CN107843205A - A kind of 3D printing feedback measurement apparatus and method based on laser interference - Google Patents
A kind of 3D printing feedback measurement apparatus and method based on laser interference Download PDFInfo
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- CN107843205A CN107843205A CN201711050114.7A CN201711050114A CN107843205A CN 107843205 A CN107843205 A CN 107843205A CN 201711050114 A CN201711050114 A CN 201711050114A CN 107843205 A CN107843205 A CN 107843205A
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- laser
- measurement apparatus
- measurement
- molten bath
- printing
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/16—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge
- G01B11/161—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge by interferometric means
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/25—Direct deposition of metal particles, e.g. direct metal deposition [DMD] or laser engineered net shaping [LENS]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/90—Means for process control, e.g. cameras or sensors
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y50/00—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
- B33Y50/02—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/38—Process control to achieve specific product aspects, e.g. surface smoothness, density, porosity or hollow structures
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of 3D printing feedback measurement apparatus and method based on laser interference, belong to precision manufactureing field, including video camera, polarizer, optical element, optical filter, LASER Light Source and the light-conductive optic fibre that poor shadow can be achieved, propose around a kind of tracking and monitoring molten bath from face strain method and device as 3D printing feedback control parameters, strained from face not only directly related with workpiece geometric shape, manufacturing deficiency can also be identified in time, avoid follow-up invalid processing；Strain field value is also used as the reference of finite element modelling, using workpiece dimension after known reliable constitutive model transitivity parameter prediction finally cooling, and then optimizes laser processing parameter.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to precision manufactureing field, more particularly to a kind of 3D printing feedback measurement apparatus based on laser interference and
Method.
Background technology
Laser fast shaping is the cutting edge technology of 3D printing, can realize the individual character of precision metal detail in a short period of time
Change customization, have huge potential application in fields such as aeronautical manufacture, medicine equipments.But in the technique bath temperature be up to 3,000 degree with
On, have that thermal stress distribution is uneven and its caused buckling deformation is serious during cold heat build-up is gathered, cause the workpiece processed
Geometric accuracy is relatively low, or even layered warping cracking.Therefore, it is thought that real-time monitoring feedback control and finite element modelling optimization
Two ways solves.
Existing most metal 3D printing feedback control Patents, be primarily upon monitoring in real time bath temperature, shape,
Highly, radiation spectrum etc., feedback control feeding speed, laser power, camera lens lifting capacity, floor height etc. are come.Its deficiency is, molten bath
In rapidly variable condition, and there are the situations such as convection current, sputtering, be unfavorable for stable detection.In addition, these are still in the condition of high temperature
Parameter, it is impossible to the geometry deformation after the final cooling of reflection directly perceived.
The field finite element modelling is then primarily upon multiple physical field coupling transient process, and problem is in such extreme condition
The related physical parameter of lower material constitutive is difficult acquisition or experimental verification.Unlike this patent molten bath outer rim solid of interest connects
Continuous areas of dielectric, be the constitutive model and physical parameter for having maturation, thus to molten bath outside region geometry deformation have well
It is predictive.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of 3D printing feedback measurement apparatus and method based on laser interference, solve with
Track monitoring strains around molten bath from face, using the technical problem from face strain as 3D printing feedback control parameters.
To achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme that：
A kind of 3D printing feedback measurement apparatus based on laser interference, including video camera, polarizer, the light that poor shadow can be achieved
Learn element, optical filter, LASER Light Source and light-conductive optic fibre, camera lens, polarizer, the optical element that poor shadow can be achieved and the filter of video camera
Mating plate sets laser beam expanding to set gradually at the light inlet connection LASER Light Source of light-conductive optic fibre one end, the light-emitting window of the other end
Mirror.
The optical element of the achievable poor shadow is Wollaston prism either birefringece crystal or prism.
The optical element of the achievable poor shadow is Wollaston prism, and Wollaston prism is integrated in one with optical filter
Rise.
The LASER Light Source is single longitudinal mode laser；The optical filter is bandpass filter, and its band center wavelength is survey
Amount optical maser wavelength.
