CN1077873A - Computerized comprehensive test system for visual sense - Google Patents

Abstract

This invention is to test the vision of human eye about using a computer and to the resolving ability and the response speed of color.

Utilize " E " word signal of the graphing capability generation different stage size of computer, allow the experimenter promote stick and determine its opening direction, judge vision thus.

Utilization confuses color to forming color lump, and its color lump is respectively foreground and background colour, forms " E " word figure by foreground, checks that can the experimenter differentiate that to confuse color right, thus the opening direction of judgement " E " word.Can know quantitatively that like this human eye is normal, color weakness or achromatopsia.Simultaneously also can the quantitative assay human eye to the responsive ability of tone, lightness, degree of saturation and the response speed of different photostimulation.

Description

Computerized comprehensive test system for visual sense

The invention belongs to a kind of application of computer in visual function evaluation.The system of promptly computerizeing control detects the vision of human eye and to the feeling ability of color.

Existing examination of visual acuity under the distance and illumination requirement of regulation, is judged that the opening direction of doctor's indication " E " word is judged its vision with standard " E " word table by the testee.There is some defective in this method, because visual acuity chart is to print fixedly, the testee can will show the middle direction of opening of " E " and recite by vision and detect before test.So it is objective and accurate that test result is difficult to accomplish.

In the inspection of achromatopsia, comparatively popular at present achromatopsia inspection technique mainly is to adopt false same color method, the most popular with Yu Ziping " achromatopsia checking figure " in China, achromatopsia checking figure is generally formed numeral, animal and geometric figure that some are common by various color lump.The color of each color lump is selected from the color centering that confuses of general achromatopsia, checks out achromatopsia and kind thereof by the differentiation situation to pattern.Because the differentiation correctness of pseudo-isochromatic diagram case is not only relevant with the aberration of two color lumps also relevant with the complexity of figure and tested person person's experience, therefore can not be to the judged result of pseudo-isochromatic diagram as a simple foundation of people's aberration discriminative power, the number of test pattern is limited simultaneously, and every width of cloth figure can only be at the achromatopsia situation of a certain quasi-representative, test result can only provide achromatopsia color weakness and property of the same colour colour vision etc. qualitatively, therefore existing inspection technique is not easy to divide exactly the kind of achromatopsia, more can not carry out divided rank quantitatively.

Native system utilizes computer realizing and be easy to quantized advantage aspect figure and the color easily, adopts computer to produce the needed figure of test, and judges test result, and it is objective, rapid, accurate that the inspection of examination of visual acuity and colour vision is really accomplished.

Realization of the present invention is such: this system forms (stick can and shake control for line traffic control) by microcomputer, display, printer and a stick, and it constitutes shown in accompanying drawing (1).

When carrying out eyesight testing, at first produce test needed " E " word signal by computer, its size, brightness, contrast and background luminance all meet the standard of hygiene department's promulgation, each " E " word that occurs, all on the same position of display, this has just guaranteed the unanimity at visual angle.Tested people is on the distance of regulation, and hands is held stick, behind the opening direction of seeing " E " word clearly, is about to stick and pushes to and the consistent direction of " E " word opening.Every grade of " E " word shows twice by opening direction same position on screen at random, judges for the testee.If twice judged result is correct simultaneously or mistake, conclude that then the testee can differentiate maybe and can not differentiate this figure, if twice judgement is wrong one to one, then show other " E " word figure of this level more once, judge that with current result the testee could differentiate this grade figure.Test pattern begins test from corresponding " E " word figure of standard twenty-twenty vision (5,0), by program pin the estimate of situation of front and back stages test pattern is made respective handling respectively.The conclusion of eyesight testing is divided into three kinds of situations:

When＜1〉Ce Shi " E " word is minimum level, still can differentiate eyesight optimum

When＜2〉Ce Shi " E " word is maximum level, still can not differentiate.The poorest, promptly unusual

＜3〉preceding " E " word figure that is once surveyed as seen, and " E " word figure of little one-level gets the pairing vision number of degrees of previous " E " word figure when invisible.

