CN107406994A - 具有多层支撑基材的离子交换膜 - Google Patents
具有多层支撑基材的离子交换膜 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN107406994A CN107406994A CN201580077613.8A CN201580077613A CN107406994A CN 107406994 A CN107406994 A CN 107406994A CN 201580077613 A CN201580077613 A CN 201580077613A CN 107406994 A CN107406994 A CN 107406994A
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- base material
- amberplex
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- ion
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 200
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- -1 [2-(Methacryloxy)Ethyl] phosphate ester Chemical class 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 13
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005349 anion exchange Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- MPNXSZJPSVBLHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloro-n-phenylpyridine-3-carboxamide Chemical compound ClC1=NC=CC=C1C(=O)NC1=CC=CC=C1 MPNXSZJPSVBLHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- TVXNKQRAZONMHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M (4-ethenylphenyl)methyl-trimethylazanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 TVXNKQRAZONMHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- MAGFQRLKWCCTQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid Chemical class OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 MAGFQRLKWCCTQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002843 carboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002818 (Hydroxyethyl)methacrylate Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WROUWQQRXUBECT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylacrylic acid Chemical class CCC(=C)C(O)=O WROUWQQRXUBECT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HEBDGRTWECSNNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylidenepentanoic acid Chemical class CCCC(=C)C(O)=O HEBDGRTWECSNNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VAPQAGMSICPBKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-nitroacridine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC([N+](=O)[O-])=CC=C3N=C21 VAPQAGMSICPBKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- WOBHKFSMXKNTIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroxyethyl methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCO WOBHKFSMXKNTIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Peracetic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)OO KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- NJSSICCENMLTKO-HRCBOCMUSA-N [(1r,2s,4r,5r)-3-hydroxy-4-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyloxy-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-yl] 4-methylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)O[C@H]1C(O)[C@@H](OS(=O)(=O)C=2C=CC(C)=CC=2)[C@@H]2OC[C@H]1O2 NJSSICCENMLTKO-HRCBOCMUSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GPWHDDKQSYOYBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ac1l2u0q Chemical compound Br[Br-]Br GPWHDDKQSYOYBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZTWTYVWXUKTLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L ethenyl-dioxido-oxo-$l^{5}-phosphane Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])(=O)C=C ZTWTYVWXUKTLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Substances C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BWYYYTVSBPRQCN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;ethenesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C=C BWYYYTVSBPRQCN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims 3
