CN107821264A - 一种螃蟹的养殖饲料及养殖方法 - Google Patents
一种螃蟹的养殖饲料及养殖方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种螃蟹的养殖饲料及养殖方法,包括以下步骤:选择水质良好无污染、池底平整的水域,围上围栏,建成池塘;在池塘内种植水草;将蟹苗放入池塘中,养殖密度为每亩400~500只螃蟹为宜;在养殖螃蟹的过程中,要经常观察并调节养殖条件;养殖螃蟹过程中,每天早晚各投放一次饵料;10月份可将成蟹通过螃蟹笼捕捞上市,本发明在饲养阶段给螃蟹喂食的饲料,是将传统的粗饲料和精饲料进行组合,并通过添加中草药来防止螃蟹生病,提高螃蟹的胃口,从而促进螃蟹进食,同时也可增加饲料的营养价值,提高螃蟹对饲料的消化率,所饲养出的螃蟹健康,存活率高,生病率低下,肉质良好、口感好,且无毒副物质残留,安全健康,符合绿色食品要求。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种养殖方法,尤其是涉及一种螃蟹的养殖饲料及养殖方法。
背景技术
螃蟹:动物界,节肢动物门,甲壳动物亚门,软甲纲,真软甲亚纲,十足目,腹胚亚目,短尾下目。是甲壳类动物,身体被硬壳保护着,靠鳃呼吸。在生物分类学上,它与虾、龙虾、寄居蟹是同类动物。螃蟹又称螯毛蟹、梭子蟹、青蟹,属甲壳类动物。螃蟹的种类多达500余种,大体可分为两类:一是海蟹,二是河蟹。河蟹又分辽河水系、黄河水系、长江水系三种。绝大多数种类的螃蟹生活在海里或近海区,也有一些栖于淡水或陆地。它们靠母蟹来生小螃蟹,每次母蟹都会产很多的卵,数量可达数百万粒以上。螃蟹是依靠地磁场来判断方向的。中国食蟹的历史悠久,《逸周书·王会解》《周礼·天官·疱人》中均有记载。这类生物遗传物质数目复杂且有着很大的差异性,常多达100多对。常见的螃蟹有大闸蟹(河蟹、毛蟹、青蟹)、梭子蟹等。
为了提高幼蟹的成活率,增加经济效益,首先要培育扣蟹。为了把当年的大眼幼体达到商品蟹,大多采用塑料大棚暂养技术。选择水质良好,水源充足;注、排水方便,不漏水、不渗水、淤泥少的池塘,面积不宜太大,水深不超过1.2米,池形东西向为好,阳光充足,大棚建设可参照农业蔬菜大棚建设方法。
在放蟹苗前15~20天,每亩用75公斤生石灰泼洒消毒,待药性消失后,用80目的滤网进水,培育基础饵料,移植水草(必须严格消毒),并设立必要的防逃设施。蟹苗入池时可适当浅些。有利于提高水温和水中藻类、水草的生长。每天投喂饵料2~3次,投喂豆浆、鱼、虾糜等,投喂进应多投在周边浅地区,投饵料按体重的4%计算,并随时注意天气、水制裁、个体生长,争饵生物的多寡而定。随着幼蟹的生长也应增加一些植物性饵料,如:浮萍等优质水草,在日常管理中注意水质调节,要掌握水质肥而爽,换水时要勤换少换,不要引起水温和水位的剧烈变化。经过2个月左右的培育可达到扣蟹。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题是克服现有的螃蟹养殖方法不合理、螃蟹生长缓慢的缺陷,提供一种螃蟹的养殖饲料及养殖方法,从而解决上述问题。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供如下技术方案:一种螃蟹的养殖饲料及养殖方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)选择池塘;选择水质良好无污染、池底平整的水域,围上围栏,建成池塘;围栏***池塘低60cm为宜,并在围栏底部铺设加固板,防止螃蟹外逃;
