle should be greater than H1 and be less than 5/6H2.
Speed control is in 2-300mm/min when stirring-head pushes described in step 4.
In step 4 during welding, friction is stirred in a manner of high thermal weld stress to overlap welding, that is, controls institute
The rotating speed of stirring-head is stated between 800-3000rpm/min, and the rotating speed is not low with the ratio of the stirring-head gait of march
In 3.
It is of the invention main by the way of taper mixing needle is offset to advance side, it is stirred in a manner of high thermal weld stress
Friction is welded to overlap joint, and the volume under pressure of the shaft shoulder is controlled in the range of 0.1-0.3mm, and the insertion of mixing needle should be greater than H1 and small
In 5/6H2.The oxide-film that the mode biased using this mixing needle avoids overlapping at binding face is entered in the stirring area of joint,
On the basis of cleverly avoiding to caused by bridging arrangement joint advance side hook shape defect, while reduce to retreat and stirred in side
The formation of cold lapping defect in area.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 be in the present invention agitating friction to the schematic diagram of bridging arrangement welding procedure；
Fig. 2 is welded piece flat board welded piece structural representation in the present invention；
Fig. 3 is welded piece step welded piece structural representation in the present invention；
Fig. 4 is the metallograph of the aluminum alloy joint to bridging arrangement obtained using the welding method of the present invention：Wherein scheme a
For the macro morphology figure of the joint obtained using the welding method of the present invention, figure b is to be obtained using the welding method of the present invention
Joint retreats side micro-organization chart；
Fig. 5 is the metallograph of the aluminum alloy joint to bridging arrangement obtained using existing friction stir welding method：Its
Middle figure a is the macro morphology figure of the joint obtained using existing welding method, and figure b is the joint obtained using existing welding method
Retreat side micro-organization chart.
In figure：1 flat board welded piece, 2 step welded pieces, 3 first butting surfaces, 4 first overlap joint surfaces, 5 second pairs
Connect surface, 6 second overlap joint surfaces, 7 shaft shoulders, 8 mixing needles；A docks binding face, B overlap joint binding faces, C shaft shoulders face；H1 flat boards are welded
Workpiece is by the sheet metal thickness in welding zone domain, and H2 steps welded piece is by the sheet metal thickness in welding zone domain, and H3 flat board welded pieces are away from quilt
The sheet metal thickness in welding zone domain, H4 steps welded piece is away from by the sheet metal thickness in welding zone domain；L1 overlaps the laterally wide of binding face (B)
L1 is spent, from the shaft shoulder face (C) of connection mixing needle root to the distance for overlapping faying face (B) when the L2 shaft shoulders press to welding state,
L3 mixing needle length；D1 shaft shoulder diameters, diameter of the D2 mixing needles at L2, the diameter of D3 mixing needles root, D4 mixing needles are remote
The diameter of the end of the shaft shoulder.