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 claims 3
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims 2
- VWUCIBOKNZGWLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1h-imidazol-1-ium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].C1=C[NH+]=CN1 VWUCIBOKNZGWLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- XEEYSDHEOQHCDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylprop-2-ene-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)CS(O)(=O)=O XEEYSDHEOQHCDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 125000004423 acyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- SUPCQIBBMFXVTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(C)=C SUPCQIBBMFXVTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- SONHXMAHPHADTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound [Na+].CC(=C)C([O-])=O SONHXMAHPHADTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 14
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000009938 salting Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000000909 electrodialysis Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 13
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Divinylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000009296 electrodeionization Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000009941 weaving Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003014 ion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 description 5
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N monobenzene Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 5
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007877 V-601 Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003011 anion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert‐butyl hydroperoxide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OO CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 4
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006277 sulfonation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- SSONCJTVDRSLNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylprop-2-enoic acid;hydrochloride Chemical class Cl.CC(=C)C(O)=O SSONCJTVDRSLNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007766 curtain coating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PSYGHMBJXWRQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-sulfanylacetyl)oxyethyl 2-sulfanylacetate Chemical compound SCC(=O)OCCOC(=O)CS PSYGHMBJXWRQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SEILKFZTLVMHRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phosphonooxyethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCOP(O)(O)=O SEILKFZTLVMHRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000255964 Pieridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004695 Polyether sulfone Substances 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZVBJPHBJAKGQAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].C(=CC1=CC=CC=C1)S(=O)(=O)O Chemical compound [Li].C(=CC1=CC=CC=C1)S(=O)(=O)O ZVBJPHBJAKGQAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000005576 amination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006318 anionic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006317 cationic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000007265 chloromethylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000502 dialysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004177 diethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000118 dimethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- IINNWAYUJNWZRM-UHFFFAOYSA-L erythrosin B Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C1=C2C=C(I)C(=O)C(I)=C2OC2=C(I)C([O-])=C(I)C=C21 IINNWAYUJNWZRM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229940059939 kayexalate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- CXKWCBBOMKCUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-M methylene blue Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC2=[S+]C3=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C3N=C21 CXKWCBBOMKCUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229960000907 methylthioninium chloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical group CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001467 poly(styrenesulfonates) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006393 polyether sulfone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- SZHIIIPPJJXYRY-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-methylprop-2-ene-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].CC(=C)CS([O-])(=O)=O SZHIIIPPJJXYRY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003011 styrenyl group Chemical group [H]\C(*)=C(/[H])C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- FZGFBJMPSHGTRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl(2-prop-2-enoyloxyethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CCOC(=O)C=C FZGFBJMPSHGTRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RRHXZLALVWBDKH-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl-[2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethyl]azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC(=C)C(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C RRHXZLALVWBDKH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J47/00—Ion-exchange processes in general; Apparatus therefor
- B01J47/12—Ion-exchange processes in general; Apparatus therefor characterised by the use of ion-exchange material in the form of ribbons, filaments, fibres or sheets, e.g. membranes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
- B01D61/422—Electrodialysis
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01D69/02—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
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- B01D69/1216—Three or more layers
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- B01D69/125—In situ manufacturing by polymerisation, polycondensation, cross-linking or chemical reaction
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- B01D69/141—Heterogeneous membranes, e.g. containing dispersed material; Mixed matrix membranes
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- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/28—Polymers of vinyl aromatic compounds
- B01D71/281—Polystyrene