(2)构建养蟹环境;清除池塘底部过多的淤泥,留12cm深的淤泥为宜,然后彻底消毒,消毒过后彻底换一次水,在淤泥内5~10cm处设置带有多个出气口的软管,软管与增氧机相连,通过增氧机和软管向池塘内充氧气,以免螃蟹窒息;在池塘内种植水草,水草不但是螃蟹的食物,而且可以净化水质,水草的主要品种为苦草、伊乐藻和轮叶黑藻;
(3)将蟹苗放入池塘中,投放蟹苗时水温在10~12℃为宜,投放过程中先将蟹苗放入池塘水中3~4分钟,在放回岸边30~35分钟,反复2次,让蟹苗适应水温,养殖密度为每亩400~500只螃蟹为宜;
(4)在养殖螃蟹的过程中,要经常观察并调节养殖条件,池塘水温在10~32℃,PH值在6~8,溶解氧含量在5~9mg/L为宜。
(5)饲料制备:所述饲料原料包括以下重量比的成份:硅酸盐细菌0.5-0.8份、粪链球菌1-3份、木霉菌0.6-0.8份、沼泽红假单胞菌2-5份、酵母菌0.3-0.5份、鱼骨粉50-60份、醋糟粉65-70份、废液沉淀物50-55份、米糠40-60份、红糖12-14份、食盐10-14份、猪粪80-85份、猪肉屠宰场废弃物45-55份、水草60-65份、碳酸氢钙12-16份、尿素14-17份、柠檬酸铁1-3份、维生素B10.6-0.8份、维生素B120.2-0.6份、玄参15-20份,决明子15-20份,连翘13-18份,射干13-18份,马勃13-18份,青果10-12份,锦灯笼8-10份,虎杖5-8份,红藤5-8份,山豆根3-5份;制备方法包括以下步骤:(1)将水草晾干,使其含水量在40%以下,将其切断至2-4cm,然后按照所述比例加入鱼骨粉、醋糟粉、米糠、红糖、食盐,充分搅拌,混合均匀;(2)将上述混合物进行发酵,所述的发酵是好氧堆肥发酵,发酵用水占物料总重量的20-30%,给氧时间冬季为50-60小时,夏季为20-25小时,发酵温度为45-60℃,发酵时间为7-10天;(3)将废液沉淀物、猪粪、猪肉屠宰场废弃物按照所述的比例混合均匀,加入酵母菌、粪链球菌进行发酵;将上述物质置入池中混合腐沤,上部盖上塑料薄膜,进行3-5天预发酵;然后将塑料薄膜揭去,并且进行搅拌,让混合物接触氧气,逐渐升高温度,从常温到50℃,保持1-3天后继续翻堆,然后从50℃升到60℃,保持时间为2-4天,然后将温度降至常温,保持6-8天,直至完全熟化,发酵完毕;(4)将经过步骤(1)和步骤(2)发酵、消毒后的有机混合物进行干燥,干燥温度为45-60℃,干燥到含水量为15-25%;(5)将硅酸盐细菌、木霉菌、沼泽红假单胞菌按照所述比例加入到上述物料中,充分混合,搅拌均匀;(6)将碳酸氢钙、尿素、柠檬酸铁、维生素B1、维生素B12按照所述比例加入到混合物中,充分混合,搅拌均匀;(7)加入玄参15-20份,决明子15-20份,连翘13-18份,射干13-18份,马勃13-18份,青果10-12份,锦灯笼8-10份,虎杖5-8份,红藤5-8份,山豆根3-5份之后将上述物料在18-45℃的条件下进行低温干燥,使其含水量为10%以下;
(6)养殖螃蟹过程中,每7天换一次水,每天早晚各投放一次上述饲料,每次投放量为螃蟹体重的4%~5%;
(7)5~7月份水温升高,每日夜间22~23时打开增氧机,至次日3~5时关闭;
(8)10月份可将成蟹通过螃蟹笼捕捞上市。
进一步的,在投放蟹苗前在池塘内投放一批螺丝。
进一步的,所述的养殖水硬度小于350mg/L。
进一步的,池塘内的水深保持在0.8~0.9m。
与目前技术相比,本发明具有以下有益效果:
1.一种螃蟹的养殖饲料及养殖方法,本发明所提供的养殖方法从选择池塘、构建养蟹环境到饲料喂养进行了限定,选择水质良好无污染、池底平整的水域,有利于螃蟹的生长,保证了蟹苗不会在污染的环境中感染病菌。
