CN107603219B - Porous composite material containing high polymer material and clay, preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Porous composite material containing high polymer material and clay, preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a porous composite material comprising a polymeric material and clay and to a multilayer composite material comprising the same. The porous composite material containing the high polymer material and the clay comprises the high polymer material and the clay, wherein the mass ratio of the high polymer material to the clay is 1:10-10: 1; wherein the high polymer material comprises a water-soluble high polymer material and/or a water-insoluble high polymer material; preferably, the porous composite material has a specific surface area of more than 300m2(ii)/g, porosity of 90-95%; preferably, the porosity is 95%. The multilayer composite includes the porous composite layer and a toughening layer; the porous composite material layer is a single layer or a plurality of layers. The preparation process of the invention adopts a special process, so that the invention still has good mechanical property under the condition of not using a binder, and simultaneously, the invention reduces the processing cost and is green and environment-friendly because the binder is not added.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of polymer material modified composite materials, and particularly relates to a porous composite material containing a polymer material and clay, and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
The porous composite material is a heterogeneous material consisting of solid phases and pores; wherein, the solid phase has larger specific surface area; the pores are communicated with each other to form a passage. The porous composite materials are mostly core materials of composite materials, and have long history, such as traditional balsa wood, and foaming materials with strong mechanical properties, such as cross-linked polyvinyl chloride, polyimide and the like. And bonding the porous composite material serving as a core material with the fiber cloth, wherein the fiber cloth serves as a toughening layer, and the porous composite material serves as a core to form the composite material for flame retardance, heat insulation, sound absorption and noise reduction, pollutant adsorption or serving as a structural support material.
In the process of preparing the composite material, the epoxy resin is used as a bonding agent for a long time, the epoxy resin achieves the purpose of bonding by respectively forming an interface between the core material and the fiber cloth, the consumption is large, which occupies about 1/3 of the cost of the composite material, because the epoxy resin is consumed in the part which directly plays a role of bonding, and besides the part which directly plays a role of bonding, a certain amount of epoxy resin is consumed due to the siphon effect of the pore channels of the porous composite material, so that the cost of the related composite material is high.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above problems, it is an object of the present invention to provide a porous composite material comprising a polymer material and clay and a method for preparing the same, which can prepare a porous composite material having a density similar to that of the conventional porous composite material but improved mechanical properties without using a foaming agent and without using a binder, and which can improve the conventional material manufacturing techniques in two degrees.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a porous composite material comprising a polymer material and clay, wherein the mass ratio of the polymer material to the clay is 1:10-10: 1;
wherein the polymer material comprises a water-soluble polymer material and/or a water-insoluble polymer material.
Preferably, the porous composite material has a specific surface area of more than 300m2(ii)/g, porosity of 90-95%; more preferably, the porosity is 95%.
Further, the clay comprises one of an expandable bentonite, montmorillonite, hectorite and/or organoclay and any combination thereof.
Preferably, the water-soluble polymer material includes a natural polymer material and a salt containing an acid group.
More preferably, the natural polymeric materials include, but are not limited to, starches, vegetable gums, modified celluloses, lignin materials, chitosans, pectins, water-soluble and dispersible proteins.
More preferably, the starch includes corn starch, potato starch, amaranth seed starch, grass root starch, banana starch, barley starch, tapioca starch, millet starch, oat starch, rice starch, rye starch, sago starch, sorghum starch, sweet potato starch, wheat starch, sweet potato starch.
Preferably, the acid group-containing salt includes an acrylic monomer having a carboxylic acid functional group, a monomer having an ethylenically-unsaturated carboxylic group; such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid and fumaric acid, styrene sulfonic acid, the corresponding styrene chloric acid, alkali metal salts of amino-containing or 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and methacrylic acid polymers. Preferably also styrene, dienes (such as 1, 3-butadiene and isoprene), vinyl esters (such as vinyl acetate, vinyl esters), methacrylates (such as C1 to C12 alcohols and methacrylic acids, preferably methyl methacrylate, methyl ethacrylate, methacrylate), styrene (including styrene and methyl propylene, t-butyl styrene), nitriles (such as acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile), unsaturated alkylene halides (such as vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl fluoride).
