CN107211681B - Low-cost and high-efficiency water-fertilizer integrated planting method for winter potatoes - Google Patents
Low-cost and high-efficiency water-fertilizer integrated planting method for winter potatoes Download PDFInfo
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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Abstract
The invention provides a low-cost and high-efficiency water and fertilizer integrated planting method for winter potatoes, which is characterized in that drip irrigation type topdressing management is carried out while water is supplemented by utilizing drip irrigation, so that the water utilization problem in potato production in a water resource shortage region can be solved, high-efficiency water-saving irrigation and fertilization are integrated, and a water and fertilizer integrated optimization scheme is realized by accurately controlling water and fertilizer; aiming at the fact that the requirements of potatoes on water and fertilizer are closely related to the growth conditions of roots and overground parts of the potatoes, the additional fertilization is carried out according to the law, different fertilizer types are reasonably operated and planned, the fertilizers are fertilized according to needs, the optimal fertilizer concentration in root areas is maintained, the pertinence is stronger, the absorption is better, and therefore the scientific fertilization method which is low in cost and accords with the crop demand law is provided, and the purposes of saving fertilizers, saving labor and increasing the benefits of farmers are achieved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural cultivation, belongs to an innovation of potato cultivation technology, has an important effect on cost reduction and efficiency improvement of a south-west winter potato production area, and particularly relates to a low-cost and high-efficiency winter potato water-fertilizer integrated planting method.
Background
The potato is used as an important crop for grains, vegetables, feed and processing raw materials, has the advantages of high efficiency and high benefit, and has the characteristics of long processing industrial chain, high yield increasing potential, wide distribution, drought resistance, strong cold resistance, high nutritional value, good taste, no side effect, wide popularity and the like, and the characteristics endow the potato with important significance for solving the safety problem of grains in China and promoting economic development. Chinese potatoes are the first to be produced in the world in area and overall yield. In 2015, the statistical planting area of potatoes in China reaches 8260 ten thousand mu, the total yield is nearly 9500 ten thousand tons, and the potatoes account for 30 percent and 24 percent of the whole world respectively. The southwest producing area represented by Yunnan comprises that the total seeding area of potatoes in Yun, Guizhou, Sichuan and Yu three provinces I city reaches 3642 ten thousand mu, which accounts for about 44 percent of the total seeding area of the whole country, the total yield exceeds 4200 ten thousand tons, and is 44.47 percent of the total yield of the whole country, so that the southwest producing area of the potatoes in the southwest country is the most important producing area of the potatoes in the country. The potatoes are the third grain crop in Yunnan province, the sowing area of the potatoes in the Yunnan province is 837.15 ten thousand mu in 2015 year, the total yield is 852.3 ten thousand tons, the total yield accounts for about 10 percent of the potato cultivation area in China, and the fourth rank is the highest rank in each province in the country. In southwest potato production areas represented by Yunnan, potatoes are planted all the year round, wherein winter potatoes have the best planting benefit. The former university of Yunnan agricultural university, where the former courier had the courier image to summarize the winter potatoes, had the benefits of "one mu of land, one hundred days, ten thousand blocks" (2013, 26 months 4, fifth edition, Yunnan Ringbo). Thus, winter potatoes have seen a rapidly growing situation in the southwest region since 2010. In 2015-2016, the sowing area of winter potatoes in Yunnan province is about 120 ten thousand mu, and experts estimate that the area of the land for planting winter potatoes in Yunnan province is more than 300 ten thousand mu. Thus, the potato industry, particularly the winter potato industry, has long been one of the most regional and competitive agricultural industries in Yunnan province, and even the entire southwest region.