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- B01D71/30—Polyalkenyl halides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/76—Macromolecular material not specifically provided for in a single one of groups B01D71/08 - B01D71/74
- B01D71/82—Macromolecular material not specifically provided for in a single one of groups B01D71/08 - B01D71/74 characterised by the presence of specified groups, e.g. introduced by chemical after-treatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J39/00—Cation exchange; Use of material as cation exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the cation exchange properties
- B01J39/08—Use of material as cation exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the cation exchange properties
- B01J39/16—Organic material
- B01J39/18—Macromolecular compounds
- B01J39/20—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
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Abstract
本文公开了离子交换膜,其包括浸渍有离子交换材料并且以从膜的一个面到膜的相对面的顺序排列的离子可渗透层,使得支撑膜基材中的相对层提供足够相同的物理性质,以基本上避免在盐溶液中时的不规则膨胀。离子可渗透层包括至少一个非织造层和至少一个增强层。
Description
技术领域
本公开内容一般涉及具有多层支撑基材的离子交换膜。
背景技术
下述段落并非承认其中所讨论的任何内容都是现有技术或本领域技术人员的部分知识。
离子交换膜用作用于电渗析(ED)、双极性ED、反电渗析(RED)、电去离子(EDI)和反向电渗析(EDR)的电解膜。这些纯化方法在所施加的电势差的影响下,将离子通过离子交换膜从一种溶液转运到另一溶液中。
可用于电渗析的离子交换膜包括离子交换材料和用于离子交换材料的支撑基材。在使用织造织物片或非织造织物片作为支撑基材产生的离子交换膜中,织造织物片或非织造织物片中的空隙填充有离子交换材料。
发明内容
下文内容预期向读者介绍本说明书,但不限定任何发明。一个或多个发明可存在于下文或本文件的其他部分中描述的仪器元件或方法步骤的组合或子组合中。本发明人并不舍弃或放弃其仅在本说明书中公开的任何一个或多个发明,而未在权利要求书中描述的这种其他一个或多个发明的权利。
在离子交换膜中使用非织造织物是期望的,因为与使用织造织物形成的膜相比,非织造织物中纤维的高度交织结构可减少泄漏、电阻、厚度或其任何组合。然而,当与使用织造织物形成的膜相比较时,仅使用非织造织物形成的膜通常具有不期望的物理性质。不期望的物理性质可为强度降低、尺寸稳定性降低或形状稳定性降低。另外,如果非织造织物中存在不规则性,则膜可能具有离子交换材料的不均匀分布。离子交换材料的这种不均匀分布可导致具有不一致的物理性质的离子交换膜。
为了改善不期望的物理性质中的至少一种,用非织造织物制成的离子交换膜还可包括增强层。然而,添加增强层增加了膜的厚度,并且因此,膜的电阻也增加。具有附着到单个非织造织物层的单个增强层的离子交换膜在盐溶液中时也会不规则地膨胀,这导致膜的起伏。这种不规则膨胀是由在盐溶液中时两个层的膨胀或收缩中的差异引起的。
因此,仍然需要具有支撑基材的离子交换膜,其中支撑基材包括(a)作为离子交换材料的支撑材料的非织造织物层,和(b)增强层,其中当置于盐溶液中时,离子交换膜显示出减少的不规则膨胀。如果离子交换膜至少与具有非织造织物层和增强层的已知离子交换膜一样薄,则它是特别期望的。
减少离子交换膜的厚度是期望的,因为这样的减少可得到所有其他条件相同、来自电解池堆的更高生产量,因为可将更多的膜加载到相同的装置内。减少离子交换膜的厚度可导致给定膜面积所消耗的化学品的减少,因为更薄的膜具有较少的离子交换材料/膜的表面积(具有较少的每一膜的表面积的离子交换材料)。如果减少离子交换膜的厚度对应于较薄膜的电阻的降低,则减少离子交换膜的厚度可使得电解纯化过程中能量消耗的降低。
一个或多个所描述的实施例尝试解决或改善与由非织造织物层和增强层形成的离子交换膜相关的一个或多个缺点。
一般地,本公开内容提供了离子交换膜,其包括离子交换材料和浸渍有离子交换材料的支撑膜基材。支撑膜基材在本文中也称为“支撑基材”,包括离子可渗透层,其顺序使得支撑基材中的相对层提供足够相同的物理性质,以基本上避免在盐溶液中时的不规则膨胀。
在本公开内容的上下文中,膜中的相对层被理解为指在支撑基材的横截面中的相对点处的层。例如,在0.4mm厚的支撑基材上,在0.02mm的深度处的层与在0.38mm的深度处的层相对,因为两个点距离其各自的表面0.02mm。
在一个实施例中,离子交换膜包括在两个增强层之间的一个非织造层。两个增强层可由不同的材料制成,只要它们提供足够相同的物理性质,以便基本上避免在盐溶液中时的不规则膨胀。
在另一个实施例中,离子交换膜包括两个非织造层之间的一个增强层。两个非织造层可由不同的材料制成,只要它们提供足够相同的物理性质,以便基本上避免在盐溶液中时的不规则膨胀。
可影响膨胀的层的物理性质的一个例子是该层的膨胀或收缩趋势。当与包括具有基本上不同的膨胀趋势的增强层的离子交换膜相比较时,包括具有基本上相同的膨胀趋势的增强层的离子交换膜将显示出减小的不规则膨胀。
可影响层的膨胀或收缩趋势的一种物理性质是该层的拉伸强度。具有类似拉伸强度的层将抵抗膨胀或收缩至相似程度。具有含有层(所述层以这样的顺序,使得层的拉伸强度从膜的一个面到膜的另一面是对称的)的支撑基材的离子交换膜显示出比具有非对称拉伸强度的层的离子交换膜更小的不规则膨胀。
在机器方向(MD,machine direction)上的层的拉伸强度可不同于在机器横向(CD,cross-machine direction)上的层的拉伸强度。在特定实施例中,期望支撑基材具有以这样的顺序的层:使得层的拉伸强度在机器方向上从膜的一个面到膜层的另一个面是对称的,并且层的拉伸强度在机器横向上从膜的一个面到膜层的另一个面是对称的。
拉伸强度范围可为0.2MPa至40N/cm。示例性层包括:(A)具有0.24N/cm的MD拉伸强度和1.04N/cm的CD拉伸强度的聚酯熔喷层;(B)具有1.8N/cm的MD拉伸强度和0.92N/cm的CD拉伸强度的聚丙烯熔喷层;(C)具有11.8N/cm的MD拉伸强度和12.2N/cm的CD拉伸强度的聚酯纺粘层;(D)具有12.2N/cm的MD拉伸强度和11.4N/cm的CD拉伸强度的聚丙烯纺粘层;以及(E)具有30.4N/cm的MD拉伸强度和10.5N/cm的CD拉伸强度的聚丙烯纺粘层。只要在MD和CD方向上的拉伸强度各自从膜的一个面到膜层的另一个面是对称的,这些层就可包括上述示例性层的任何组合。
