CN107240687B - Energy storage material prepared from activated sludge and method and application thereof - Google Patents

Energy storage material prepared from activated sludge and method and application thereof Download PDF

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CN107240687B
CN107240687B CN201710439734.3A CN201710439734A CN107240687B CN 107240687 B CN107240687 B CN 107240687B CN 201710439734 A CN201710439734 A CN 201710439734A CN 107240687 B CN107240687 B CN 107240687B
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activated sludge
energy storage
storage material
chromium
sludge
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CN107240687A (en
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黎烈龙
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Li Lielong
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362Composites
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/485Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H01M4/587Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for preparing an energy storage material by using activated sludge, which comprises the following steps: mixing activated sludge, water-soluble trivalent chromium salt and deionized water to obtain a mixed solution, standing or stirring the mixed solution to enable trivalent chromium ions to permeate into zoogloea bacteria contained in the activated sludge, adjusting the pH value to be alkaline, performing suction filtration, washing a filter cake to be neutral, drying and grinding, and then heating and calcining in an oxygen-free environment to obtain the activated sludge. The invention has the advantages that the sludge is effectively recycled, the problem of difficult sludge treatment is fundamentally solved, and the production cost of the biochar is reduced; chromium ions permeate into organisms through cell walls of living zoogloea, and the calcined chromium sesquioxide is well wrapped by the biochar, so that the chromium sesquioxide and the biochar are well compounded; the energy storage material obtained by the invention has low production cost and high capacity, and has good application prospect in the aspect of lithium ion battery cathode materials.