Embodiment
In order to solve the problems, such as that prior art is present, as shown in Figures 1 to 5, reduce stirring the invention provides one kind and rub
The step of welding method to lap joint defect is welded in wiping, and agitating friction welding is to overlapping the method welded is as follows：
Step 1: the geometric parameter of measurement welded piece and stirring-head：
Welded piece includes flat board welded piece (1) and step welded piece (2), and flat board welded piece (1) includes first
Butting surface (3) and the first overlap joint surface (4), step welded piece (2) include the second butting surface (5) and the second overlap joint surface
(6)；The first butting surface (3) of flat board welded piece (1) closely pastes with the second butting surface (5) of step welded piece (2)
Docking faying face (A) is combined into, the first overlap joint surface (4) of flat board welded piece (1) is taken with the second of step welded piece (2)
Connect surface (6) and be brought into close contact composition overlap joint binding face (B)；Stirring-head includes the shaft shoulder (7) and mixing needle (8) interconnected：Axle
Shoulder (7) is the cylindrical shaft shoulder, and mixing needle (8) is taper mixing needle；
Measurement flat board welded piece (1) is welded close to docking binding face region by the sheet metal thickness H1 in welding zone domain, step
Workpiece (2) is by the sheet metal thickness H2 in welding zone domain, the diameter D1 of the shaft shoulder (7), overlap joint binding face (B) close to docking binding face region
Transverse width L1；Flat board welded piece is remote equal to H1, step welded piece away from should be less than by the sheet metal thickness H3 in welding zone domain
From should be less than being equal to H2 by the sheet metal thickness H4 in welding zone domain；The shaft shoulder (7) is tied when pressing to welding state from shaft shoulder face (C) to overlap joint
The distance L2 in conjunction face (B), it is the difference of sheet metal thickness H1 and default shaft shoulder volume under pressure, and default shaft shoulder volume under pressure should control
In the range of 0.1-0.3mm；Measure the diameter D2 of the mixing needle (8) at L2；The half of diameter D1 and diameter D2 difference should be greater than
It is not less than 0.5 (D1-D2) in transverse width L1, i.e. L1；Mixing needle (8) length L3 is more than sheet metal thickness H1 and is less than sheet metal thickness
H2；The diameter D3 of mixing needle (8) root is at least smaller 2mm than the shaft shoulder (7) diameter D1；End of the mixing needle (8) away from the shaft shoulder (7)
The diameter D4 at least small 2mm of diameter group D3；
Step 2: fixed welded piece：
Welded piece is fixed on the table using fixture, and makes flat board welded piece (1) closely to taking in step quilt
The top of welder's part (2), docking binding face (A) and overlap joint binding face (B) is set all to realize and be brought into close contact, flat board welded piece (1)
Same level is maintained at step welded piece (2) highest upper surface, completes the assembling of welded piece；
Step 3: determine welding position：
Overlap joint binding face side is used as and retreats side, opposite side is step welded piece (2) side as advance side；It is first
First, stirring-head is moved to above the docking binding face (A) of welded piece, makes the center line of mixing needle (8) positioned at docking binding face
(A) surface；Then the center line of mixing needle (8) is marched forward side horizontal-shift 0.5D2 distance, mixing needle (8) is existed
It is tangent with docking the intersection that binding face (A) and overlap joint binding face (B) are formed to overlap the outer wall at faying face (B) place, such as dotted line in Fig. 1
Shown in position, the positioning of stirring-head is completed；
Step 4: agitating friction welds：
Stirring-head is pushed in speed press-in welded piece with 2-300mm/min's, is kept stirring for pin (8) in overlap joint faying face
(B) outer wall at place all the time with dock binding face (A) and overlap binding face (B) formed intersection it is tangent；With high thermal weld stress
Mode controls stirring-head rotating speed between 800-3000rpm/min, and the gait of march (mm/ of rotating speed (rpm/min) and stirring-head
Min ratio) is not less than 3, makes stirring-head along the direction row parallel to docking binding face (A) and the intersection of welded piece upper surface
Walk, until welding is completed.
Embodiment 1
H1=4mm flat aluminium alloy plate is carried out to taking by welding plate material 2 by welding plate material 1 and H2=6mm aluminium alloy step
Standard is connect, interface binding face height is identical with H1, is 4mm, and overlap joint binding face length L1 elects 15mm as, then uses
The welding method of the present invention is stirred friction welding：The long L3=5.4mm of mixing needle, volume under pressure=0.2mm, mixing needle root are straight
Footpath D3=6mm, end diameter D4=4mm, a diameter of D2=4.6mm of mixing needle, shaft shoulder diameter D1 of overlap joint binding face junction
=18mm, rotating speed 800r/min, speed of welding 200mm/min, the distance at mixing needle biasing docking binding face center for 0.5 ×
4.6mm=2.3mm.Analysis on Microstructure shows that hook-shaped defect does not occur in advance side in joint, is particularly retreating stirring for side
The generation (as shown in Figure 4) for not finding cold lapping defect in area is mixed, therefore the quality of joint is significantly improved.