例如,离子交换膜可具有支撑基材,所述支撑基材具有以相同厚度的上述层(A)和(D)和顺序(D)-(A)-(D)。在这个例子中,第一层和第三层的拉伸强度在机器方向上彼此相同。在另一个例子中,离子交换膜可具有支撑基材,所述支撑基材具有以相同厚度的上述层(B)、(C)和(D)和顺序(C)-(B)-(D)。在该第二例子中,第一层和第三层的拉伸强度在机器方向上有3.7%的不同,并且在机器横向上有6.7%的不同。在两种示例性膜中,层的MD和CD拉伸强度从膜的一个面到膜层的另一个面是对称的。
如果在MD方向上的层的拉伸强度与在CD方向上的层的拉伸强度基本上相同,则这也是优选的。例如:层(D)在MD方向上具有的拉伸强度6.9%不同于在CD方向上的拉伸强度;并且层(C)在MD方向上具有的拉伸强度3.3%不同于在CD方向上的拉伸强度。
可影响层的膨胀或收缩趋势的另一种物理性质是层的密度。不希望受理论束缚,本公开内容的作者认为层的密度影响在离子交换膜的制造期间被层吸收的离子交换材料的量。其中吸收不同量的离子交换材料的层将不同地膨胀或收缩,因为当暴露于盐溶液时它们将吸收不同量的盐和水。包括具有不同密度的层的离子交换膜将显示出比具有基本上相同密度的增强层的离子交换膜更不规则的膨胀。
在本公开内容的上下文中,基本上相同的密度或拉伸强度被理解为指密度或拉伸强度的值至少彼此差10%以内。在具体例子中,基本上相同的值为彼此差5%以内。在特别优选的例子中,基本上相同的值为彼此差2%以内。可通过将两个值的差除以两个值的平均值来计算两个值之间的百分比差异。例如,9.5g/cm3和10.5g/cm3之间的差异为10%。
在根据本公开内容的离子交换膜的一个例子中,在支撑基材的横截面中的给定点处的支撑基材的密度与在支撑基材的横截面中的相对点处的支撑基材的密度基本上相同。例如,在0.4mm厚的支撑基材中,在0.02mm的深度处的支撑基材的密度与在0.38mm的深度处的支撑基材的密度基本上相同,因为两个点距离其各自的表面0.02mm。
多个离子可渗透层可由粘结在一起的多个不同的层形成。支撑基材可包括在一侧上粘结至具有第二密度的第二离子可渗透层、并且在相对侧上粘结至具有第三密度的第三离子可渗透层的具有第一密度的第一离子可渗透层。第二密度和第三密度基本上相同。第一密度可为约0.04g/cm3至约0.6g/cm3,并且第二密度和第三密度可为约0.2g/cm3至约0.6g/cm3。可替代地,第一密度可为约0.2g/cm3至约0.6g/cm3,并且第二密度和第三密度可为约0.04g/cm3至约0.6g/cm3。
第一离子可渗透层可为熔喷层,并且第二离子可渗透层和第三离子可渗透层可为纺粘层。可替代地,第一离子可渗透层可为纺粘层,并且第二离子可渗透层和第三离子可渗透层可为熔喷层。
在根据本公开内容的一种示例性离子交换膜中,离子交换膜包括至少一个非织造织物层和至少一个增强层作为支撑基材。这些层以从膜的一个面到膜的另一个面对称的层顺序排列。
在特定例子中,离子交换膜包括具有夹在两个增强层之间的一个非织造层的三层结构。在其他特定例子中,离子交换膜包括具有夹在两个非织造层之间的一个增强层的三层结构。
当根据本公开内容的离子交换膜包括多个非织造层时,非织造层优选是相同的。当根据本公开内容的离子交换膜包括多个增强层时,增强层优选是相同的。优选地,当根据本公开内容的离子交换膜包括多个非织造层和多个增强层时,非织造层是彼此相同的,并且增强层是彼此相同的。
在特别优选的例子中,支撑基材中的所有层均由相同的化学材料制成,尽管例如,一个或多个非织造层可具有与一个或多个增强层不同直径的纤维、不同的密度和/或不同的拉伸强度。支撑基材的层可由例如聚丙烯、聚酯或聚丙烯腈制成。
附图说明
现在将仅通过示例的方式参考附图来描述本公开内容的实施例。
图1是根据本公开内容的离子交换膜的实施例的图示。
图2是根据本公开内容的离子交换膜的实施例的图示。
图3是显示了在根据本公开内容的示例性膜上进行的泄漏测试结果的一组照片。
图4是显示了在根据本公开内容的示例性膜上和在比较膜上进行的泄漏测试结果的一组照片。
图5是显示了在根据本公开内容的示例性膜上和在比较膜上进行的泄漏测试结果的一组照片。
图6是由两层基材制成的离子交换膜的照片。
图7是由根据本公开内容的示例性三层基材制成的离子交换膜的照片。
具体实施方式
一般地,本公开内容提供了具有支撑膜基材的离子交换膜,所述支撑膜基材包括离子可渗透层,其顺序使得支撑基材中的相对层提供足够相同的物理性质,以基本上避免在盐溶液中时的不规则膨胀。
在一个方面,本公开内容提供了具有至少一个非织造层和至少一个增强层的离子交换膜,其中层的顺序从膜的一个面到膜的另一个面是对称的。
在另一个方面,离子可渗透层的顺序使得在支撑基材的横截面中的给定点处的支撑基材的密度与在支撑基材的横截面中的相对点处的支撑基材的密度基本上相同。
在另一个方面,离子可渗透层的顺序使得在支撑基材的横截面中的给定点处的支撑基材的拉伸强度与在支撑基材的横截面中的相对点处的支撑基材的拉伸强度基本上相同。
离子交换膜的层优选装载有离子交换材料。离子交换材料中的离子官能团可为磺酸基、羧酸基、磷酸基、季铵基、咪唑鎓基、吡啶鎓基或其盐。
离子交换材料可为例如已通过离子单体和交联剂的聚合形成的离子交换树脂。离子单体和交联剂可溶解在饱和支撑基材的溶剂中。
在一些实例中,离子交换材料可为由2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸钠、3-磺丙基丙烯酸钾、甲代烯丙基磺酸钠、乙烯基磺酸钠、4-乙烯基苯磺酸钠、4-乙烯基苯磺酸锂、丙烯酸、2-乙基丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、2-丙基丙烯酸、丙烯酸钠、甲基丙烯酸钠、乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯磷酸酯(ethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate)、乙烯基膦酸或双[2-(甲基丙烯酰氧基)乙基]磷酸酯聚合形成的阳离子交换聚合物。在一些例子中,离子交换材料可为由N-三甲基氨基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯氯化物(TMAEMC,N-trimethylaminoethylmethacrylate chloride)、[2-(丙烯酰氧基)乙基]三甲基氯化铵、[2-(甲基丙烯酰氧基)乙基]三甲基氯化铵、(3-丙烯酰氨丙基)三甲基氯化铵、[3-(甲基丙烯酰氨基)丙基]三甲基氯化铵、二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵、(乙烯基苄基)三甲基氯化铵、1-乙烯基-3-乙基咪唑鎓溴化物或4-乙烯基吡啶鎓三溴化物聚合形成的阴离子交换聚合物。
可替代地,离子交换膜的层可通过由非离子单体和交联剂的聚合形成,并且随后处理以引入阴离子基团或阳离子基团。例如,支撑基材可首先用含有至少一种单体、至少一种交联剂和引发剂的化学混合物饱和。经饱和的支撑基材可在升高的温度下固化,以使单体和交联剂聚合。然后可处理所得到的材料,以引入例如磺酸基或季铵基。这种制备的一个例子是苯乙烯与二乙烯基苯的聚合,随后为磺化。这种制备的另一个例子是苯乙烯与二乙烯基苯的聚合,随后为氯甲基化和使用三胺的胺化。
在另一种替代方法中,离子交换膜的层可通过将溶解的聚合物流延(cast)到支撑基材的层内来形成。例如,可将具有正电荷或负电荷的聚合物溶解在有机溶剂中,以形成均质溶液。然后可用刀将所得到的溶液流延到支撑基材内。然后可优选在升高的温度下在真空中去除饱和基材中的有机溶剂,以提供离子交换膜。带负电荷的聚合物可为例如:磺化聚砜、磺化聚醚砜或磺化聚偏氟乙烯。带正电荷的聚合物可为例如:季铵化聚(乙烯基苄基氯)或季铵化聚(苯醚)。有机溶剂可包括例如:1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺或N,N-二甲基乙酰胺。