Preferably, the water-insoluble polymer material comprises an oleophilic polymer material obtained from emulsion polymerization. The monomer composition includes acid-free monomers, particularly styrene, ethylene-styrene, chlorostyrene, bromostyrene, and isomers thereof. Acrylic or methacrylic esters from linear or branched alkyl alcohols (C1-C2), or methyl methacrylate, methyl ethacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate from cycloalkanols (C5-C12), vinyl esters such as: vinyl acetate, vinyl ester; vinyl halides such as: vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, dienes such as: 1, 3-butadiene and isoprene. Crosslinking monomers with functional groups include hydroxyl-and epoxy-containing acrylates, such as hydroxyethyl acrylate, glycidyl acrylate, and the corresponding keto-and aldehyde-containing monomers, such as acrolein, methacrolein, methyl vinyl ketone, acetoacetates from hydroxyalkyl acrylates, methacrylates, and keto-aldehyde-containing amides, such as: diacetone acrylamide.
In a preferred embodiment, the clay comprises one of an expandable bentonite, montmorillonite, sodium montmorillonite, hectorite and/or organoclay and any combination thereof.
In a preferred embodiment, the porous composite further comprises a functional additive. More preferably, the functional additive comprises oxide powder, ceramic powder, glass microspheres, carbon nanotubes and graphene, and the particle size range of the additive powder is not more than 50 μm. The function of these additives is to provide mechanical reinforcement, adsorption, conductive properties, thermal conductivity or thermal insulation to the porous composite.
The invention further provides a preparation method of the porous composite material, which comprises the following raw materials: clay, high molecular materials;
the preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) dissolving a high polymer material in water to obtain a solution A; the concentration of the solution A is 5 (w/v)% -40 (w/v)%;
(2) dispersing the clay into water to obtain a suspension B; the concentration of the suspension is 5 (w/v)% -40 (w/v)%;
(3) mixing (mechanically stirring) the solution A and the solution B at the rotating speed of 10-100r/min to fully mix the materials to form a suspension system which is stable without sedimentation, and obtaining a precursor suspension C of the porous composite material containing the high polymer material and the clay;
(4) pouring the suspension C into a mould, freezing the mould filled with the suspension (the freezing can be isotropic freezing or anisotropic freezing) for 5-120min (preferably, the freezing temperature is-50 ℃ to-100 ℃, and more preferably, the freezing temperature is-70 ℃), and then carrying out freeze-drying treatment on the frozen mould to finally obtain the porous composite material containing the high polymer material and the clay.
The freezing in step (4) may be isotropic freezing or anisotropic freezing. When the mold is immersed into the refrigerating fluid and the refrigerating fluid completely surrounds the mold, the mold is frozen to be isotropic; when the mold is in single-side contact with refrigerating fluid, the refrigerating fluid is in contact with the mold in one direction only, and the freezing is anisotropic.
Preferably, the dissolution temperature of the solution A is 70-100 ℃; more preferably, the dissolution temperature of the solution a is 90 ℃.
Further, the mixing process of the solution A and the solution B comprises the steps of firstly mixing for 10-50min (preferably 30min) in a low-speed shearing machine, then mixing for 1-4h (preferably 2h) at 50-90 ℃ (preferably 70 ℃) by using a magnetic stirrer, and then allowing the formed materials to stand overnight at room temperature to obtain a precursor suspension C of the porous composite material.
Further, the freeze-drying process is carried out at an initial temperature of 25 deg.C and a temperature of-80 deg.C, and the final vacuum degree is 2-7 μ bar (preferably 5 μ bar).
The invention further provides a multilayer composite material prepared by using the porous composite material, which comprises the porous composite material layer and optionally also comprises a toughening layer.
Preferably, the porous composite layer is a single layer or a plurality of layers.
Preferably, the toughening layer is a single layer or multiple layers.