From the perspective of large policy level and industrial economic analysis, the winter potato industry has bright prospects, but is still limited in several aspects. Firstly, part of winter potato production areas are limited by water resource shortage, which is also an important reason why the areas of winter potatoes in large suitable areas are not available; secondly, the production cost is increased, particularly the price of products related to the agricultural industry is too high, the yield value of winter potatoes is extruded, and the income of potato farmers is reduced; thirdly, the decline of the population of agricultural practices, the shortage of green and strong labor in the production of the winter potatoes, and the mutual matching of intensive and simplified cultivation technologies are needed. The invention is developed aiming at the problems, and based on the cultivation technology (patent number: ZL 201310225373.4) of potato drip irrigation under film in early spring and winter developed by the unit, a proper fertilizer formulation is screened, so that the integration of water and fertilizer is realized according to the requirements of potato crops on water and fertilizer, the production cost of potato is reduced, and the effects of losing weight, reducing labor and increasing efficiency are realized.
Two of the most important aspects of winter potato production, the field management sector, are irrigation and fertilization.
From the irrigation mode, the winter potato producing area is traditionally irrigated by a large ditch flood irrigation, and the irrigation times in the whole growth period are 5-10 times. The irrigation method can meet the requirement of potato on a large amount of water in the growth period for the crops with large water demand. However, there are disadvantages in that flood irrigation in a field causes excessive irrigation, and a large amount of fertilizer is eluted below the root zone, resulting in a decrease in fertilizer utilization. In addition, in water resource shortage areas, the flood irrigation of the field is a huge waste of water resources, so that the potato farmers have to reduce the irrigation times, and once the water is not supplemented in a critical period, the influence on the final yield is also huge. Based on the reasons, on the basis of referring to the irrigation experience of the northern dry farming area, the unit develops a under-mulch drip irrigation mode suitable for the production of potatoes in early winter and spring in southwest areas, and successfully reports an invention patent (patent number: ZL 201310225373.4). The method is widely applied to the production of the potatoes in the early winter and spring in Yunnan province, and becomes one of the main technologies for the production of the potatoes in the early winter and spring in the Yunnan province in recent years. However, a proper fertilization mode is not supported for the application of water and fertilizer integration.
From the fertilization perspective, potato farmers traditionally recommend a mode of 'base fertilizer and secondary topdressing' in winter potato production areas, namely, the base fertilizer uses a long-acting ternary compound fertilizer, the topdressing is performed once in the seedling stage (mainly using nitrogen fertilizer), and the topdressing is performed once in the potato block expansion stage (mainly using potassium fertilizer). Due to the rise of labor cost, shortage of labor force and the like in recent years, farmers are still used to fertilize in a mode of 'one shot', namely, the fertilizer is applied as a base fertilizer at one time. The biggest disadvantage of this model is that the potatoes may be fattened later in their growth, resulting in no nutrient supply in the soil during the critical period of potato piece expansion, which has a very large impact on yield. Another problem is that such inappropriate fertilization methods can cause potato farmers to blindly pursue large amounts of fertilization, eventually leading to increased fertilizer costs. Taking the fertilization mode of potato producing areas in Longchuan county of Delhong province in Yunnan province as an example, potato farmers generally use 2 bags (80kg) of farmyard-le-brand special compound fertilizer for potatoes (14%: 7%: 13%), 1 bag (50kg) of Botian-brand high-potassium compound fertilizer (15%: 7%: 23%), 1 bag (50kg) of organic fertilizer and 3kg of zinc-boron fertilizer as base fertilizers, and the fertilizer cost is about 665 yuan/mu. In addition, with the large-area application of the under-mulch drip irrigation technology in Yunnan province, many fertilizer manufacturers have introduced novel fertilizers such as water-soluble fertilizers and liquid fertilizers, and have developed demonstration work of water-fertilizer integration in various regions throughout the province. It is worth noting that some new fertilizers do have good yield-increasing effect, but the common problem is high price. Wherein, the cost of the fertilizer using the water soluble fertilizer in the whole process is 1000-1500 yuan/mu, and the cost of using the liquid fertilizer in the whole process is up to 2000 yuan/mu. The high price limits the enthusiasm of potato farmers for using the novel fertilizers, which is also one of the biggest resistances for limiting the popularization of water-fertilizer integrated technology.