The optical element that poor shadow can be achieved is rotationally connected with camera lens side, and can the rotation regulation of opposite polarization piece.
The polarizer is installed in retainer ring, and retainer ring is fixedly connected with camera lens, and retainer ring outer peripheral surface is provided with outer spiral shell
Line, the Wollaston prism are installed in swivel becket, and swivel becket is provided with internal thread, and swivel becket is threadedly coupled with retainer ring.
The other end of light-conductive optic fibre is fixed on the radial outside of the optical element of achievable poor shadow.
The measurement apparatus be arranged in parallel located at the side of the printhead of laser 3D printing machine, measurement apparatus with printhead, or
Person's measurement apparatus favour printhead and with printhead separately.
A kind of 3D printing feedback measuring method based on laser interference, sets a kind of 3D printing feedback based on laser interference
Measurement apparatus, the measurement apparatus coordinate the printhead of laser 3D printing machine to have front installation and side to install two kinds of mounting means：
During the installation of front, the parallel front side for being fixed on printhead of measurement apparatus either rear side or left side or right side, survey
Amount target area is front side either rear side or left side or the right side area of molten bath outer rim；
When side is installed, side refers to be arranged in workpieces processing molten bath side；
During measurement, the laser of measurement apparatus, which projects from C points and projects direction, to be fixed, and the laser that measurement apparatus is sent is becoming
The surface in the molten bath before shape forms 2 imagings of measurement point A and measurement point B, measurement point A and measurement point B and converges in same pixel
Point D, after the deformation of molten bath, laser that measurement apparatus is sent forms measurement point A1 and measurement point B1 in weld pool surface, measurement point A1 and
2 imagings of measurement point B1 equally converge in same pixel D, and the light path before the deformation of molten bath is respectively CA+AD and CB+BD, molten bath
Its light path is respectively then CA1+A1D and CB1+B1D after deformation occurs, and measurement point A1 to measurement point A height is hA, measurement point B1
Height to measurement point B is hB, 2hA=(CA+AD)-(CA1+A1D), 2hB=(CB+BD)-(CB1+B1D), after the deformation of molten bath
The bright dark cycle (measurement optical maser wavelength) of pixel one of formation is 2 (h corresponding to actual strainA-hB), and it is AB's to strain gauge length
Horizontal range, the size for straining gauge length are adjusted by poor shadow amount caused by the optical element of achievable poor shadow.
A kind of 3D printing feedback measurement apparatus and method based on laser interference of the present invention, it is proposed that one kind tracking
Monitor molten bath around from face strain method and device be used as 3D printing feedback control parameters, from face strain not only with workpiece geometry
Profile is directly related, can also identify manufacturing deficiency in time, avoids follow-up invalid processing；Strain field value is also used as finite element
The reference of simulation, using workpiece dimension after known reliable constitutive model transitivity parameter prediction finally cooling, enter
And optimize laser processing parameter.
Brief description of the drawings
Structural representation when Fig. 1 is measurement apparatus measurement；
Fig. 2 is working state schematic representation of the present invention；
Fig. 3 is the structural representation of camera lens and polarizer, Wollaston prism and optical filter；
In figure：Video camera 1, camera lens 2, polarizer 3, Wollaston prism 4, optical filter 5, light-conductive optic fibre 6, laser beam expanding lens
7th, printhead 8, workpiece have completed part 9, just in machined layer 10, retainer ring 11, swivel becket 12.
Embodiment
Embodiment one：
A kind of 3D printing feedback measurement apparatus based on laser interference as shown in Figure 1-Figure 3, including video camera 1, polarization
Piece 3, optical element, optical filter 5, LASER Light Source and the light-conductive optic fibre 6 that poor shadow can be achieved,
The camera lens 2 of video camera 1, polarizer 3, the optical element that poor shadow can be achieved and optical filter 5 set gradually and along one
Bar optical axis relative set successively from top to bottom.