在图1所示的一个实施例中,离子交换膜(10)包括夹在两个增强层(14,16)之间的非织造层(12)。非织造层(12)和增强层(14,16)浸渍有离子交换材料。
在图2所示的另一个实施例中,离子交换膜(18)包括夹着一个增强层(24)的两个非织造层(20,22)。非织造层(20,22)和增强层(24)浸渍有离子交换材料。
在根据本公开内容的离子交换膜的一个例子中,支撑基材由非织造层(12)和两个增强层(14,16)组成。支撑基材用阴离子交换材料饱和。在自由基引发剂如二甲基2,2'-偶氮双(2-甲基丙酯)(V-601)的存在下,由N-三甲基氨基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯氯化物(TMAEMC)和二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯(EDGM)的聚合形成阴离子交换材料。将单体和引发剂溶解在二丙二醇(DPG)中,并且用所得到的溶液饱和支撑基材。经饱和的支撑基材在升高的温度下固化,以使单体和交联剂聚合。当将17.6克TMAEMC、10.9克EGDM和0.2克V-601溶解在15.2克DPG中,并且随后在Tapyrus非织造聚酯支撑基材上聚合时,所得到的阴离子交换膜具有2.71meq/g的离子交换容量(IEC,ion exchange capacity)和42.8%的含水量。
在另一个例子中,支撑基材由非织造层(12)和两个增强层(14,16)组成,并且支撑基材被阳离子交换材料饱和。在自由基引发剂如叔丁基过氧化2-碳酸乙基己酯(TPO)的存在下,由2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)和EGDM的聚合形成阳离子交换材料。将单体和引发剂溶解在水和1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP,1-methyl-2-pyrollidinone)的溶液中,并且用所得到的溶液饱和支撑基材。经饱和的支撑基材在升高的温度下固化,以使单体和交联剂聚合。当将34.2克AMPS、33.06克EGDM和1.05mL TPO溶解在3.6克水和38.9克NMP的溶液中,并且随后在Tapyrus非织造聚酯支撑基材上聚合时,所得到的阳离子交换膜具有2.5meq/g的离子交换容量(IEC)和40%的含水量(WC,water content)。
在上述例子中,Tapyrus非织造聚酯支撑基材是具有夹着一个非织造层的两个增强层的三层基材。所有三层均由聚酯制成。增强层是纺粘的,并且非织造层是熔喷的。非织造层是非织造织物片。三层例如通过经由加热轧辊压延(calendering)它们而彼此粘结在一起。加热轧辊可被加热到超过100℃。纺粘层具有比熔喷层更大直径的纤维。纺粘纤维优选具有15至35μm的直径。熔喷纤维优选具有在2至4μm范围内的直径,尽管它们可小至0.1μm且大至10μm。与纺粘增强层相比,熔喷层中较小直径的纤维为非织造基材层提供更大的孔隙率。非织造基材层的孔隙率可大于70%。
在上文讨论的示例性离子交换膜中,用具有下述规格的三种不同的非织造聚酯支撑基材测试离子交换材料:
表1
聚酯支撑基材在电渗析(ED)、双极性ED、反电渗析(RED)、电去离子(EDI)和反向电渗析(EDR)中发现的酸性条件下是稳定的。
在上述两种示例性膜中使用的离子交换聚合物仅是可浸渍到支撑基材内的树脂的两个例子。可使用本领域已知的其他阳离子聚合物或阴离子聚合物。例如,可使用包括以下的聚合物:磺酸基,例如聚苯乙烯磺酸钠;羧酸基;或季氨基,例如聚(丙烯酰胺基-N-丙基三甲基氯化铵)。可使用的聚合物的具体例子包括使用(乙烯基苄基)三甲基氯化铵和苯乙烯磺酸锂形成的聚合物。
在根据本公开内容的离子交换膜的另一个例子中,支撑基材由非织造层(12)和两个增强层(14,16)组成。用阴离子交换材料饱和支撑基材,在自由基引发剂如叔丁基过氧化2-碳酸乙基己酯(TPO)的存在下,由(乙烯基苄基)三甲基氯化铵(VBTAC,(vinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride)和二乙烯基苯(DVB,divinyl benzene)的聚合形成所述阴离子交换材料。将单体和引发剂溶解在DPG中,并且用所得的溶液饱和支撑基材。经饱和的基材在升高的温度下固化,以使单体和交联剂聚合。当将28.9克VBTAC、29.7克DVB和0.9mlTPO溶解在38.5克DPG中,并且随后在Tapyrus非织造聚丙烯支撑基材上聚合时,所得到的阴离子交换膜具有2.5meq/g的离子交换容量(IEC)和35%的含水量。
在根据本公开内容的离子交换膜的另一个例子中,支撑基材由非织造层(12)和两个增强层(14,16)组成。用阳离子交换材料饱和支撑基材。在自由基引发剂如V-601的存在下,由苯乙烯磺酸锂(LiSS)和DVB的聚合形成阳离子交换材料。将单体和引发剂溶解在NMP中,并且用所得到的溶液饱和所有三个层。经饱和的基材在升高的温度下固化,以使单体和交联剂聚合。当将17.6g LiSS、15.2g DVB和0.2g V-601溶解在24.0g NMP中,并且随后在Tapyrus非织造聚丙烯支撑基材上聚合时,所得到的阳离子交换膜具有2.5meq/g的离子交换容量(IEC)和45%的含水量。
上文讨论的离子交换材料用具有下述规格的三种不同的非织造聚丙烯支撑基材进行测试:
表2
聚丙烯支撑基材是疏水性的,并且基材E和F在用含有单体和交联剂的溶液饱和之前用表面活性剂进行处理。聚丙烯支撑基材对于在电渗析(ED)、双极性ED、反电渗析(RED)、电去离子(EDI)和反向电渗析(EDR)中发现的腐蚀条件是稳定的。
虽然示例性的离子交换膜使用非织造聚丙烯或聚酯层制成,但也可使用其他非织造层。例如,可使用非织造聚乙烯层、非织造聚氯乙烯层、非织造聚丙烯腈层或非织造聚酰胺层。
使用阴离子交换材料(样品1-3)或阳离子交换材料(样品4-6),由Tapyrus三层聚酯支撑基材A-C制备的离子交换膜具有下述性质:
表3
使用阴离子交换材料(样品7-9)或阳离子交换材料(样品10-12),由Tapyrus三层聚丙烯支撑基材D-F制备的离子交换膜具有下述性质:
表4
在使用染料的泄漏测试中测试所得到的膜,以鉴定膜中的泄漏。阴离子交换膜的泄漏测试使用5%亚甲基蓝的水溶液,并且阳离子交换膜的泄漏测试使用5%赤藓红B的水溶液。使用Tapyrus三层聚酯基材制成的阴离子交换膜和阳离子交换膜的照片显示于图3中。阴离子交换膜显示出:一个泄漏和光滑的表面(样品1);无泄漏和一个小的粗糙区域(样品2);以及无泄漏和光滑的表面(样品3)。具有Tapyrus三层聚酯基材的阳离子交换膜显示出:无泄漏,但染料渗透穿过膜(样品4);无泄漏(样品5);以及无泄漏(样品6)。可用于电渗析(ED)、双极性ED、反电渗析(RED)、电去离子(EDI)和反向电渗析(EDR)的离子交换膜应优选是无泄漏的。
在Mullen***机中测试膜,Mullen***机测量刺穿膜所需的压力并且是承载能力的指示。样品1在98psi下爆裂,样品2在115psi下爆裂,样品3在92psi下爆裂,样品4在105psi下爆裂,样品5在113psi下爆裂,并且样品6在96psi下爆裂。
还使用非接触电阻测量装置测量在0.01N NaCl溶液中膜的电阻,并且使用螺旋测微计测定膜的厚度。膜具有下述性质:
表5
样品 | 电阻(ohm-cm2) | 厚度(mm) |