As mentioned above, the prior art encounters great resistance in the practical popularization process, and has the following main defects:
1. the drip irrigation technology under the film can solve the problem of agricultural water use in areas with water resource shortage and realize high-efficiency water-saving irrigation, but a water-fertilizer integrated optimization scheme is not provided;
2. the traditional fertilizing scheme of potato farmers has the defects that the technology is too extensive, the fertilizer is excessively used, the traditional fertilizing scheme does not accord with the national policy of 'double reduction' in agricultural production (namely, the use of the fertilizer and the pesticide is reduced), and the fertilizer cost is relatively high;
3. the novel fertilizer comprises a water-soluble fertilizer and a liquid fertilizer, can meet the requirement of water and fertilizer integration, can improve the utilization rate of the fertilizer in production, achieves the effect of increasing yield, but has overhigh fertilizer cost, reduces the income expectation of potato farmers, and prevents the use enthusiasm of the potato farmers;
4. the novel fertilizer emphasizes the high content of single nutrients (such as high nitrogen type and high potassium type), and does not take care of the requirement rule of potato crops on the fertilizer according to the fertilizing method provided by fertilizer enterprises.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to find a fertilizer combination suitable for the application of a water-fertilizer integration technology, and provides a scientific fertilizing method which is low in cost and accords with the requirement rule of crops through scientific compatibility, so that the aim of increasing the benefits of farmers is fulfilled.
Specifically, the invention discloses a low-cost and high-efficiency water and fertilizer integrated planting method for winter potatoes, which comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting a medium early-maturing potato variety;
(2) sowing, ridging and laying a drip irrigation tape from the middle and last ten days of 10 months to the middle and last ten days of 11 months;
(3) applying a compound fertilizer selected from a conventional slow-release compound fertilizer and a special compound fertilizer for potatoes and common calcium together as a base fertilizer;
(4) drip irrigation for the first time within 10-15 days after sowing, opening a drip irrigation system to irrigate for 2-3 hours until the water content of the soil reaches 55-65%;
(5) drop irrigation type water and fertilizer application is carried out for seven times according to the whole potato growth process.
Preferably, in the step (3), the conventional slow-release compound fertilizer or the special compound fertilizer for potatoes is pure nitrogen (calculated as N element) and pure phosphorus (calculated as P element)2O5Calculated as K), pure potassium (in K)2Calculated by O) content ratio of 14: 7: 13 to a compound fertilizer.
Preferably, in the step (3), the base fertilizer further comprises farmyard manure and/or a bio-organic fertilizer.
Preferably, in the step (5), the drip irrigation type water and fertilizer application is carried out for seven times, wherein the first time of fertilizer application is the seedling stage with the field emergence rate of 5% -25%; the second topdressing period is the seedling emergence period with the field seedling emergence rate of 50 percent; the third topdressing period is the whole seedling period or the bud period; the fourth topdressing period is the current flowering period with the field coverage of 70-80%; the fifth topdressing period is a flowering period or a closing period, and the sixth topdressing period is between a full flowering period and a late flowering period; the seventh topdressing period is the potato block expanding period; the period of top dressing is controlled to be 7-10 days.