2.一种螃蟹的养殖饲料及养殖方法,围栏***池塘低60cm为宜,并在围栏底部铺设加固板,防止螃蟹外逃,不会让健康的螃蟹跑走,而造成不必要的损失。
3.一种螃蟹的养殖饲料及养殖方法,本发明在饲养阶段给螃蟹喂食的饲料,是将传统的粗饲料和精饲料进行组合,并通过添加中草药来防止螃蟹生病,提高螃蟹的胃口,从而促进螃蟹进食,同时也可增加饲料的营养价值,提高螃蟹对饲料的消化率;
4.一种螃蟹的养殖饲料及养殖方法,本发明的养殖方法科学合理,所饲养出的螃蟹健康,存活率高,生病率低下,肉质良好、口感好,且无毒副物质残留,安全健康,符合绿色食品要求。
具体实施方式
下面对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例,基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
一种螃蟹的养殖饲料及养殖方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)选择池塘;选择水质良好无污染、池底平整的水域,围上围栏,建成池塘;围栏***池塘低60cm为宜,并在围栏底部铺设加固板,防止螃蟹外逃;
(2)构建养蟹环境;清除池塘底部过多的淤泥,留12cm深的淤泥为宜,然后彻底消毒,消毒过后彻底换一次水,在淤泥内5~10cm处设置带有多个出气口的软管,软管与增氧机相连,通过增氧机和软管向池塘内充氧气,以免螃蟹窒息;在池塘内种植水草,水草不但是螃蟹的食物,而且可以净化水质,水草的主要品种为苦草、伊乐藻和轮叶黑藻;
(3)将蟹苗放入池塘中,投放蟹苗时水温在10~12℃为宜,投放过程中先将蟹苗放入池塘水中3~4分钟,在放回岸边30~35分钟,反复2次,让蟹苗适应水温,养殖密度为每亩400~500只螃蟹为宜;
(4)在养殖螃蟹的过程中,要经常观察并调节养殖条件,池塘水温在10~32℃,PH值在6~8,溶解氧含量在5~9mg/L为宜。
(5)饲料制备:所述饲料原料包括以下重量比的成份:硅酸盐细菌0.5份、粪链球菌3份、木霉菌0.6份、沼泽红假单胞菌5份、酵母菌0.3份、鱼骨粉60份、醋糟粉65份、废液沉淀物55份、米糠40份、红糖14份、食盐10份、猪粪85份、猪肉屠宰场废弃物45份、水草65份、碳酸氢钙12份、尿素17份、柠檬酸铁1份、维生素B10.8份、维生素B120.2份、玄参20份,决明子15份,连翘18份,射干13份,马勃18份,青果10份,锦灯笼10份,虎杖5份,红藤8份,山豆根3份;制备方法包括以下步骤:(1)将水草晾干,使其含水量在40%以下,将其切断至2-4cm,然后按照所述比例加入鱼骨粉、醋糟粉、米糠、红糖、食盐,充分搅拌,混合均匀;(2)将上述混合物进行发酵,所述的发酵是好氧堆肥发酵,发酵用水占物料总重量的20-30%,给氧时间冬季为50-60小时,夏季为20-25小时,发酵温度为45-60℃,发酵时间为7-10天;(3)将废液沉淀物、猪粪、猪肉屠宰场废弃物按照所述的比例混合均匀,加入酵母菌、粪链球菌进行发酵;将上述物质置入池中混合腐沤,上部盖上塑料薄膜,进行3-5天预发酵;然后将塑料薄膜揭去,并且进行搅拌,让混合物接触氧气,逐渐升高温度,从常温到50℃,保持1-3天后继续翻堆,然后从50℃升到60℃,保持时间为2-4天,然后将温度降至常温,保持6-8天,直至完全熟化,发酵完毕;(4)将经过步骤(1)和步骤(2)发酵、消毒后的有机混合物进行干燥,干燥温度为45-60℃,干燥到含水量为15-25%;(5)将硅酸盐细菌、木霉菌、沼泽红假单胞菌按照所述比例加入到上述物料中,充分混合,搅拌均匀;(6)将碳酸氢钙、尿素、柠檬酸铁、维生素B1、维生素B12按照所述比例加入到混合物中,充分混合,搅拌均匀;(7)加入玄参15-20份,决明子15-20份,连翘13-18份,射干13-18份,马勃13-18份,青果10-12份,锦灯笼8-10份,虎杖5-8份,红藤5-8份,山豆根3-5份之后将上述物料在18-45℃的条件下进行低温干燥,使其含水量为10%以下;