The porous composite material layer and the toughening layer can be randomly arranged in a single layer and/or multiple layers based on the use scene of the multilayer composite material and/or the requirements on the related performance of the multilayer composite material. An optional embodiment is that the multilayer composite material includes at least 2 porous composite material layers, preferably 3, 4, 5, or even more, and may be determined and selected according to the usage scenario of the multilayer composite material and the specific requirements for its performance. In other optional embodiments, the multilayer composite material includes the porous composite material layer and the toughening layer, and the specific number of layers may be matched at will, may be an alternate laying manner of one porous composite material layer and one toughening layer, or may be a laying manner of multiple porous composite material layers and one or more toughening layers. Specifically, for example, a porous composite material layer, a toughening layer, and a porous composite material layer form a sandwich-structured multilayer composite material; or two porous composite material layers and one toughening layer; or one toughening layer, two porous composite material layers and one toughening layer; or three toughening layers and one porous composite material layer. That is, the number of layers and adjacent relationship between the porous composite material layer and the toughening layer can be randomly arranged, and the porous composite material layer and the toughening layer belong to the protection scope of the invention.
Further, the toughening layer comprises a fiber cloth.
Preferably, the fibers comprise synthetic fibers and/or natural fibers.
More preferably, the synthetic fibers include teflon fibers, glass fibers, aramid fibers, carbon fibers, PET fibers, polyester fibers, polyamide fibers, polypropylene fibers, polyacrylonitrile fibers, polyurethane fibers, polyvinyl alcohol acetalized fibers, polyvinyl chloride fibers.
More preferably, the natural fibers comprise plant fibers and/or animal fibers; more preferably, the natural fibers include soybean fibers, corn fibers, wool fibers, cotton fibers, hemp fibers, silk fibers, peanut fibers, bamboo fibers.
The invention further provides a preparation method of the multilayer composite material, which comprises the following steps:
(1) dissolving a high polymer material in water to obtain a solution A; the concentration of the solution A is 5 (w/v)% -40 (w/v)%;
(2) dispersing the clay into water to obtain a suspension B; the concentration of the suspension is 5 (w/v)% -40 (w/v)%;
(3) mixing the solution A and the solution B (mechanical stirring, magnetic stirring and other conventional common stirring modes can be adopted), wherein the rotating speed is 10-100r/min, so that the materials are fully mixed to form a suspension system which is stable without sedimentation, and a precursor suspension C of the porous composite material containing the high polymer material and the clay is obtained;
(4) pouring part of the turbid liquid C into a mold (any required shape such as square, baking disc, cylindrical and the like), then placing the mold on a cold source for freezing, wherein the cold source is arranged at the lower part of the mold, the freezing and crystallization process is from bottom to top, when the liquid on the outermost surface is close to solidification, a toughening layer is paved on the surface of the liquid, then quickly pouring part of the turbid liquid C into the surface of the toughening layer, and continuously keeping the mold on the cold source for continuous cooling, wherein the process of paving the toughening layer and continuously pouring the turbid liquid C can be correspondingly repeated based on the porous composite material layer and/or the toughening layer and the specific requirements of performance, so as to obtain a precursor of the multilayer composite material;
(5) and after the precursor of the multilayer composite material is frozen, freeze-drying the precursor for 12 to 48 hours under the vacuum degree of 5 to 100 mu bar to obtain the multilayer composite material.
Further, in the process of preparing the porous composite material, the freezing process is carried out in a cooling liquid, and the mold can be in any geometric shape and can be selected based on actual needs; the formulation of the cooling fluid and the corresponding cooling temperatures are given in the following table:
refrigerating fluid formula table
Further, in the process of preparing the multilayer composite material, the freezing process can be performed in the cooling liquid, or a mold can be directly placed on a cold source of a freeze dryer, and the mold can be in any geometric shape and can be selected based on actual needs; when a square or baking tray type mold is used, the bottom of the mold is contacted with the cooling liquid or a cold source of the freeze dryer in the freezing process so as to realize gradual cooling crystallization of the material in the mold from bottom to top.