Preferably, in the step (5), the fertilizer types used in the first additional fertilizer and the second additional fertilizer are diammonium phosphate and urea which are mixed according to a ratio of 2:1, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of the fertilizer are N: P2O5:K2O＝21.67％:33.33％:0％；
The fertilizer used for the third topdressing is prepared by mixing diammonium phosphate and urea according to the proportion of 1:1, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of the fertilizer are N: P2O5:K2O＝27.5％:25％:0％；
The fertilizer used for the fourth topdressing is prepared by mixing urea and agricultural potassium chloride according to the proportion of 1:1, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of the fertilizer is N: P2O5:K2O＝22.5％:0％:30％；
The fertilizer for the fifth, sixth and seventh topdressing is agricultural potassium chloride, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of the fertilizer are N: P2O5:K2O＝0％:0％:60％。
Preferably, in the step (5), the first topdressing dosage is 7.5 kg/mu, which is equivalent to 1.625 kg/mu of pure nitrogen (calculated as N element) and 2.5 kg/mu of pure phosphorus (calculated as P element)2O5A meter);
the dosage of the second topdressing is 10 kg/mu, the dosage of the second topdressing is 3.25 kg/mu of pure nitrogen (calculated by N element) and 5.0 kg/mu of pure phosphorus (calculated by P element)2O5A meter);
the dosage of the third topdressing is 10 kg/mu, the dosage of the third topdressing is 2.75 kg/mu of pure nitrogen (calculated by N element) and 2.5 kg/mu of pure phosphorus (calculated by P element)2O5A meter);
the fourth topdressing dosage is 10 kg/mu, the consumption is 2.75 kg/mu of pure nitrogen (calculated by N element) and 2.5 kg/mu of pure potassium (calculated by K element)2O meter);
the dosage of the fifth and the sixth topdressing is 10 kg/mu, which is converted into pure potassium (K) of 6.0 kg/mu2O meter);
the seventh top application amount5 kg/mu, reduced to 3.0 kg/mu pure potassium (in K)2And O is calculated).
Preferably, the potato variety seed is selected from the group consisting of primary or secondary virus-free seed produced in medium to high altitude areas, and dormancy has been broken.
Preferably, in the step (2), ridging is carried out in a large-ridge double-row mode, the ridge distance is 1.0-1.2m, the ridge surface width is 60-70cm, the ridge height is 25-30cm, the large row distance is 70-80cm, the small row distance is 35-40cm, the plant spacing is 25-30cm, and the planting density is controlled to be 4000 + 5500 plants/mu.
Preferably, the moisture management after emergence of seedlings and the application of fertilizers are carried out simultaneously, and the irrigation time is 2-3h each time; the water content of the soil from the emergence period to the bud period is 60%, the water content of the soil from the growth period to the closing period is 75-80%, and the water content of the soil from the potato block expansion period is 60-65%.
Preferably, 40 kg/mu of compound fertilizer selected from conventional slow-release compound fertilizer or special compound fertilizer for potatoes and 40 kg/mu of superphosphate are used as base fertilizer, 20 kg/mu of diammonium phosphate, 20 kg/mu of urea, 45 kg/mu of agricultural potassium chloride and 3 kg/mu of zinc boron fertilizer are applied in multiple times along with a drip irrigation system; the total amount of macroelements in the fertilizer applied per mu is 18.54kg of pure nitrogen (counted by N element) and 18.4kg of pure phosphorus (counted by P element)2O5Calculated as P) and 33.41kg of pure potassium (calculated as P)2O5Meter). The absorption rate of the nitrogenous fertilizer and the potash fertilizer is 80%, the absorption rate of the phosphatic fertilizer is 25% of base fertilizer and 40% of drip irrigation topdressing, and theoretically the total amount of macroelement fertilizer absorbed by each mu of crops is 14.83kg of pure nitrogen (calculated as N element) and 5.98kg of pure phosphorus (calculated as P element)2O5Calculated as P) and 26.73kg of pure potassium (calculated as P)2O5Meter).