Native system to the inspection method of colour vision sensitivity is:

The figure that requires tested people to differentiate still is " E " word figure, and the background color of judging figure is a white, and " E " shape figure partly is made up of foreground and background colour two, and foreground and background colour all are the color lumps of not drawing close mutually." E " word figure (accompanying drawing 2) of having formed the opening direction change at random by the color lump of foreground, the collocation of foreground and background colour is to confuse color to selecting according to achromate, if of the same colour to distinguishing, then must differentiate the opening direction of " E ", otherwise can not distinguish this.Foreground and background colour and to confuse right the selecting of color all be computer control.Because the computer color graphics card is quite perfect at present, so can show 64 within the specific limits easily ³Plant color, R, G, B three colouring components get final product in the color DAC depositor for just revising in the display card of making, utilization R, G, B trichroism to the conversion of CIE chromaticity coordinates or R, G, B to HSV(tone, lightness, purity) conversion, can change display color continuously at CIE coordinate or HSV coordinate upper edge certain track easily.So utilize this advantage of computer, certain variation that as long as we carry out in confusing the scope of color.As the variation of brightness, purity, tone, just can obtain a result by the rule of statistics, accurately determine achromate confuse colo(u)r streak and color confuses scope, therefore can measure the testee quantitatively and be normal, color weakness, achromatopsia and property of the same colour colour vision.Simultaneously can also determine an achromatopsia grade that can be used as standard with the data that record.

In addition,, allow color examine the track variation that number changes, can realize the quantitative assay of human eye the responsive power of tone, lightness, degree of saturation along tone, lightness or degree of saturation list if in native system.If in the mensuration of above index, introduce time parameter, promptly allow the resolution chart of different color of computer, occur by certain time of occurrence, can set up the measurement standard of a cover to judicious influence relation different photostimulation response speeds by adding up the different demonstration time.This can help us to set up the brand-new human eye colour vision quantitative assay system of a cover, and this has great Practical significance to people's the colour vision sensitivity and the mensuration of brain response speed.

Below be to use the embodiment that above method is done on micro computer IBM-PC/XT, this embodiment has reflected the performance and the effect of this system preferably.(seeing Fig. 3～9)

{

This program on the IBM-PC universal machine The Realization of Simulation basic function of " computer vision inspection system ", ' E' shape figure shows and adopt indicated HERCULES Hercules and common monochrome display among the embodiment, judge that input realizes that with the four direction key simulation of 101 keyboards the right (scan code is respectively 77H.75H.72H, 80H), judge and differentiation process and flow chart one to, some variable masterpieces change, to be illustrated as the master in the program. this program is used TURBO PASCAL 5.0 compilings, and directly call its pattern library function, all be described in the program.

program?eyetext;

uses?crt,graph,dos;

{ using CRT, GRAPH, three storehouses of DOS }

type

ll=array[0..20]of?integer;

mm=array[0..23]of?integer;

xxyy=record

graph:array[0..3]of?mm;

fan:array[0..3]of?byte;

ability:integer;

end;

GRAPH in this structure: corresponding four direction ' E' shape figure drawing vector, every group of vector is made up of 12 point coordinates;

FAN: record ' E' shape schemes four direction on the right lower-left, uses 0,1 respectively, 2,3 represent;

ss=array[0..17]of?word;

Corresponding less ' E' shape Figure 16 * 16 dot matrix

const

figure:mm=(0,0,25,0,25,5,5,5,5,10,25,10,25,15,5,15,5,20,25,20,25,

25,0,25); Initial ' E' shape figure vector

large:ll=(0,0,0,0,4,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,21,23,25,27,29,31,33,35);

{ vector amplification coefficient; }

bao:ll=(55,53,52,51,50,49,48,47,46,45,44,43,42,41,40,39,38,37,32,31,

30);

{ vision number of degrees * 10}

min=0;

Max=20; { minimax is surveyed demonstration and is enclosed }

var

{ global variable }

k,i,j:integer;

Eee:array[0..15] of ss; { 16 graphic dot matrix arrays }

Eepic:array[0..23] of mm; { vectogram buffer memory }

testeye:array[0..20]of?xxyy;

' E' shape figure direction. vector. vision record array }

sta0,sta1:boolean;

{ record was last time differentiated the result with this respectively }

Eend:boolean; { end diagnostic criterium }

Dat0, dat1:byte; { record was last time extremely other with this differentiation respectively }

Res:byte; { outcome variable }

Toward:byte; ' E' shape figure direction variable

Workfile:file of ss; ' E' figure Dot Matrix Library file

filename:string[15];