1 | 3.96±0.80 | 0.30±0.07 |
2 | 3.48±0.36 | 0.27±0.01 |
3 | 3.56±0.45 | 0.31±0.06 |
4 | 5.40±0.60 | 0.31±0.07 |
5 | 5.33±0.55 | 0.28±0.02 |
6 | 5.48±0.36 | 0.33±0.09 |
7 | 8.45±0.56 | 0.31±0.08 |
8 | 7.30±0.33 | 0.32±0.03 |
9 | 9.67±0.28 | 0.31±0.07 |
10 | 6.48±0.67 | 0.30±0.06 |
11 | 6.19±0.38 | 0.33±0.02 |
12 | 6.77±0.53 | 0.32±0.09 |
预期离子交换膜的电阻与相应的两层离子交换膜的电阻基本上相同,只要膜的厚度是相同的。
将示例性离子交换膜的各种物理性质与由(a)来自Tri-Ocean的0.15mm厚的织造聚丙烯支撑基材,或(b)0.45mm厚的丙烯酸类支撑基材制成的离子交换膜相比较。三种示例性的离子交换膜(样品13-15)分别使用上文讨论的Tapyrus支撑基材A-C。Tri-Ocean支撑基材和丙烯酸类支撑基材的空气渗透率是Tapyrus支撑基材的空气渗透率的约十倍。
通过将58.0g TMAEMC、24.6g EDGM和0.4g VA-601溶解在13.03g DPG和10.5g正丙醇中,用所得到的溶液饱和支撑基材,并且使单体和交联剂聚合,使阴离子交换材料在支撑基材上聚合。目标离子交换容量(IEC)为3.14meq/g,并且目标含水量为33.1%。
具有丙烯酸类支撑基材的膜具有粗糙表面、2.84meq/g的IEC和39.8%的WC。如上所述,泄漏测试显示穿过具有丙烯酸类支撑基材的膜的泄漏。具有0.15mm厚的Tri-Ocean织造支撑基材的膜显示严重泄漏。样品13和14显示粗糙的表面和一些泄漏。样品15显示粗糙的表面,但无泄漏。泄漏测试的照片结果显示于图4中。
Mullen爆裂测试显示具有丙烯酸类支撑基材的离子交换膜在195psi下爆裂;具有Tri-Ocean 0.15mm厚支撑基材的离子交换膜在210psi下爆裂;并且离子交换膜样品13-15分别在170psi、120psi和120psi下爆裂。
测量膜的厚度。在0.01NNaCl和0.5NNaCl下测量电阻。
表6
制备另外的示例性阴离子交换膜,并且将它的物理性质与由(a)来自Tri-Ocean的0.15mm厚的织造支撑基材、(b)来自Tri-Ocean的0.24mm厚的织造支撑基材、或(c)0.45mm厚的丙烯酸类支撑基材制成的离子交换膜相比较。这些支撑基材由多纤维细丝织造,并且是非常有结构且对称的。示例性的离子交换膜(样品16)使用上文讨论的Tapyrus支撑基材A。
通过将17.6g TMAEMC、10.9g EDGM和0.2g VA-601溶解在15.2g DPG中,用所得到的溶液饱和支撑基材,并且使单体和交联剂聚合,使阴离子交换材料在支撑基材上聚合。目标离子交换容量(IEC)为2.71meq/g,并且目标含水量为42.6%。
具有丙烯酸类支撑基材的离子交换膜具有光滑的表面、2.42meq/g的IEC和42.6%的WC。如上所述,泄漏测试显示一个泄漏。具有0.15mm厚的Tri-Ocean织造支撑基材的离子交换膜显示严重的泄漏。具有0.24mm厚的Tri-Ocean织造支撑基材的离子交换膜显示严重的泄漏,但与具有0.15mm厚的Tri-Ocean织造支撑基材的离子交换膜相比,泄漏较少。样品16显示光滑的表面和一个泄漏。不希望受理论束缚,本公开内容的作者认为当与使用织造材料制成的支撑基材相比较时,非织造材料的高度交织结构降低了膜泄漏的机会。泄漏测试的照片结果显示于图5中。用非织造层制成的示例性膜显示出比用织造层制成的膜更少的泄漏。这可能是由非织造层中增加量的交织纤维引起的。
Mullen爆裂测试显示具有丙烯酸类支撑基材的膜在200psi下爆裂;具有Tri-Ocean 0.15mm厚的支撑基材的膜在210psi下爆裂;具有Tri-Ocean 0.24mm厚的支撑基材的膜在240psi下爆裂;并且膜样品16在118psi下爆裂。
测量膜的厚度。在0.01NNaCl和0.5NNaCl下测量电阻。
表7
根据本公开内容的示例性离子交换膜对盐溶液的暴露效应与由两层支撑基材制成的离子交换膜的效应相比较。具有两层支撑结构的离子交换膜通过经由加热轧辊将两个层压延以将非织造层粘结到增强层而生成。如图6所示,用双层基材制成的离子交换膜显示出显著的卷曲,指示两个层在暴露于盐溶液时不同地膨胀。相比之下,如图3-5中的样品1-6和13-16的照片以及图7所示样品的照片所示,根据本公开内容用三层基材制成的离子交换膜显示出减少的卷曲。
在前述说明书中,为了说明的目的,阐述了许多细节以提供对实施例的透彻理解。然而,对于本领域技术人员显而易见的是,这些具体细节不是必需的。相应地,所描述的仅是所述实施例的应用的说明,并且根据上文教导,许多修改和变化是可能的。
因为上文说明书提供了示例性实施例,应了解本领域技术人员可对特定实施例进行修改和变化。相应地,权利要求的范围不应受本文阐述的特定实施例的限制,而是应以与符合说明书整体的方式来解释。
Claims (26)
1.一种离子交换膜,所述离子交换膜包括:
支撑基材,所述支撑基材包括以从膜的一个面到膜的相对面的对称顺序设置的至少三个离子可渗透层;和
离子交换材料;
其中所述离子可渗透层浸渍有所述离子交换材料并且包括:
至少一个非织造层;和
至少一个增强层。
2.根据权利要求1所述的离子交换膜,其中,所述支撑基材包括多个非织造层,并且所述多个非织造层全部具有基本上相同的密度或基本上相同的拉伸强度。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的离子交换膜,其中,所述离子交换膜包括夹在两个非织造层之间的一个增强层。
4.根据权利要求1所述的离子交换膜,其中,所述支撑基材包括多个增强层,并且所述多个增强层全部具有基本上相同的密度或基本上相同的拉伸强度。
5.根据权利要求1或4所述的离子交换膜,其中,所述离子交换膜包含夹在两个增强层之间的一个非织造层。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的离子交换膜,其中,所述离子交换材料是具有磺酸基、羧酸基、磷酸基或其盐的阳离子交换聚合物。
7.根据权利要求6所述的离子交换膜,其中,所述阳离子交换聚合物是由2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸钠、3-磺基丙基丙烯酸钾、甲代烯丙基磺酸钠、乙烯基磺酸钠、4-乙烯基苯磺酸钠、4-乙烯基苯磺酸锂、丙烯酸、2-乙基丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、2-丙基丙烯酸、丙烯酸钠、甲基丙烯酸钠、乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯磷酸酯、乙烯基膦酸或双[2-(甲基丙烯酰氧基)乙基]磷酸酯聚合形成的聚合物。
8.根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的离子交换膜,其中,所述离子交换材料是具有季铵基、咪唑鎓基或吡啶鎓基的阴离子交换聚合物。
9.根据权利要求8所述的离子交换膜,其中,所述阴离子交换聚合物是由N-三甲基氨基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯氯化物(TMAEMC)、[2-(丙烯酰氧基)乙基]三甲基氯化铵、[2- (甲基丙烯酰氧基)乙基]三甲基氯化铵、(3-丙烯酰氨基丙基)三甲基氯化铵、[3-(甲基丙烯酰氨基)丙基]三甲基氯化铵、二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵、(乙烯基苄基)三甲基氯化铵、1-乙烯基-3-乙基咪唑鎓溴化物或4-乙烯基吡啶鎓三溴化物聚合形成的聚合物。