Compared with the traditional planting method, the planting method provided by the invention has the advantages that drip irrigation type topdressing management is carried out while water is supplemented by utilizing drip irrigation, the problem of agricultural water use in water resource shortage areas can be solved, meanwhile, the integration of efficient water-saving irrigation and fertilization is realized, and a water-fertilizer integrated optimization scheme is realized by accurately controlling water and fertilizer; aiming at the fact that the requirements of potatoes on water and fertilizer are closely related to the growth conditions of roots and overground parts of the potatoes, the additional fertilization is carried out according to the law, different fertilizer types are reasonably operated and planned, the fertilizers are fertilized according to needs, the optimal fertilizer concentration in root areas is maintained, the pertinence is stronger, the absorption is better, and therefore the scientific fertilization method which is low in cost and accords with the crop demand law is provided, and the purposes of saving fertilizers, saving labor and increasing the benefits of farmers are achieved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the development period of root system and aerial part during the growth and development process of potato; in the figure, the lower period 1-period 7 are corresponding to the drip irrigation and additional fertilization;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the application amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in different periods during the growth and development process of potatoes.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings in conjunction with the following detailed description. It should be understood that the description is intended to be exemplary only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Moreover, in the following description, descriptions of well-known structures and techniques are omitted so as to not unnecessarily obscure the concepts of the present invention.
Example 1:
fertilization mode and fertilizer selection: the fertilization method disclosed by the invention adopts a mode of base fertilizer and additional fertilizer, wherein the base fertilizer adopts a conventional slow-release compound fertilizer (the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are 14%: 7%: 13%) with low price on the market, and the additional fertilizer adopts a conventional fertilizer with good solubility so as to meet the drip irrigation requirement. Conventional fertilizers selected for use include urea (containing about 45% nitrogen), ammonium bicarbonate (containing about 16% nitrogen), monoammonium phosphate (containing 10% nitrogen and 50% phosphorus) and agricultural potassium chloride (potassium white, containing about 60% potassium).
And (3) fertilizer compatibility: except for the one-time application of the base fertilizer, the fertilizers used in the additional fertilizer are compatible according to the following table, and 4 combination modes are provided in total.
| Matching group | Fertilizer type and proportion | Nitrogen phosphorus potassium content | Period of |
| Formulation | |||
| 1 | Monoammonium phosphate: urea 2:1 | N:P2O5:K2O＝21.67％:33.33％:0％ | 1、2 |
| |
Monoammonium phosphate: urea 1:1 | N:P2O5:K2O＝27.5％:25％:0％ | 3 |
| |
Urea: agricultural potassium chloride 1:1 | N:P2O5:K2O＝22.5％:0％:30％ | 4 |
| |
Agricultural potassium chloride | N:P2O5:K2O＝0％:0％:60％ | 5、6、7 |
Fertilization period and fertilizer dosage:
the fertilization time and the dosage are shown in the following table, and different fertilization periods are also irrigation dates in the growth process and are determined according to the growth condition of the potato seedlings in the field.
Note: pure nitrogen, pure phosphorus and pure potassium are respectively N, P2O5And K2Measuring O; the fertilization date is calculated according to the growth and development process of the potatoes. DAE (day after emergence)Days; the specific date can be properly adjusted according to the climate condition in the middle growth period, and generally, the fertilization time can be properly adjusted for 1-2 days when continuous rainfall or frost (early stage) occurs; during the sixth fertilization, medium element fertilizers containing zinc, boron and the like are supplemented;
example 2: and (3) analyzing the fertilization period and the fertilization scheme:
the water and fertilizer requirements of potatoes are closely related to the growth conditions of roots and overground parts of the potatoes, so that the additional fertilization is carried out according to the rule. For example, FIG. 1 shows the development process of root system and aerial part in the growth and development process of potato, which is very important for fertilization.
The method is carried out according to the fertilizer requirement rule of the potatoes. In the early stages 1, 2 and 3, phosphate fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer are applied again, wherein the phosphate fertilizer is used for promoting the root system of the potato to be built, and the nitrogen fertilizer is used for meeting the requirement of the rapid growth of the overground part of the plant; controlling nitrogen fertilizer in the middle period, and additionally applying potassium fertilizer to meet the requirement of nitrogen fertilizer required by normal growth of plants and simultaneously transferring the plants to the tuber growth period; tubers in the middle and later stages 5, 6 and 7 are already formed, and enter a tuber expansion stage, and the potassium fertilizer is applied again to promote the rapid expansion of the tubers.