Findresurt:searchrec; { agreement record class shape among the TURBO PASCAL, essential record

File status }

Foundbool:boolean; { finding file not }

ch:char;

{ search lattice file function }

procedure?foundmyfile;

begin

findfirst(filename,archive,findresurt);

{ TURBO PASCAL file fine function returns findresurt}

if?doserror=0?then?begin

write('file?found');

{ doserror=0 represents to find file }

write(findresurt.name,findresurt.size);

foundbool:=true;

end

else

begin

write('filenot?found');

foundbool:=false;

end;

end;

{}

{ from file, read dot matrix, and pack in the eee array } by a graded

procedure?outfile;

var

zanput:ss;

begin

assign(workfile,filename);

reset(workfile);

seek(workfile,1);

read(workfile,eee[2]);

seek(workfile,2);

read(workfile,eee[3]);

seek(workfile,3);

read(workfile,eee[0]);

seek(workfile,4);

read(workfile,eee[1]);

for?i:=7?to?10?do

begin

seek(workfile,i);

read(workfile,eee[i-3]);

end;

for?i:=11?to?14?do

begin

seek(workfile,i);

read(workfile,eee[i-3]);

end;

for?i:=16?to?19?do

begin

seek(workfile,i);

read(workfile,eee[i-4]);

end;

seek(workfile,18);

read(workfile,eee[15]);

seek(workfile,19);

read(workfile,eee[14]);

end;

{}

{ figure initial function }

procedure?initialize;

var

graphdriver,graphmode:integer;

errorcode:integer;

begin

graphdriver:=0;graphmode:=1;

initgraph(graphdriver,graphmode,'herc.bgi');

{ TURBO PASCAL figure initialization function makes the HERCULES graph card enter Graphic State here, in the parameter

' HERC.BGI' is the graphics driver file

Errorcode:=graphresult; { function return value }

if?errorcode<>grok?then

begin

writeln('graphicserror:',grapherrormsg(errorcode);

halt(1);

End; { initial failure }

setgraphmode(cgac0);

Randomize; { random number initialization function }

end;

{}

{ pattern vector data initialization }

procedure?predate;

var

k,i,j,m:integer;

xlength:integer;

begin

for?i:=0?to?20?do

with?testeye[i]?do

begin

xlength:=-25*large[i]div?2;

ability:=bao[i];

for?k:=0?to?3?do

for?j:=0?to?12?do

begin

case?k?of

0:begin

graph[k][2*j]:=(figure[2*j]*large[i]+xlength);

graph[k][2*j+1]:=integer(figure[2*j+1]*large[i]+xlength);

graph[k][2*j]:=graph[k][2*j];

graph[k][2*j+1]:=graph[k][2*j+1];

End; { vector amplification }

1:begin

graph[k][2*j]:=(figure[2*j]*large[i]);

graph[k][2*j+1]:=integer(figure[2*j+1]*large[i]);

graph[k][2*j]:=-graph[k][2*j]-xlength;

graph[k][2*j+1]:=-graph[k][2*j+1]-xlength;

End; Amplify oppositely, produce left ' E' shape figure vector

2:begin

graph[k][2*j]:=(figure[2*j+1]*large[i])+xlength;

graph[k][2*j+1]:=(figure[2*j]*large[i])+xlength;

{graph[k][2*j]:=graph[k][2*j];

graph[k][2*j+1]:=graph[k][2*j+1];}

End; Amplify rotation, produce downwards ' E' shape figure vector

3:

begin

{graph[k][2*j]:=(figure[2*j+1]*large[i]);

graph[k][2*j+1]:=(figure[2*j]*large[i]);}

graph[k][2*j]:=-graph[2][2*j];

graph[k][2*j+1]:=-graph[2][2*j+1];

end;

Amplify rotation oppositely, produce upwards ' E' shape figure vector

end;

end;

end;

end;

{ the phasor coordinate position is adjusted, and makes it to be shown in the middle of the screen }

procedure?let;

var

k,i,j,m:integer;

xlength:real;

begin

for?i:=0?to?20?do

with?testeye[i]?do

begin

begin

for?k:=0?to?3?do

begin

for?j:=0?to?23?do

begin

if?odd(j)?then

graph[k][j]:=trunc(graph[k][j])div?5+160

else

graph[k][j]:=trunc(graph[k][j]*28?div?100+300;

end;

fan[k]:=k;

end;

end;

end;

end;