Comparative example 1
H1=4mm flat aluminium alloy plate is carried out to taking by welding plate material 2 by welding plate material 1 and H2=6mm aluminium alloy step
Standard is connect, interface binding face height is identical with H1, is 4mm, and overlap joint binding face length L1 elects 15mm as, then uses
The method of existing agitating friction welding：Mixing needle L3=5.4mm, volume under pressure 0.2mm, mixing needle root diameter (RD) D3=6mm, end
Portion diameter D4=4mm, the shaft shoulder diameter D1=18mm, rotating speed 800r/min, speed of welding 200mm/min, mixing needle center line are put
In the surface of docking binding face.Analysis on Microstructure is shown, although there is not hook-shaped defect in advance side within a fitting,
The cold lapping defect (as shown in Figure 5) for extending to stirring area is found that in the stirring area for retreating side, have impact on the quality of joint.
The present invention, using overlap joint binding face side as side is retreated, carries on the basis of tradition is to overlap joint agitating friction welding
Go out and welded the taper mixing needle mode that lateral deviation puts of marching forward, that is, a kind of agitating friction that reduces in applying is welded to taking
The welding method of joint defect, on the basis of cleverly avoiding to caused by bridging arrangement joint advance side hook shape defect,
Reduce simultaneously and retreat the cold lapping defect that side is formed in stirring area.
Operating procedure of the present invention is simple, it is easy to accomplish, welded suitable for the agitating friction to bridging arrangement of various thickness,
The quality of joint significantly improves.
The foregoing is only presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, be not intended to limit the invention, it is all the present invention spirit and
Within principle, any modification, equivalent substitution and improvements made etc., it should be included in the scope of the protection.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of reduce welding method of the agitating friction welding to lap joint defect, it is characterised in that the welding method bag
Include：
Step 1: the geometric parameter of measurement welded piece and stirring-head：
Welded piece includes flat board welded piece (1) and step welded piece (2), and flat board welded piece (1) includes the first docking
Surface (3) and the first overlap joint surface (4), step welded piece (2) include the second butting surface (5) and the second overlap joint surface (6)；
The first butting surface (3) of flat board welded piece (1) is brought into close contact group with the second butting surface (5) of step welded piece (2)
Faying face (A), the first overlap joint surface (4) of flat board welded piece (1) and the second overlap joint table of step welded piece (2) are connect in pairs
Face (6) is brought into close contact composition overlap joint binding face (B)；Stirring-head includes the shaft shoulder (7) and mixing needle (8) interconnected；
Flat board welded piece (1) is measured by the sheet metal thickness H1 in welding zone domain, step welded piece (2) by the sheet metal thickness in welding zone domain
H2, the diameter D1 of the shaft shoulder (7), the transverse width L1 of the overlap joint binding face (B), from axle when the shaft shoulder (7) presses to welding state
The distance L2, L2 of shoulder face (C) to overlap joint faying face (B) are the difference of the thickness H1 and default shaft shoulder volume under pressure, and are measured
The diameter D2 of mixing needle (8) at the L2；The half of the diameter D1 and the diameter D2 difference should be greater than being equal to the width
L1, i.e. L1 are not less than 0.5 (D1-D2)；Mixing needle (8) length L3 is more than the thickness H1 and is less than the thickness H2；Mixing needle
(8) the diameter D3 of root is at least smaller 2mm than the diameter D1；The diameter D4 of end of the mixing needle (8) away from the shaft shoulder (7) at least compares
The small 2mm of diameter D3；
Step 2: fixed welded piece：
The welded piece is fixed on the table using fixture, and makes flat board welded piece (1) closely to taking in step quilt
The top of welder's part (2), docking binding face (A) and overlap joint binding face (B) is set all to realize and be brought into close contact, flat board welded piece (1)
Same level is maintained at step welded piece (2) highest upper surface, completes the assembling of welded piece；
Step 3: determine welding position：
First, stirring-head is moved to above the docking binding face (A) of the welded piece, is located at the center line of mixing needle (8)
Dock the surface of binding face (A)；Then the center line of mixing needle (8) is marched forward side horizontal-shift 0.5D2 distance, makes to stir
It is tangent with docking the intersection that binding face (A) and overlap joint binding face (B) are formed to mix outer wall of the pin (8) at overlap joint faying face (B) place, it is complete
Into the positioning of stirring-head；
Step 4: agitating friction welds：
Stirring-head is pressed into the welded piece, keep the mixing needle (8) overlap joint faying face (B) place outer wall all the time with institute
It is tangent to state the intersection that docking binding face (A) and overlap joint binding face (B) are formed；Stirring-head is along parallel to the docking binding face (A)
Walked with the direction of the intersection of the welded piece upper surface, until welding is completed.