According to the multilayer composite material obtained by the preparation method, a toughening layer is laid before the first layer of porous composite material at the bottom of the mold is not completely crystallized, then part of suspension C is poured quickly so that the suspension C can penetrate through the toughening layer and is closely combined with the first layer of porous composite material to be crystallized, and the later poured suspension C can penetrate through the toughening layer and is closely combined with the first layer of porous composite material which is frozen and crystallized due to the driving force of temperature difference; the process of laying the toughening layer and pouring the suspension C can be combined randomly according to the specific use scene of the multilayer composite material and/or the requirement on the performance of the multilayer composite material. Therefore, the obtained multilayer composite material can greatly improve the mechanical property thereof under the condition of equivalent density to the existing material.
Due to the operation method, the obtained porous composite material and/or multilayer composite material has very good mechanical properties, particularly better bending modulus, better compression modulus and better peeling strength.
The invention also provides the application of the porous composite material, and specifically comprises the application of the porous composite material in the fields of high-temperature resistant materials, adsorption materials, fireproof materials, aviation, building materials, military industry, high-speed rails and ships; or the use of the aforementioned multilayer composite material, in particular including its use in the field of high temperature resistant materials, adsorption materials, fire protection materials, aeronautics, building materials, military, high-speed rail, ships. Preferably, the process time of the freezing process is 2-20min, mainly depending on the thickness of the material and the direction of heat transfer, longer freezing times being required for relatively thick materials and higher freezing temperatures, longer freezing times being required for a single direction of heat transfer. For example, under the condition of liquid nitrogen freezing, the freezing time is within 1 min; when the refrigerating fluid provides an environment with the temperature of-20 ℃, the freezing time is within 1 h.
The molding process is to mold the sample D in the mold through a freezing environment formed by ice crystallization and growth, the ice crystallization is as small as possible and as much as possible through a low-temperature environment, the ice crystallization is large, the layer-to-layer distance of the material is increased, and the mechanical property of the material is reduced due to the large layer distance. Therefore, the present invention creatively shapes sample D by using ice crystals, so that the mechanical properties of the material are greatly improved.
The foregoing summary is provided for the purpose of description only and is not intended to be limiting in any way. In addition to the illustrative aspects, embodiments, and features described above, further aspects, embodiments, and features of the present invention will be readily apparent by reference to the drawings and following detailed description.
Drawings
In the drawings, like reference numerals refer to the same or similar parts or elements throughout the several views unless otherwise specified. The figures are not necessarily to scale. It is appreciated that these drawings depict only some embodiments in accordance with the disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for making an exemplary embodiment of a multilayer composite according to the present invention;
figure 2 is a typical cross-sectional view of several different multilayer composites.
Detailed Description
In the following, only certain exemplary embodiments are briefly described. As those skilled in the art will recognize, the described embodiments may be modified in various different ways, all without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive.
In the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means two or more unless otherwise specified; the terms "upper, lower, left, right, inner, outer, front, rear, leading, trailing, etc. indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are simply for convenience of simplifying the description of the present invention, and do not indicate or imply that the device or assembly referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
Example 1
Porous composite-sample 1, prepared by a method comprising:
(1) dissolving 20g of polyvinyl alcohol in 200ml of deionized water to obtain a polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution A; the concentration of the solution A is 10 (w/v)%;
(2) dispersing 20g of montmorillonite (the cation exchange capacity is 120-160m equiv/100g of clay, preferably 145m equiv/100g of clay) into 200ml of deionized water (mixing and dispersing by adopting a stirring adjusting mode) to obtain montmorillonite suspension B; the concentration of the suspension is 10 (w/v)%;
(3) mixing the polyvinyl alcohol solution A and the montmorillonite solution B (which can be mechanically stirred) at the rotating speed of 10-100r/min to fully mix the materials to form a suspension system without sedimentation stability, and obtaining a precursor suspension C of the porous composite material containing the high polymer material and the clay;
(4) pouring the suspension C into a mold, freezing the mold filled with the suspension at-70 ℃, 4-6 μ Pa in vacuum degree for 30min, and freeze-drying the frozen mold to obtain a porous composite material sample 1 containing the high polymer material and the clay.