(6)养殖螃蟹过程中,每7天换一次水,每天早晚各投放一次上述饲料,每次投放量为螃蟹体重的4%~5%;
(7)5~7月份水温升高,每日夜间22~23时打开增氧机,至次日3~5时关闭;
(8)10月份可将成蟹通过螃蟹笼捕捞上市。
进一步的,在投放蟹苗前在池塘内投放一批螺丝。
进一步的,所述的养殖水硬度小于350mg/L。
进一步的,池塘内的水深保持在0.8~0.9m。
实施例2
一种螃蟹的养殖饲料及养殖方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)选择池塘;选择水质良好无污染、池底平整的水域,围上围栏,建成池塘;围栏***池塘低60cm为宜,并在围栏底部铺设加固板,防止螃蟹外逃;
(2)构建养蟹环境;清除池塘底部过多的淤泥,留12cm深的淤泥为宜,然后彻底消毒,消毒过后彻底换一次水,在淤泥内5~10cm处设置带有多个出气口的软管,软管与增氧机相连,通过增氧机和软管向池塘内充氧气,以免螃蟹窒息;在池塘内种植水草,水草不但是螃蟹的食物,而且可以净化水质,水草的主要品种为苦草、伊乐藻和轮叶黑藻;
(3)将蟹苗放入池塘中,投放蟹苗时水温在10~12℃为宜,投放过程中先将蟹苗放入池塘水中3~4分钟,在放回岸边30~35分钟,反复2次,让蟹苗适应水温,养殖密度为每亩400~500只螃蟹为宜;
(4)在养殖螃蟹的过程中,要经常观察并调节养殖条件,池塘水温在10~32℃,PH值在6~8,溶解氧含量在5~9mg/L为宜。
(5)饲料制备:所述饲料原料包括以下重量比的成份:硅酸盐细菌0.8份、粪链球菌1份、木霉菌0.8份、沼泽红假单胞菌2份、酵母菌0.5份、鱼骨粉50份、醋糟粉70份、废液沉淀物50份、米糠60份、红糖12份、食盐14份、猪粪80份、猪肉屠宰场废弃物55份、水草60份、碳酸氢钙16份、尿素14份、柠檬酸铁3份、维生素B10.6份、维生素B120.6份、玄参15份,决明子15份,连翘13份,射干18份,马勃13份,青果12份,锦灯笼8份,虎杖8份,红藤5份,山豆根5份;制备方法包括以下步骤:(1)将水草晾干,使其含水量在40%以下,将其切断至2-4cm,然后按照所述比例加入鱼骨粉、醋糟粉、米糠、红糖、食盐,充分搅拌,混合均匀;(2)将上述混合物进行发酵,所述的发酵是好氧堆肥发酵,发酵用水占物料总重量的20-30%,给氧时间冬季为50-60小时,夏季为20-25小时,发酵温度为45-60℃,发酵时间为7-10天;(3)将废液沉淀物、猪粪、猪肉屠宰场废弃物按照所述的比例混合均匀,加入酵母菌、粪链球菌进行发酵;将上述物质置入池中混合腐沤,上部盖上塑料薄膜,进行3-5天预发酵;然后将塑料薄膜揭去,并且进行搅拌,让混合物接触氧气,逐渐升高温度,从常温到50℃,保持1-3天后继续翻堆,然后从50℃升到60℃,保持时间为2-4天,然后将温度降至常温,保持6-8天,直至完全熟化,发酵完毕;(4)将经过步骤(1)和步骤(2)发酵、消毒后的有机混合物进行干燥,干燥温度为45-60℃,干燥到含水量为15-25%;(5)将硅酸盐细菌、木霉菌、沼泽红假单胞菌按照所述比例加入到上述物料中,充分混合,搅拌均匀;(6)将碳酸氢钙、尿素、柠檬酸铁、维生素B1、维生素B12按照所述比例加入到混合物中,充分混合,搅拌均匀;(7)加入玄参15-20份,决明子15-20份,连翘13-18份,射干13-18份,马勃13-18份,青果10-12份,锦灯笼8-10份,虎杖5-8份,红藤5-8份,山豆根3-5份之后将上述物料在18-45℃的条件下进行低温干燥,使其含水量为10%以下;