10.根据权利要求1-9中任一项所述的离子交换膜,其中,所述至少三个离子可渗透层全部由相同的化学材料制成。
11.根据权利要求1-10中任一项所述的离子交换膜,其中,所述至少一个非织造层是下述的非织造织物片:聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚酯、聚丙烯腈或聚酰胺。
12.根据权利要求1-11中任一项所述的离子交换膜,其中相邻的离子可渗透层粘结在一起。
13.一种离子交换膜,所述离子交换膜包括:
离子交换材料;和
浸渍有所述离子交换材料的支撑膜基材,所述支撑基材包括离子可渗透层,其顺序使得在所述支撑基材的横截面中的给定点处的所述支撑基材的密度与在所述支撑基材的横截面中的相对点处的所述支撑基材的密度基本上相同。
14.根据权利要求13所述的离子交换膜,其中:
所述离子可渗透层是粘结在一起的不同层,并且所述支撑基材包括在一侧上粘结至具有第二密度的第二离子可渗透层、并且在相对侧上粘结至具有与第二密度基本上相同的第三密度的第三离子可渗透层的具有第一密度的第一离子可渗透层。
15.一种离子交换膜,所述离子交换膜包括:
离子交换材料;和
浸渍有所述离子交换材料的支撑膜基材,所述支撑基材包括离子可渗透层,其顺序使得在所述支撑基材的横截面中的给定点处的所述支撑基材的拉伸强度与在所述支撑基材的横截面中的相对点处的所述支撑基材的拉伸强度基本上相同。
16.根据权利要求1-15中任一项所述的离子交换膜,其中,所述支撑基材具有小于0.5mm的厚度。
17.根据权利要求1-15中任一项所述的离子交换膜,其中,所述支撑基材具有约0.15mm至约0.35 mm的厚度。
18.根据权利要求1-15中任一项所述的离子交换膜,其中,所述支撑基材具有约0.05mm至约0.15 mm的厚度。
19.根据权利要求1-15中任一项所述的离子交换膜,其中,所述支撑基材具有至少0.5cc/cm2/s的空气渗透率。
20.根据权利要求1-15中任一项所述的离子交换膜,其中,所述支撑基材具有约1.0cc/cm2/s至约120 cc/cm2/s的空气渗透率。
21.根据权利要求1-15中任一项所述的离子交换膜,其中,所述支撑基材具有约10 cc/cm2/s至约60 cc/cm2/s的空气渗透率。
22.根据权利要求1-21中任一项所述的离子交换膜,其中,所述离子交换膜用足够的离子交换材料饱和,以得到至少2.0 meq/g的离子交换容量的膜。
23.一种包括多个根据权利要求1-22中任一项所述的离子交换膜的电解池堆。
24.一种方法,所述方法包括:
用包含阴离子单体或阳离子单体和交联剂的溶液饱和或浸渍支撑膜基材,所述支撑膜基材包括以从所述膜的一个面到所述膜的相对面的对称顺序设置的至少三个离子可渗透层;和
使所述单体和交联剂聚合;
其中所述离子可渗透层包括:
至少一个非织造层;和
至少一个增强层。
25.一种方法,所述方法包括:
用包含阴离子单体或阳离子单体和交联剂的溶液饱和或浸渍包括至少三个离子可渗透层的支撑膜基材;和
使所述单体和交联剂聚合;
其中在所述支撑基材的横截面中的给定点处的所述支撑基材的密度与在所述支撑基材的横截面中的相对点处的所述支撑基材的密度基本上相同。
26.一种方法,所述方法包括:
用包含阴离子单体或阳离子单体和交联剂的溶液饱和或浸渍包括至少三个离子可渗透层的支撑膜基材;和
使所述单体和交联剂聚合;
其中在所述支撑基材的横截面中的给定点处的所述支撑基材的拉伸强度与在所述支撑基材的横截面中的相对点处的所述支撑基材的拉伸强度基本上相同。
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CN108031496A (zh) * | 2017-12-27 | 2018-05-15 | 山东天维膜技术有限公司 | 一种基于聚离子液体的三层结构阴离子交换膜的制备方法 |
CN109876678A (zh) * | 2019-04-02 | 2019-06-14 | 浙江迪萧环保科技有限公司 | 一种双极性膜及制备方法 |
CN114158607A (zh) * | 2021-12-06 | 2022-03-11 | 北京市农林科学院 | 一种控制青椒冷害的绿色保鲜剂及其使用方法 |
CN114699935A (zh) * | 2022-03-14 | 2022-07-05 | 华东理工大学 | 一种聚阳离子复合结构功能层改性的阳离子交换膜及其制备方法 |
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JP2019525995A (ja) * | 2016-07-25 | 2019-09-12 | ダイオキサイド マテリアルズ,インコーポレイティド | 酸素脱分極カソードを用いた塩素及び苛性アルカリを製造するための方法並びにシステム |
JP7386705B2 (ja) * | 2017-03-20 | 2023-11-27 | ビーエル テクノロジーズ、インコーポレイテッド | インプリントされた不織布基材を有するイオン交換膜 |
EP3757254A1 (en) * | 2017-04-19 | 2020-12-30 | Ph Matter, LLC | Method of using an electrochemical cell |
KR102280150B1 (ko) * | 2019-08-16 | 2021-07-21 | 도레이첨단소재 주식회사 | 1가 음이온 선택성 이온 교환막 |
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CN108031496A (zh) * | 2017-12-27 | 2018-05-15 | 山东天维膜技术有限公司 | 一种基于聚离子液体的三层结构阴离子交换膜的制备方法 |
CN109876678A (zh) * | 2019-04-02 | 2019-06-14 | 浙江迪萧环保科技有限公司 | 一种双极性膜及制备方法 |
CN114158607A (zh) * | 2021-12-06 | 2022-03-11 | 北京市农林科学院 | 一种控制青椒冷害的绿色保鲜剂及其使用方法 |
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CN114699935B (zh) * | 2022-03-14 | 2023-11-17 | 华东理工大学 | 一种聚阳离子复合结构功能层改性的阳离子交换膜及其制备方法 |
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WO2016141550A1 (en) | 2016-09-15 |
TW201704542A (zh) | 2017-02-01 |
KR20170128434A (ko) | 2017-11-22 |
EP3268513A1 (en) | 2018-01-17 |
US10486151B2 (en) | 2019-11-26 |
EP3268513A4 (en) | 2019-04-17 |
JP2018511463A (ja) | 2018-04-26 |
US20180043345A1 (en) | 2018-02-15 |
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