Example 2
Multilayer composite-sample 1, the preparation method of which comprises:
(1) dissolving 20g of polyvinyl alcohol in 200ml of deionized water to obtain a polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution A; the concentration of the solution A is 10 (w/v)%;
(2) dispersing 20g of montmorillonite (120-160m equiv/100g of clay, preferably 145m equiv/100g of clay) into 200mL of deionized water (mixing and dispersing by adopting a stirring adjusting mode) to obtain a montmorillonite suspension B; the concentration of the suspension is 10 (w/v)%;
(3) mixing the polyvinyl alcohol solution A and the montmorillonite solution B (which can be mechanically stirred) at the rotating speed of 10-100r/min to fully mix the materials to form a suspension system without sedimentation stability, and obtaining a precursor suspension C of the porous composite material containing the high polymer material and the clay;
(4) before the turbid liquid is poured into a mould, firstly paving a layer of toughening layer on the lower part of the mould, then pouring the turbid liquid C into the mould (square or baking disc), putting the mould on a cold source for freezing, wherein the cold source is arranged on the lower part of the mould, the freezing and crystallization process is carried out from bottom to top, and when the liquid on the outermost surface is close to the solidification, a layer of glass fiber is paved on the surface of the liquid, so that the precursor of the multilayer composite material is obtained;
(5) and after the precursor of the multilayer composite material is frozen, carrying out freeze drying on the precursor for 24 hours at the temperature of-70 ℃ and the vacuum degree of 4-6 mu Pa to obtain the multilayer composite material, and taking out the multilayer composite material to obtain a sample 1 of the multilayer composite material.
Comparing the porous composite-sample 1 with the multi-layer composite-sample 1, it was found that the density of the multi-layer composite-sample 1 after compounding the glass fiber was almost unchanged from that of the porous composite-sample 1, and the compressive modulus was increased by 15% without adding any epoxy resin binder, while the flexural modulus was 2 times that before compounding (see table 1 and table 2 specifically).
Example 3
Multilayer composite-sample 2, prepared by a method comprising:
(1) dissolving 5.22g of diethylaminoethanol in 166.2ml of deionized water to obtain a diethylaminoethanol aqueous solution, heating the diethylaminoethanol aqueous solution to 95 ℃, adding 28.6g of polyamic acid, and reacting to obtain a polyamide solution A; the concentration of the solution A is 5 (w/v)%;
(2) dispersing 20g of montmorillonite (120-160m equiv/100g of clay, preferably 145m equiv/100g of clay) into 200ml of deionized water (mixing and dispersing by adopting a stirring adjusting mode) to obtain a montmorillonite suspension B; the concentration of the suspension is 10 (w/v)%;
(3) mixing the solution A and the montmorillonite solution B (which can be mechanically stirred) at the rotating speed of 10-100r/min to fully mix the materials to form a suspension system without sedimentation stability, so as to obtain a precursor suspension C of the porous composite material containing the high polymer material and the clay;
(4) before the turbid liquid is poured into a mould, firstly paving a layer of toughening layer on the lower part of the mould, then pouring the turbid liquid C into the mould (square or baking disc), putting the mould on a cold source for freezing, wherein the cold source is arranged on the lower part of the mould, the freezing and crystallization process is carried out from bottom to top, and when the liquid on the outermost surface is close to the solidification, a layer of glass fiber is paved on the surface of the liquid, so that the precursor of the multilayer composite material is obtained;
(5) and after the precursor of the multilayer composite material is frozen, freeze-drying the precursor of the multilayer composite material for 30 hours at-70 ℃ and the vacuum degree of 4-6 mu Pa to obtain the precursor of the multilayer composite material, putting the precursor into a vacuum oven, drying for 6 hours at 210 ℃, and taking out to obtain the multilayer composite material-sample 2.
Comparing the porous composite material-sample 1 with the multi-layer composite material-sample 2, it was found that the density of the multi-layer composite material-sample 2 after compounding the glass fiber was almost unchanged from the density of the porous composite material-sample 1, and the properties were greatly improved without adding any epoxy resin binder, which is beyond the expectation of those skilled in the art (see table 1 and table 3 specifically).