The video camera is CCD or high-speed camera, the optical element of the achievable poor shadow for Wollaston prism 4 or
Person's birefringece crystal or prism, in the present embodiment, the optical element of the achievable poor shadow is Wollaston prism 4, described
Optical filter 5 is bandpass filter, and its band center wavelength is measurement optical maser wavelength, and laser can use blue light or feux rouges, is surveyed
Amount optical maser wavelength is conventional optical maser wavelength.
The polarizer 3 is installed in retainer ring 11, and retainer ring 11 is fixedly connected with camera lens, one end inner ring table of retainer ring 11
Face sets internal thread, other end outer peripheral surface to set external screw thread, and mirror head outer shell sets external screw thread, the internal thread and mirror of retainer ring 11
The external screw thread of head shell is engaged to form threaded connection；Wollaston prism 4 integrates with optical filter 5, the Walla this
Prism 4 is installed in swivel becket, and optical filter 5 is also installed in swivel becket 12, and swivel becket 12 is provided with internal thread, swivel becket 12 and
Retainer ring 11 is threadedly coupled, and the internal thread of swivel becket 12 is threadedly coupled with the external screw thread of retainer ring.
Polarizer 3 is fixed on the side of camera lens 2, and the optical element that poor shadow can be achieved is rotationally connected with camera lens side, and can phase
Polarizer 3 is rotated and adjusted, Wollaston prism 4 can both rotate relative to camera lens 2 to be adjusted, again can the rotation regulation of opposite polarization piece.
The LASER Light Source is single longitudinal mode laser, the light inlet connection LASER Light Source of the one end of light-conductive optic fibre 6, the other end
The light-emitting window, another of laser beam expanding lens 7, i.e. the light inlet connection single longitudinal mode laser of the one end of light-conductive optic fibre 6 is set at light-emitting window
Laser beam expanding lens 7 are set outside the light-emitting window at end, and laser beam expanding lens 7 are adjustable focus micro lens, and light-emitting window is towards measured object, laser
The laser that light source is sent passes sequentially through light-conductive optic fibre and the directive measured object of laser beam expanding lens 7.
The other end of light-conductive optic fibre 6 is fixed on the radial outside of the optical element of achievable poor shadow or the footpath of optical filter 5
The either radial outside of the camera lens of the radial outside of polarizer 3 or video camera 1 laterally, in the present embodiment, light-conductive optic fibre 6
The other end (light-emitting window end) is located at the downside of camera lens 2 and is fixed on the radial outside of the optical element of achievable poor shadow, light-conductive optic fibre 6
The other end (light-emitting window end) be fixed on by elements such as clasps Wollaston prism 4 swivel becket lateral surface.
The measurement apparatus (referring to a kind of 3D printing feedback measurement apparatus based on laser interference) is fixedly arranged on laser 3D printing machine
Printhead 8 side, measurement apparatus be arranged in parallel with printhead 8, or measurement apparatus favours printhead 8 and and printhead
8 separately, i.e., measurement apparatus sets (as shown in Figure 2) with printhead in certain acute angle, and printhead 8 includes feeding head and swashed
Bare headed (referring to superlaser coupling head), printhead is prior art, therefore is not described in detail.
Video camera electrically connects with computer, computer installing analysis control software.
Embodiment two：
A kind of 3D printing feedback measuring method based on laser interference shown in embodiment two is described in embodiment one
Realized on the basis of a kind of 3D printing feedback measurement apparatus based on laser interference, a kind of 3D printing based on laser interference is anti-
Feedback measurement apparatus is referred to as measurement apparatus, and the measurement apparatus coordinates the printhead 8 of laser 3D printing machine to have front installation and side
Two kinds of mounting means are installed：
During the installation of front, the parallel front side for being fixed on printhead 8 of measurement apparatus either rear side or left side or right side, survey
Amount target area is front side either rear side or left side or the right side area of the outer rim of molten bath 11；The present embodiment is pacified using front
Dress；
When side is installed, side refers to be arranged in the side of workpieces processing molten bath 11；Two kinds of mounting means can be according to strain
The continuity identification defect of distribution.Unlike the detection of existing conventional lossless, conventional laser Non-Destructive Testing needs to apply in addition
The outer load of the forms such as heat, ultrasound, and this patent is then directly carried using molten bath heat.