{}

Accept the keyboard scancode function, return INKEY for differentiating direction: 0,1,2,3}

procedure?getkey(var?inkey:byte);

var?ch:char;

begin

repeat

ch:=#0;

repeat

Delay (50); { TURBO PASCAL delay function, it is anti-shake to delay time }

Until keypressed; { TURBO PASCAL procuratorial work keyboard is pressed not function, presses to true }

delay(10);

ch:=readkey;

{ readkey:TURBO PASCAL reads the scan code process, returns scan code }

until?ch?in?[#77,#75,#72,#80];

case?ch?of

#77:inkey:=0;

#75:inkey:=1;

#72:inkey:=3;

#80:inkey:=2;

End; { being converted into direction }

end;

{}

{}

' E' shape figure explicit function

procedure?show;

begin

cleardevice;

toward:=trunc(random(4));

{ direction is generated by random number }

with?testeye[dat1]do

begin

If dat1〉if 3 then{ progression〉3, adopt vector plotting }

begin

fillpoly(12,graph[toward]);

{ TURBO PASCAL graph function is with parameter given vector plotting and filling }

end

Else{ otherwise draw with dot matrix

putimage(300,160,eee[dat1*4+toward],1);

{ TURBO PASCAL graph function is showing dot matrix to the position fixing place }

end;

end;

{}

{ judgement subprogram }

procedure?choose;

var

ts:array[0..1]of?boolean;

{ writing down judged result twice }

i:integer;

inkey:byte;

begin

for?i:=0?to?1?do

begin

inkey:=0;

show;

sound(720);delay(150);nosound;

{ jingle bell prompting }

getkey(inkey);

if?inkey=toward?then?ts[i]:=true?else?ts[i]:=false;

end;

if?not(ts[0]xor?ts[1])?then?sta1:=ts[0]

If else{ two times result difference is judged once again }

begin

show;

{sound(720);delay(150);nosound;}

getkey(inkey);

if(inkey=toward)?then?sta1:=true?else?sta1:=false;

end;

end;

{}

{ differentiation process }

{ seeing flow chart for details }

procedure?anysis;

begin

if?sta0?xor?sta1?then

begin

if?sta1=true?then

begin

dat0:=dat1;

dat1:=dat1-1;

sta0:=sta1;

sta1:=false;

end

else

begin

eend:=true;

res:=testeye[dat0].ability;

end;

end

else

if?sta1=true?then?begin

dat0:=dat1;

if?dat1>Min?then?dat1:=dat1-1

else?begin

eend:=true;

res:=testeye[dat0].ability;

end;

end

else

begin

dat0:=dat1;

if?dat1<max?then

begin

if?dat1<max-1?then

dat1:=dat1+2?else?dat1:=dat1+1

end

else

begin

eend:=true;

res:=255;

end;

end;

end;

{}

{ initialization }

procedure?init;

begin

eend:=false;

dat0:=5;

dat1:=dat0;

sta0:=false;

sta1:=false;

filename:='b:\eee.dat';

{ eee.dat is the Dot Matrix Library file }

foundmyfile;

outfile;

initialize;

predate;let;

end;

{}

{ mastery routine }

begin

repeat

init;

repeat

choose;

anysis

Until eend; { it is true that survey is shown to end mark }

Textmode (7); { getting back to text status }

writeln('you?eye?ability?is:');

if?not(res=255)then?writeln(res/10)else?writeln('error');

{ display result }

writeln('!!!do?you?test?continue?please?enter(y(Y)/n(N))');

readln(ch);

Until ((ch='n') or (ch='N')) { follow-on test }

end.