Mechanical properties comparison table:
table 2: mechanical properties of polymer clay composite (polyvinyl alcohol as an example)
Table 3: mechanical properties of polymer clay composites (polyimide as an example)
Further preferred embodiments are described below:
as shown in fig. 2, it is an example of four multilayer composites:
FIG. 2-A is a 1-0-1 type in which layers 1 and 3 are fibrous material layers and layer 2 is a porous composite material layer;
FIG. 2-B is a type 1-1-1, wherein layers 1,3 and 5 are fibrous material layers and layers 2 and 4 are porous composite material layers;
FIG. 2-C is a type 1-2-1 wherein layers 1,3 and 5 are fibrous material layers, and layer 3 is a fibrous material having two layers, and layers 2 and 4 are porous composite material layers;
fig. 2-D is a type 2-0-2, in which the layers 1 and 3 are fibrous material layers, and the layers 1 and 3 each have a double-layered fibrous material, and the layer 2 is a porous composite material layer.
According to the use scenario of the multilayer composite material and the specific requirements for the mechanical properties thereof, the skilled person can arrange the distribution sequence and the number of the layers of the porous material layer and the fibrous material layer by himself, and any multilayer composite material adaptively arranged by the skilled person is included in the scope of the present invention, and the above embodiments are not to be taken as limitations to the scope of the present invention.
The above description is only for the specific embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art can easily conceive various changes or substitutions within the technical scope of the present invention, and these should be covered by the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. The preparation method of the multilayer composite material is characterized by comprising a porous composite material layer and a toughening layer; the porous composite material comprises a high polymer material and clay, wherein the mass ratio of the high polymer material to the clay is 1:10-10: 1; the high polymer material comprises a water-soluble high polymer material and/or a water-insoluble high polymer material; the specific surface area of the porous composite material is more than 300m2(ii)/g, porosity of 90-95%;
the preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) dissolving a high polymer material in water to obtain a solution A; the concentration of the solution A is 5 (w/v)% -40 (w/v)%;
(2) dispersing the clay into water to obtain a suspension B; the concentration of the suspension is 5 (w/v)% -40 (w/v)%;
(3) mixing the solution A and the solution B at the rotating speed of 10-100r/min to fully mix the materials to form a suspension system which is stable without sedimentation, so as to obtain a precursor suspension C of the porous composite material containing the high polymer material and the clay;
(4) pouring part of the turbid liquid C into a mold, placing the mold on a cold source for freezing, when the cold source is arranged at the lower part of the mold, performing a freezing and crystallizing process from bottom to top, paving a toughening layer on the surface of the liquid before the liquid on the outermost surface is nearly solidified, then quickly pouring part of the turbid liquid C into the surface of the toughening layer, and continuously keeping the mold to be continuously cooled on the cold source, wherein the processes of paving the toughening layer and continuously pouring the turbid liquid C are based on the porous composite material layer and/or the toughening layer and the specific requirements of the performance to perform corresponding repeated operation, so as to obtain a precursor of the multilayer composite material;
(5) and after the precursor of the multilayer composite material is frozen, freeze-drying the precursor for 12 to 48 hours under the vacuum degree of 5 to 100 mu bar to obtain the multilayer composite material.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the clay is selected from the group consisting of an expandable bentonite, montmorillonite, hectorite, and/or organoclay, and any combination thereof.
3. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the mixing process of step (3) is performed by mechanical stirring and then by using a magnetic stirrer for uniform stirring and mixing.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the mixture is stirred and mixed uniformly by a magnetic stirrer and then allowed to stand overnight at room temperature.
5. The production method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the porosity of the porous composite material is 95%.
6. A multilayer composite material, characterized by being produced by the production method according to any one of claims 1 to 5.
7. The multilayer composite of claim 6, wherein the porous composite layer is a multilayer.
8. The multilayer composite of claim 6, wherein the toughening layer is a single layer or multiple layers.
9. The multilayer composite of claim 8, wherein the toughening layer comprises a fiber cloth.
10. Use of the multilayer composite according to any of claims 6 to 9 for high temperature resistant materials, adsorption materials, fire protection materials, aeronautics, construction, military, high-speed rail and/or ship engineering.
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