Description

Energy storage material prepared from activated sludge and method and application thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of new materials, and particularly relates to an energy storage material prepared from activated sludge, and a method and application thereof.
Background
At present, municipal sludge becomes one of important wastes generated in modern cities, 3000-plus 4000-ten thousand tons of sludge with the water content of about 80 percent are generated in China every year according to measurement and calculation, the sludge yield in China can reach 6000-plus 9000-ten thousand tons in 2020, and if industrial wastewater sludge is added, the sludge yield in China is larger. Because the sludge contains not only a large amount of water, but also refractory organic matters, heavy metals and salts, a small amount of pathogenic microorganisms, parasitic ova and the like, secondary pollution can be caused if the sludge is not treated properly. In the sludge treatment process, the international standard of passing is stabilization, reduction, harmlessness and resource treatment. The carbonized activated sludge as a reduction product of municipal sludge is a product of sludge stabilization and harmless treatment, and the resource utilization of the carbonized activated sludge is a hot spot of the current research. At present, carbonized activated sludge is applied to color removal and heavy metal adsorption treatment of industrial wastewater and has good treatment effect; also used as an exhaust gas adsorbent, a soil improving material, soil for gardening, a dewatering aid, a snow-melting material, a deodorant, and a primary treatment or deodorization of raw domestic sewage.
Because the sludge contains a large amount of organisms and organic matters and has higher calorific value and carbon content, the production of the biochar by taking the sludge as the raw material becomes possible. The method not only fundamentally solves the problem of difficult sludge treatment, but also provides a method for reducing the production cost of the biochar. In the field of energy storage materials, carbon materials occupy a very important position, the cathode materials of lithium ion batteries which are commercially applied at present are all graphite carbon materials, and the anode materials of lithium sulfur batteries in the laboratory research stage mainly adopt carbon materials as sulfur-carrying materials. Currently, biochar obtained after active sludge carbonization is directly used as a lithium battery cathode material, and has the defects of small capacity (only about 320 mAh/g), and incapability of meeting the requirements of high reversible capacity, large-current discharge capacity, rapid charge and discharge and the like of energy storage materials and devices in the market.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides an energy storage material prepared by using activated sludge, and a method and application thereof, and aims to solve the technical problems that sludge cannot be effectively recycled in the prior art, and the capacity of biochar used as the energy storage material is small to a certain extent.
The technical scheme for solving the technical problems is as follows: a method for preparing an energy storage material by using activated sludge comprises the following steps: mixing activated sludge, water-soluble trivalent chromium salt and deionized water to obtain a mixed solution, allowing trivalent chromium ions to permeate into thalli of a zoogloea contained in the activated sludge through standing or stirring treatment of the mixed solution, wherein the concentration of the trivalent chromium ions in the mixed solution is 0.01-0.08mol/L, and the mass ratio of the trivalent chromium salt to the activated sludge is 0.18-1.5: 1, adjusting the pH value to be alkaline, performing suction filtration, washing a filter cake to be neutral, drying and crushing, and then heating and calcining in an oxygen-free environment to obtain the composite material of chromium sesquioxide and biochar, namely the energy storage material. The water content of the activated sludge is preferably 65-85%, and the activated sludge is in a plastic state.
On the basis of the technical scheme, the invention can be further improved as follows.
Specifically, the activated sludge is fresh activated sludge taken out from a secondary sedimentation tank of a domestic sewage treatment plant, and after being taken out, the activated sludge is washed by deionized water and filtered to remove particles and scum. The fresh activated sludge means that the time interval from the completion of the precipitation to the removal of the activated sludge is not more than 5 days. The zoogloea is an important component of the activated sludge, has strong capability of adsorbing and oxidizing organic matters, and is easy to adsorb chromium ions in solution.
Specifically, the trivalent chromium salt is any one or a mixture of chromium chloride, chromium nitrate and chromium sulfate. Preferably, the trivalent chromium salt is chromium chloride.
Specifically, the standing or stirring treatment time is 2-10 h. The stirring is carried out at a slow speed, usually 20 to 100 rpm.
Preferably, the mass ratio of the trivalent chromium salt to the activated sludge is 0.67: 1.
specifically, the adjustment of the pH to alkalinity means that the alkalinity of the mixed solution is adjusted to pH 8 to 9. Alkali liquids such as sodium hydroxide solution and potassium hydroxide solution can be added when adjusting the pH.
Specifically, the drying temperature adopted for drying is 70-150 ℃.
Specifically, the heating and calcining under the oxygen-free environment refers to heating to 500-1000 ℃ at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min under the protection of argon, and the calcining time maintained at 500-1000 ℃ is 30-120 min.
The invention also provides an energy storage material prepared from the activated sludge, and the energy storage material is prepared by the method.
In addition, the invention also provides application of the energy storage material, and particularly provides the energy storage material used as a lithium ion battery cathode material.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1) the sludge is effectively recycled, the problem of difficult sludge treatment is fundamentally solved, and a method is provided for reducing the production cost of the biochar.
2) The method provided by the invention comprises the steps of firstly permeating chromium ions into organisms through cell walls of living zoogloea, then forming chromium hydroxide in the organisms, and well wrapping the calcined chromium trioxide by biochar to better compound the chromium trioxide and the biochar, wherein the stability of the chromium trioxide is greatly improved, and the defect of small capacity of the biochar is overcome.
3) The energy storage material prepared by the invention has lower production cost and capacity far higher than that of the graphite carbon material which is commercially applied at present, and has good application prospect in the aspect of lithium ion battery cathode materials.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of the energy storage material obtained in example 1;
FIG. 2 is a Raman spectrum of the energy storage material obtained in example 1;
FIG. 3 is a SEM photograph of the energy storage material obtained in example 1;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the charge and discharge curves of the energy storage material obtained in example 1 when used as a negative electrode of a lithium battery;
FIG. 5 is a graph of specific capacity versus efficiency of the energy storage material obtained in example 1 when used as a negative electrode material for a lithium battery;