Front installation measurement molten bath is heated front and rear from face strain gradient, and one side connects therebetween reflects molten bath change course,
3D printing feedback control parameters can be used as；On the other hand can be as the model reference of finite element analysis.So avoid molten bath letter
Breath obtains difficulty, and FEM model is verified by the continuous field strain measurement value of melt tank edge, then final cold by finite element deduction
But the workpiece configurations after.
Side installation measurement is then by adjusting Wollaston prism come controlled strain datum quantity (strain gauge length) and 3D printing
Thickness matches.Its measurement result reflection be layer and interlayer acoplanarity displacement amount difference, be as a result also used equally in real time monitoring with
Finite element modelling benchmark.
Printhead 8 constantly sprays melted material, forms workpiece and has completed part 9, workpiece has completed the top layer of part 9
For just in machined layer 10.
During measurement, the laser of measurement apparatus is projected and projected from C point (C points are to go out luminous point on laser beam expanding lens 7)
Direction is fixed, the surface in molten bath 11 before being deformed formed 2 points of institutes of measurement point A and measurement point B, measurement point A and measurement point B into
As converging in same pixel D on CCD target surfaces, after molten bath 11 deforms, the surface of molten bath 11 of laser after deformation forms measurement point A1
Same pixel D, the laser before the deformation of molten bath 11 are equally converged in 2 imagings of measurement point B1, measurement point A1 and measurement point B1
Light path is respectively CA+AD and CB+BD, and its light path is respectively then CA1+A1D and CB1+B1D after the deformation of molten bath 11 occurs, measurement point
A1 to measurement point A height is hA, and measurement point B1 to measurement point B height is hB, 2hA=(CA+AD)-(CA1+A1D), 2hB
=(CB+BD)-(CB1+B1D), the bright dark cycle (measurement optical maser wavelength) of pixel one that molten bath 11 is formed after deforming correspond to real
Border strain is 2 (hA-hB), and the horizontal range that gauge length is AB is strained, the size for straining gauge length is first by the optics that poor shadow can be achieved
Poor shadow amount is adjusted caused by part.Deformation refers to bulge or collapsed.
Before i.e. molten bath 11 deforms, two laser directive measurement point A and measurement point B simultaneously, then this two laser exist respectively
Converged in after measurement point A and measurement point B reflections on same pixel D, the light path of two laser is respectively：CA+AD and CB+BD,
Measurement apparatus and C points position are constant, after being deformed in molten bath 11, the measurement on weld pool surface after two laser difference directive deformations
Point A1 and measurement point B1, now the light path of two laser be respectively：CA1+A1D and CB1+B1D, as long as CA+AD is not equal to CA1+
A1D and/or CB+BD is not equal to CB1+B1D, just illustrates that molten bath 11 deforms, the cokled surface of molten bath 11 or collapses.
The practical operation of the present embodiment is exactly：One laser beam expanded is radiated at body surface, as far as possible vertical irradiation.
Camera vertical object surface video recording simultaneously, it is particularly defective to may result in the inconsistent of deformation during to deformation of body, in video recording
Irregular deformation striped just occurs in face, and striped is regular if not having defect.Explanation above is to say that a pixel can be bright dark
Mechanical periodicity, shoot into image, exactly many pixels represent body surface together, it is seen that be exactly fringe distribution.
A kind of 3D printing feedback measurement apparatus and method based on laser interference of the present invention, before the deformation of molten bath or
Prediction starts to gather a two field picture and is stored in calculator memory, and the follow-up position that monitors deforms increase in the temperature-rise period of molten bath,
Pixel will appear from light and shade mechanical periodicity with respect to pre-stored image respective pixel in gathered image, by recording each pixel of statistical analysis
Light and shade change frequency can reflect monitoring position deformation.This is different from needing monitoring position to have phase in usual laser interferometry
More continuous fringe distribution is produced to smooth continuous diffusing reflection surface, and in the plane of delineation, measurement is then depended on to bar graph
The analysis of relation between middle adjacent pixel, is realized by Phase Unwrapping Algorithm.