{THE?END}

/*?DISC.II?*/

struct?cool

{char?redl;

char?greenl;

Char bluel; ; This structure of/* and the corresponding * of R.G.B three primary colours/

union?key

{char?ch[2];

int?keynum;

Kk; / * associating and scanning return corresponding */

/ * is following be pattern library function */

Void mysetmode (char); / * setting graphic model */

Void myputpixel (int, int, char); / * paint point function */

Void setpatonly (struct cool, char); The color that/* revises char bulletin colour number form */

Void myouttext (int, int, char, char, char*); / * appointment place show a word string */

This program of/* on PC-AT system machine The Realization of Simulation the achromatopsia detection method * that is proposed in this patent/

/ * program adopts TUROB-C to write; Graphic subroutine adopts self-editing pattern library function, infra will give one by one ..*/

/ *. give explanation; Pictorial display adopts TVGA graphics card and the colored scholar's device that shows of CASPER, and employing 5DH figure .*/

/ * shape display mode, both 6,40*,480 256 color modes, this program be as embodiment, basically understand this method */

The implementation procedure of/*, only in the post processing of data, done a little omission */

#include＜a: disc.h/the self-defined INCLUDE file of *, attached */

#include<bios.h>

/ * TURBO-C provides INCLUDE file, comprise some interrupt call procedure declaration */

#include<stdio.h>

/ * TURBO-C provides INCLUDE file, comprise some standard input */

/**/

/ * global variable */

Struct cool colist[30]; / * confuse color to array */

Struct cool color[16]; The corresponding initial color * of/*/

Char toward; / * record " E " figure direction, 0,1,2,3 respectively representative up and down the four directions to */

Char pand; / * record judged result */

Int colnum; The color check mark * that/* shows when before measurement/

Int right; The correct number of times statistics of/* */

double?errorp,rightp;

/**/

/ * function and process */

Void giveresurt (); The simple date processing of/*, and get as a result */

Int mygetkey (); / * adopts 101 keyboard analog joysticks in The Realization of Simulation, this function reads

Keyboard scancode */

Void init (); / * figure initialization */

Void initcolor (); / * color initialization */

Void outcolfile (); / * read the trichroism composition of the R.G.B of color * in the color file/

void?precolor();

void?show();

Below/the * four functions show respectively the right upper left figure of " E " shape down */

void?righte();

void?lefte();

void?upe();

void?downe();

/ * mastery routine */

main()

{

init();

do

{test();

if(pand==0)err++;

If (pand==1) right++; / * record to wrong number of times */

colnum++;

precolor();

}

while(colnum<15);

}

/**/

/ * is according to random number, produce different directions " E " shape figure */

void?show()

{toward=random(4);

/ * TURBO-C generation random number process */

switch?(toward)

{case0:upe();break;

case1:downe();break;

case2:lefte();break;

case3:righte();break;

}

}

/**/

void?precolor()

/ * color[0], color[1] in write down respectively prospect and background colour to */

color[0]=colist[2*colnum];

color[1]=colist[2*colnum+1];

}

/**/

/**/

/ * initialization function */

void?init()

{struct?cool?colorground;

int?i;

colnum=0;

colorground.redl=63;

colorground.greenl=63;

colorground.bluel=63;

Outdatfile (" coldat.dat "); Deposit in/* coldat.dat the file demonstration to */

myselmode(0x5d);

Setpatonly (colorground, 0); / * make background color be white */

for(i=1;i<16;i++)

{setpatonly(colorground,i);}

setpatonly(colorground,255);

Setpatonly (colorground, 254); / * allow all colors that use be white */

Outfile (" eeel.pic "); / * eeel.pic be figure storage file */

Randomize (); / * TURBO-C random initializtion function */

}

void?outcolfile(char*filename)

{FILE*datfile;

int?i;

if(!(datfile=fopen(filename,"rb")))

{printf("can't?open?file\n");exit(0);}

else

{for(i=0;i<30;i++)

{colist[i].redl=fgetc(datfile);

colist[i].greenl=fgetc(datfile);

colist[i].bluel=fgetc(datfile);

}

fclose(datfile);

}

}

/ * read original figure * in the graphic file/

void?outgraphfile(char?*path)

{FILE?*fp;

int?i,j,k;

char?ch;

If (! (fp=fopen (path, " rb ")))/* open read-only file */

{myouttext(10,100,66,0,"cant?open?file");

/ * self-defining image shape function, under graphics mode, show a word scurry */

exit(1);}

else

{

for(j=0;j<480;j++)

{for(i=0;i<640;i++)

{ch=(char)(fgetc(fp));

myputpixel(i,j,ch);

/ * self-defining function is painted a little in certain coordinate place, ch be color */

}

}

}

Fclose (fp); / * close file */

}

/ * judge process */

/ * occurs twice at random with right " E " shape of the same colour figure, if declare for twice to or declare mistake then make the result, if two