FIG. 6 is a graph of the specific capacity of the energy storage materials obtained in examples 1 to 4 and comparative example as a function of cycle number.
Detailed Description
The principles and features of this invention are described in connection with the drawings and the detailed description of the invention, which are set forth below as examples to illustrate the invention and not to limit the scope of the invention.
Example 1
A method for preparing an energy storage material by using activated sludge comprises the following steps:
mixing activated sludge, chromium chloride and deionized water to obtain a mixed solution, stirring the mixed solution for 5 hours to enable trivalent chromium ions to permeate into thalli of a zoogloea contained in the activated sludge, wherein the concentration of the trivalent chromium ions in the mixed solution is 0.06mol/L, and the mass ratio of the chromium chloride to the activated sludge is 0.67: 1 (namely the percentage of the chromium chloride to the total mass of the chromium chloride and the activated sludge is about 40%), adjusting the pH value to 8, carrying out suction filtration, washing a filter cake to be neutral, drying and crushing, then placing the filter cake into a calcining device, heating the filter cake to 600 ℃ at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min under the protection of argon, and calcining the filter cake for 120min at the temperature of 600 ℃ to obtain the composite material of the chromium sesquioxide and the biochar, namely the energy storage material.
Example 2
Basically the same as in example 1, except that the mass ratio of the chromium chloride to the activated sludge was 0.18: 1 (i.e. the percentage of chromium chloride to the total mass of chromium chloride and activated sludge is about 15%).
Example 3
Basically the same as in example 1, except that the mass ratio of the chromium chloride to the activated sludge was 0.33: 1 (i.e. the percentage of chromium chloride to the total mass of chromium chloride and activated sludge is about 25%).
Example 4
Basically the same as in example 1, except that the mass ratio of the chromium chloride to the activated sludge was 1.5: 1 (i.e. the percentage of chromium chloride to the total mass of chromium chloride and activated sludge is about 60%).
Example 5
Basically the same as example 1, except that: chromium chloride is replaced by chromium nitrate, the stirring treatment time is changed to 2 hours, the concentration of trivalent chromium ions in the mixed solution is changed to 0.08mol/L, the pH value is adjusted to 9, the temperature is increased to 800 ℃ at the temperature increasing speed of 5 ℃/min under the protection of argon, and the mixture is calcined for 60 minutes under the temperature of 800 ℃.
Example 6
Basically the same as example 1, except that: chromium chloride is replaced by chromium sulfate, the stirring treatment time is changed to 10 hours, the concentration of trivalent chromium ions in the mixed solution is changed to 0.01mol/L, the pH value is adjusted to 9, the temperature is increased to 1000 ℃ at the temperature increasing speed of 5 ℃/min under the protection of argon, and the mixed solution is calcined for 30min while the temperature is maintained at 1000 ℃.
Example 7
Basically the same as example 6, except that the stirring treatment was changed to the standing treatment, the treatment time was 10 hours.
Comparative example
Basically the same as example 1, except that no water-soluble trivalent chromium salt is added into the starting material, the activated sludge is directly dried and crushed after relevant treatment, and then the activated sludge is placed into a calcining device, the temperature is raised to 600 ℃ at the temperature raising speed of 5 ℃/min under the protection of argon, and the activated sludge is calcined for 120min under the temperature maintaining of 600 ℃, and the obtained energy storage material is biochar.
In order to test that the energy storage material provided by the invention has energy storage characteristics and can be used as a lithium battery cathode material, the energy storage materials obtained in the examples and the comparative examples are tested in terms of X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, charging and discharging curves and the like, and the test results are shown in FIGS. 1 to 6.
Specifically, fig. 1 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of the energy storage material obtained in example 1, and it can be seen that the energy storage material contains a large amount of chromium oxide and a small amount of silica (some unavoidable inorganic impurities in the activated sludge), and of course, contains a relatively large amount of biochar (not shown in fig. 1). Fig. 2 is a raman spectrogram of the energy storage material obtained in example 1, and it can be seen from the chart that the intensity of the D peak is higher than that of the G peak, which indicates that the surface of the generated biochar has a higher defect degree, and is beneficial to the recombination of the biochar with chromium oxide on the one hand and the increase of specific capacity on the other hand. FIG. 3 is a SEM photograph of the energy storage material obtained in example 1, and it can be seen that a large number of chromium sesquioxide particles are formed on the surface and inside of the biochar. FIG. 4 is a graph showing the charge/discharge curves of the energy storage material obtained in example 1 when used as a negative electrode of a lithium battery, and it can be seen that the specific capacity is still 500mAh/g or more after 80 times of charge/discharge. Fig. 5 is a graph of specific capacity and efficiency obtained by testing when the energy storage material obtained in example 1 is used as a lithium battery anode material, and it can be seen from the graph that the efficiency is greater than 90% from the 2 nd cycle, the efficiency is greater than 97% from the 5 th cycle, the charging specific capacity after 80 cycles is 552mAh/g, and the capacity retention rate is 83.4%, that is, the cycling stability is good. Fig. 6 is a graph showing the change of the specific capacity of the energy storage material according to the cycle number obtained in examples 1 to 4 and a comparative example, and it can be seen from the graph that the specific capacity of the energy storage material in example 1 is the largest, the larger the content of chromium chloride is initially in a certain range, the larger the specific capacity of the finally obtained energy storage material is, and when the mass ratio of the chromium chloride to the activated sludge is 0.67: 1 (namely, the percentage of the chromium chloride in the total mass of the chromium chloride and the activated sludge is about 40 percent), the obtained specific capacity of the energy storage material reaches the maximum (the specific capacity after 80 cycles is about 552mAh/g), and the specific capacity of the energy storage material is gradually reduced by increasing the consumption of the chromium chloride; in addition, as can be seen from fig. 6, the specific capacity of the biochar obtained from the activated sludge in the comparative example is about 314mAh/g after 80 cycles, namely the specific capacity can be obviously increased after the chromium trioxide is compounded. In addition, the energy storage materials obtained in the embodiments 5 to 7 are tested for relevant performances when used as the lithium battery cathode material, and the results show that the charge-discharge stability is also good, and the specific capacity is still more than 500mAh/g after 80 times of charge-discharge.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.