Claims (9)
- A kind of 1. 3D printing feedback measurement apparatus based on laser interference, it is characterised in that：Including video camera (1), polarizer (3) optical element, optical filter (5), LASER Light Source and the light-conductive optic fibre (6) of poor shadow, camera lens, the polarization of video camera (1), can be achieved To set gradually, the light inlet connection of light-conductive optic fibre (6) one end swashs for piece (3), the optical element that poor shadow can be achieved and optical filter (5) Radiant, the other end light-emitting window at set laser beam expanding lens (7).
- A kind of 2. 3D printing feedback measurement apparatus based on laser interference as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that：It is described can The optical element for realizing poor shadow is Wollaston prism (4) either birefringece crystal or Michelson prism.
- A kind of 3. 3D printing feedback measurement apparatus based on laser interference as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that：It is described can The optical element for realizing poor shadow is Wollaston prism (4), and Wollaston prism (4) integrates with optical filter (5).
- A kind of 4. 3D printing feedback measurement apparatus based on laser interference as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that：It is described to swash Radiant is single longitudinal mode laser；The optical filter (5) is bandpass filter, and its band center wavelength is measurement laser wave It is long.
- A kind of 5. 3D printing feedback measurement apparatus based on laser interference as claimed in claim 3, it is characterised in that：It can be achieved The optical element of poor shadow is rotationally connected with camera lens side, and can opposite polarization piece (3) rotation regulation.
- A kind of 6. 3D printing feedback measurement apparatus based on laser interference as claimed in claim 5, it is characterised in that：It is described inclined The piece (3) that shakes is installed in retainer ring, and retainer ring is fixedly connected with camera lens, and retainer ring outer peripheral surface is provided with external screw thread, the Walla This prism (4) is installed in swivel becket, and swivel becket is provided with internal thread, and swivel becket is threadedly coupled with retainer ring.
- A kind of 7. 3D printing feedback measurement apparatus based on laser interference as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that：Guide-lighting light The other end of fine (6) be fixed on the radial outside of the optical element of achievable poor shadow either the radial outside of optical filter (5) or The radial outside of the radial outside of polarizer (3) or the camera lens of video camera (1).
- A kind of 8. 3D printing feedback measurement apparatus based on laser interference as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that：The measurement Device be arranged in parallel located at the side of the printhead (8) of laser 3D printing machine, measurement apparatus with printhead (8), or measurement dress Put favour printhead (8) set and with printhead (8) separately.
- A kind of 9. 3D printing feedback measuring method based on laser interference, it is characterised in that：One kind described in claim 1 is set 3D printing feedback measurement apparatus based on laser interference, the measurement apparatus coordinate the printhead (8) of laser 3D printing machine to have front Two kinds of mounting means are installed in installation and side：During the installation of front, the parallel front side for being fixed on printhead (8) of measurement apparatus either rear side or left side or right side, measurement Target area is front side either rear side or the left side or right side area of molten bath (11) outer rim；When side is installed, side refers to be arranged in workpieces processing molten bath (11) side；During measurement, the laser of measurement apparatus, which projects from C points and projects direction, to be fixed, and the laser that measurement apparatus is sent is before being deformed Molten bath (11) surface formed 2 imagings of measurement point A and measurement point B, measurement point A and measurement point B converge in same pixel D, after molten bath (11) deformation, the laser that measurement apparatus is sent forms measurement point A1 and measurement point B1, measurement on molten bath (11) surface 2 imagings of point A1 and measurement point B1 equally converge in same pixel D, and the light path before molten bath (11) deformation is respectively CA+AD And CB+BD, its light path is respectively then CA1+A1D and CB1+B1D after molten bath (11) deformation occurs, and measurement point A1 is to measurement point A's Highly it is hA, measurement point B1 to measurement point B height is hB, 2hA=(CA+AD)-(CA1+A1D)；2hB=(CB+BD)-(CB1 + B1D), the bright dark cycle of pixel one formed after molten bath (11) deformation is 2 (h corresponding to actual strainA-hB), and strain gauge length For AB horizontal range, the size for straining gauge length is adjusted by poor shadow amount caused by the optical element of achievable poor shadow.
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