(6)养殖螃蟹过程中,每7天换一次水,每天早晚各投放一次上述饲料,每次投放量为螃蟹体重的4%~5%;
(7)5~7月份水温升高,每日夜间22~23时打开增氧机,至次日3~5时关闭;
(8)10月份可将成蟹通过螃蟹笼捕捞上市。
进一步的,在投放蟹苗前在池塘内投放一批螺丝。
进一步的,所述的养殖水硬度小于350mg/L。
进一步的,池塘内的水深保持在0.8~0.9m。
下面介绍本发明的饲养过程:
首先,选择水质良好无污染、池底平整的水域,围上围栏,建成池塘;围栏***池塘低60cm为宜,并在围栏底部铺设加固板,防止螃蟹外逃;清除池塘底部过多的淤泥,留12cm深的淤泥,然后彻底消毒,消毒过后彻底换一次水,在淤泥内5~10cm处设置带有多个出气口的软管,软管与增氧机相连;在池塘内种植水草,水草的主要品种为苦草、伊乐藻和轮叶黑藻;将蟹苗放入池塘中,投放蟹苗时水温在10~12℃为宜,投放过程中先将蟹苗放入池塘水中3~4分钟,在放回岸边30~35分钟,反复2次,让蟹苗适应水温,养殖密度为每亩400~500只螃蟹为宜;在养殖螃蟹的过程中,要经常观察并调节养殖条件,池塘水温在10~32℃,PH值在6~8,溶解氧含量在5~9mg/L为宜;养殖螃蟹过程中,每7天换一次水,每天早晚各投放一次饲料,每次投放量为螃蟹体重的4%~5%;5~7月份水温升高,每日夜间22~23时打开增氧机,至次日3~5时关闭;10月份可将成蟹通过螃蟹笼捕捞上市。
应用试验例:按照实施例1和实施例2的养殖饲料和养殖方法,本申请人在某螃蟹养殖场进行了对比实验,并在对比实验过程采集有关数据,蟹苗被均分成三组,两组为实验组,该实验组采用本发明实施例1和实施例2提供的养殖饲料和养殖方法饲养,一组为对照组,该对照组则采用普通养殖方法和养殖饲料饲养。实验结果如表1:
从表1可以看出,采用本发明实施例1和实施例2所提供的养殖方法饲养的实验组螃蟹,相较采用普通养殖方法饲养的对照组螃蟹,其螃蟹的平均净增重均较高,且整个实验期间,实验组的螃蟹死亡数量少于对照组相应的数值,这说明,本发明所提供的养殖方法科学合理,所使用的螃蟹专用饲料可提高螃蟹的抗病能力,降低螃蟹死亡的可能性,大大提高了产量。
最后应说明的是:以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施例而已,并不用于限制本发明,尽管参照前述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明,对于本领域的技术人员来说,其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改,或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (4)
1.一种螃蟹的养殖饲料及养殖方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
(1)选择池塘;选择水质良好无污染、池底平整的水域,围上围栏,建成池塘;围栏***池塘低60cm为宜,并在围栏底部铺设加固板,防止螃蟹外逃;
(2)构建养蟹环境;清除池塘底部过多的淤泥,留12cm深的淤泥为宜,然后彻底消毒,消毒过后彻底换一次水,在淤泥内5~10cm处设置带有多个出气口的软管,软管与增氧机相连,通过增氧机和软管向池塘内充氧气,以免螃蟹窒息;在池塘内种植水草,水草不但是螃蟹的食物,而且可以净化水质,水草的主要品种为苦草、伊乐藻和轮叶黑藻;