Claims (8)

1. A method for preparing an energy storage material by using activated sludge is characterized by comprising the following steps: mixing activated sludge, water-soluble trivalent chromium salt and deionized water to obtain a mixed solution, allowing trivalent chromium ions to permeate into thalli of a zoogloea contained in the activated sludge through standing or stirring treatment of the mixed solution, wherein the concentration of the trivalent chromium ions in the mixed solution is 0.01-0.08mol/L, and the mass ratio of the trivalent chromium salt to the activated sludge is 0.67: 1, adjusting the pH value to 8-9, carrying out suction filtration, washing a filter cake to be neutral, drying and crushing, and then heating and calcining in an oxygen-free environment to obtain the composite material of chromium sesquioxide and biochar, namely the energy storage material.
2. The method for preparing the energy storage material by using the activated sludge as claimed in claim 1, wherein the activated sludge is fresh activated sludge taken out from a secondary sedimentation tank of a domestic sewage treatment plant, and after the activated sludge is taken out, the fresh activated sludge is washed by deionized water and filtered to remove particles and scum.
3. The method for preparing the energy storage material by using the activated sludge as claimed in claim 1, wherein the trivalent chromium salt is any one or more of chromium chloride, chromium nitrate and chromium sulfate.
4. The method for preparing energy storage materials by using activated sludge as claimed in claim 1, wherein the time of the standing or stirring treatment is 2-10 h.
5. The method for preparing energy storage material by using activated sludge as claimed in claim 1, wherein the drying temperature is 70-150 ℃.
6. The method for preparing energy storage material by using activated sludge as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the heating and calcining under oxygen-free environment is to heat up to 500-1000 ℃ at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min under the protection of argon, and the calcining time maintained at 500-1000 ℃ is 30-120 min.
7. An energy storage material prepared by using activated sludge, which is prepared by the method of any one of claims 1 to 6.
8. Use of the energy storage material according to claim 7 as a negative electrode material for lithium ion batteries.
CN201710439734.3A 2017-06-12 2017-06-12 Energy storage material prepared from activated sludge and method and application thereof Active CN107240687B (en)

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