2. a kind of reduction agitating friction welding as claimed in claim 1 exists to the welding method of lap joint defect, its feature
In mixing needle described in step 1 (8) is taper mixing needle.
3. a kind of reduction agitating friction welding as claimed in claim 1 exists to the welding method of lap joint defect, its feature
In default shaft shoulder intrusion control is in the range of 0.1-0.3mm described in step 1.
4. a kind of reduction agitating friction welding as claimed in claim 1 exists to the welding method of lap joint defect, its feature
In the insertion of the mixing needle (8) should be greater than H1 and be less than 5/6H2.
5. a kind of reduction agitating friction welding as claimed in claim 1 exists to the welding method of lap joint defect, its feature
In speed control is in 2-300mm/min when stirring-head pushes described in step 4.
6. a kind of reduction agitating friction welding as claimed in claim 1 exists to the welding method of lap joint defect, its feature
In in step 4 during welding, friction being stirred in a manner of high thermal weld stress and connects welding, that is, controls the stirring-head
Rotating speed between 800-3000rpm/min, and the ratio of the rotating speed and the stirring-head gait of march is not less than 3.
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| CN201711373854.4A CN107876966B (en) | 2017-12-19 | 2017-12-19 | It is a kind of to reduce Friction Stir Welding to the welding method of lap joint defect |
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| CN201711373854.4A CN107876966B (en) | 2017-12-19 | 2017-12-19 | It is a kind of to reduce Friction Stir Welding to the welding method of lap joint defect |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108838510A (en) * | 2018-08-01 | 2018-11-20 | 沈阳航空航天大学 | A kind of welder and method improving the agitating friction weldering hook-shaped defect of lap joint |
| CN110977140A (en) * | 2019-12-10 | 2020-04-10 | 昆山万洲特种焊接有限公司 | Friction stir spot welding riveting tool and method for removing aluminum steel lap hook-shaped defects |
| CN115502542A (en) * | 2022-11-01 | 2022-12-23 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | Method for eliminating hook-shaped defect of aluminum alloy friction stir lap welding joint |
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| CN106001903A (en) * | 2016-06-23 | 2016-10-12 | 中车长春轨道客车股份有限公司 | Friction stir welding method for butt-lap joint composite connector aluminum alloy hollow extruded profile |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108838510A (en) * | 2018-08-01 | 2018-11-20 | 沈阳航空航天大学 | A kind of welder and method improving the agitating friction weldering hook-shaped defect of lap joint |
| CN108838510B (en) * | 2018-08-01 | 2020-09-01 | 沈阳航空航天大学 | Welding device and method for improving hook-shaped defect of friction stir welding lap joint |
| CN110977140A (en) * | 2019-12-10 | 2020-04-10 | 昆山万洲特种焊接有限公司 | Friction stir spot welding riveting tool and method for removing aluminum steel lap hook-shaped defects |
| CN110977140B (en) * | 2019-12-10 | 2022-06-07 | 昆山万洲特种焊接有限公司 | Friction stir spot welding riveting tool and method for removing aluminum steel lap hook-shaped defects |
| CN115502542A (en) * | 2022-11-01 | 2022-12-23 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | Method for eliminating hook-shaped defect of aluminum alloy friction stir lap welding joint |
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