(3)将蟹苗放入池塘中,投放蟹苗时水温在10~12℃为宜,投放过程中先将蟹苗放入池塘水中3~4分钟,在放回岸边30~35分钟,反复2次,让蟹苗适应水温,养殖密度为每亩400~500只螃蟹为宜;
(4)在养殖螃蟹的过程中,要经常观察并调节养殖条件,池塘水温在10~32℃,PH值在6~8,溶解氧含量在5~9mg/L为宜。
(5)饲料制备:所述饲料原料包括以下重量比的成份:硅酸盐细菌0.5-0.8份、粪链球菌1-3份、木霉菌0.6-0.8份、沼泽红假单胞菌2-5份、酵母菌0.3-0.5份、鱼骨粉50-60份、醋糟粉65-70份、废液沉淀物50-55份、米糠40-60份、红糖12-14份、食盐10-14份、猪粪80-85份、猪肉屠宰场废弃物45-55份、水草60-65份、碳酸氢钙12-16份、尿素14-17份、柠檬酸铁1-3份、维生素B10.6-0.8份、维生素B120.2-0.6份、玄参15-20份,决明子15-20份,连翘13-18份,射干13-18份,马勃13-18份,青果10-12份,锦灯笼8-10份,虎杖5-8份,红藤5-8份,山豆根3-5份;制备方法包括以下步骤:(1)将水草晾干,使其含水量在40%以下,将其切断至2-4cm,然后按照所述比例加入鱼骨粉、醋糟粉、米糠、红糖、食盐,充分搅拌,混合均匀;(2)将上述混合物进行发酵,所述的发酵是好氧堆肥发酵,发酵用水占物料总重量的20-30%,给氧时间冬季为50-60小时,夏季为20-25小时,发酵温度为45-60℃,发酵时间为7-10天;(3)将废液沉淀物、猪粪、猪肉屠宰场废弃物按照所述的比例混合均匀,加入酵母菌、粪链球菌进行发酵;将上述物质置入池中混合腐沤,上部盖上塑料薄膜,进行3-5天预发酵;然后将塑料薄膜揭去,并且进行搅拌,让混合物接触氧气,逐渐升高温度,从常温到50℃,保持1-3天后继续翻堆,然后从50℃升到60℃,保持时间为2-4天,然后将温度降至常温,保持6-8天,直至完全熟化,发酵完毕;(4)将经过步骤(1)和步骤(2)发酵、消毒后的有机混合物进行干燥,干燥温度为45-60℃,干燥到含水量为15-25%;(5)将硅酸盐细菌、木霉菌、沼泽红假单胞菌按照所述比例加入到上述物料中,充分混合,搅拌均匀;(6)将碳酸氢钙、尿素、柠檬酸铁、维生素B1、维生素B12按照所述比例加入到混合物中,充分混合,搅拌均匀;(7)加入玄参15-20份,决明子15-20份,连翘13-18份,射干13-18份,马勃13-18份,青果10-12份,锦灯笼8-10份,虎杖5-8份,红藤5-8份,山豆根3-5份之后将上述物料在18-45℃的条件下进行低温干燥,使其含水量为10%以下;
(6)养殖螃蟹过程中,每7天换一次水,每天早晚各投放一次上述饲料,每次投放量为螃蟹体重的4%~5%;
(7)5~7月份水温升高,每日夜间22~23时打开增氧机,至次日3~5时关闭;
(8)10月份可将成蟹通过螃蟹笼捕捞上市。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种螃蟹的养殖饲料及养殖方法,其特征在于,在投放蟹苗前在池塘内投放一批螺丝。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种螃蟹的养殖饲料及养殖方法,其特征在于,所述的养殖水硬度小于350mg/L。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种螃蟹的养殖饲料及养殖方法,其特征在于,池塘内的水深保持在0.8~0.9m。
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