Inferior wrong one to one, then apparent for the third time scholar " E " figure */

void?test()

{int?mm,i;

char?end;

char?testf;

char?res[2];

for(i=0;i<2;i++)

{show();

do

{kk.ch[1]=0;end=1;mm=0;

Do{if (kbhit ())/* kbhit () provides function for TURBO-C, checks keyboard

Hit denys */

{kk.keynum=mygetkey();end=0;}

delay(20);

mm++;

}while(mm<5);

}while(end==1&&(kk.ch[0]!=0x77&&kk.ch[0]!=0x75&&kk.ch[0]!=0x72

&&kk.ch[0]!=0x80));

switch(kk.ch[0])

{ case0x77:testf=3; Break; / * 77H, 75H, 72H, 80H be respectively keyboard the right */

Case0x75:testf=2; Break; The scan code * of/* directionkeys/

case0x72:testf=1;break;

case0x80:testf=0;break;

}

If (testf==toward) res[i]=0; / * correct judgment tax 0*/

}

If (res[0] ^res[1]) if/* two times result difference, again * of the section of declaring/

{show();

do{kk.ch[1]=0;end=1;

do{if(kbhit()){kk.keynum=mygetkey();end=0;}

delay(20);

i++;

}while(i<5);

}while(end==1);

switch(kk.ch[0])

{case0x77:testf=3;break;

case0x75:testf=2;break;

case0x72:testf=1;break;

case0x80:testf=0;break;

}

if(testf==toward)pand=0;

else?pand=1;

}

else?pand=res[0];

}

/**/

/ * is following to be four subprograms that " E " figure shows, because initial graphics has been done some special processing, thereby need only change

Respective color just can explicit difference towards " E " figure */

void?righte()

{initcolor();

setpatonly(color[1],15);

setpatonly(color[1],13);

setpatonly(color[1],14);

setpatonly(color[1],12);

setpatonly(color[1],7);

}

void?lefte()

{initcolor();

setpatonly(color[1],15);

setpatonly(color[1],13);

setpatonly(color[1],14);

setpatonly(color[1],12);

setpatonly(color[1],11);

}

void?downe()

{initcolor();

setpatonly(color[1],15);

setpatonly(color[1],13);

setpatonly(color[1],3);

setpatonly(color[1],11);

setpatonly(color[1],7);

}

void?upe()

{initcolor();

setpatonly(color[1],15);

setpatonly(color[1],11);

setpatonly(color[1],14);

setpatonly(color[1],3);

setpatonly(color[1],7);

}

/**/

int?mygetkey()

{union?REGS?in,out;

in.h.ah=0;

return(int86(0x16,&in,&out));

/ * uses the TURBO-C interrupt call to read and scans sign indicating number, and returning integer high-order is scan code, and low level is

ASCII character */

}

/**/

void?initcolor()

{int?i;

for(i=0;i<16;i++)

setpatonly(color[0],i);

setpatonly(color[0],255);

}

Color in the/* sense data file to and assignment give color array collist*/

This data file of/* stored red achromatopsia color weakness confuse color to */

/ * is according to wrong probability, provide as a result */

void?giveresurt()

{

rightp=right/15;

If (rightp==0) printf (" protanopsia/n ");

Else if (right＜0.5) printf (" a utmost point protanomalia/n ");

Else if (right〉0.5﹠amp; Rightp＜0.8) printf (" two utmost point protanomalia/n ");

Else printf (" red vision is normal ");

}

Claims (5)

1, a kind ofly utilizes computer implemented integrated test system it comprises computer, display, printer and stick.It is characterized in that computer links to each other with display by line, stick links to each other with computer, the system that computer and printer are connected to form and cooperate this system to finish the computer program of vision, colour vision such as the human eye photic stimuli response speed of measuring human eye.

2, system according to claim 1: it waits to levy to be in this system to utilize has the vision that obvious directional characteristic character or symbol are judged human eye.

3, the system as claimed in claim 1: it is characterized in that constituting with background colour and confusing color to the discriminating power of check human eye to color with having obvious directional characteristic character or symbol.

4, the speed to color reaction by introducing time parameter under computer control, is differentiated by system according to claim 1.

5, system according to claim 1 indicates the judged result of human eye by promoting stick.

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