According to the fertilization scheme, the application amount of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in different periods is shown in figure 2, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied according to the requirements of potato growth on various important elements, and the total amount of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accords with the target yield of 3 tons/mu.
Example 3: the application effect of the fertilization scheme of the invention
In 2016, 11 months to 2017, 3 months, the applicant performed different fertilizer application schemes comparison tests in the town of Longchuan county, Dehong, Yunnan, and the test set 5 fertilizer application schemes, respectively:
scheme 1: according to a high-yield fertilization scheme discovered by winter farming in 2015 of Longchuan county, 80kg of farmyard manure 1 and No. 2 bags, 50kg of Botian high-potassium compound fertilizer 1 bag and 1 bag of organic fertilizer are used; wherein, 40kg of Nongjiale No. 1 bag, 25kg of Katakan potassium compound fertilizer half bag, 1 bag of organic fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, the remaining Nongjiale No. 1 bag is topdressed after full seedling, and 25kg of Katakan potassium compound fertilizer half bag is topdressed in full bloom stage;
scheme 2: the fertilization method is carried out according to the method described in the example 1;
scheme 3: the conventional compound fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer, and the conventional fertilizer with better solubility is matched with the water-soluble fertilizer for additional fertilization;
scheme 4: the conventional compound fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer, and the additional fertilizer is prepared by matching a liquid fertilizer with a conventional fertilizer with good solubility;
scheme 5: in contrast, the fertilizer is used in the same way as in the scheme 1, but the fertilizer application mode adopts the traditional 'one shot' mode, namely, all the fertilizers are used as base fertilizers and are applied at one time.
The fertilizers used and the costs for the different fertilization protocols are shown in the following table:
the test area of each fertilization scheme is 697m2-805m2In the middle, 4 field blocks in each fertilization scheme land block are randomly selected as small areas as investigation samples in the field test process, and each small area is 20m in area2。
And on 23 months and 3 months in 2017, harvesting and measuring yield of each fertilization scheme investigation cell, and converting the yield into unit area yield (namely yield per mu), wherein the results are shown in the following table:
table: different fertilization schemes 4 survey districts reduced yield meter (unit: kg/mu)
| |
|
|
|
Average yield | Compared with the | |
| Scheme | ||||||
| 1 | 3176.2 | 3236.8 | 3345.2 | 2878.1 | 3159.1 | 15.59 |
| Scheme | ||||||
| 2 | 3109.2 | 3348.8 | 3815.5 | 3678.9 | 3488.1 | 27.63 |
| Scheme | ||||||
| 3 | 3485.5 | 3114.2 | 3142.8 | 3092.2 | 3208.7 | 17.40 |
| Scheme | ||||||
| 4 | 3289.6 | 3145.5 | 3318.5 | 2827.8 | 3145.4 | 15.09％ |
| Scheme 5(CK) | 2526.5 | 3112.2 | 2956.5 | 2337.1 | 2733.1 | 0 |
According to the price of the harvest day, namely 2.1 yuan/kg of the big potatoes, 1.4 yuan/kg of the medium potatoes and 0.3 yuan/kg of the small potatoes, the economic benefit of each cell is as shown in the following table:
table: different fertilization schemes 4 survey districts reduced economic output scale (unit: yuan/mu)
Compared with the contrast, the fertilizing method of the invention increases the benefit by 1266.98 yuan/mu and increases the economic benefit by 29.39% by deducting the price difference of the fertilizer cost.
According to the fertilization scheme, the conventional fertilizer is selected, so that the fertilizer cost can be reduced, and the output benefit can be increased. According to the recommended fertilizer consumption, the fertilizer cost is about 500-550 yuan/mu, and compared with the conventional fertilizer application method, namely 80 kg/mu of the special compound fertilizer for potatoes, 50 kg/mu of the high-potassium compound fertilizer and 3 kg/mu of the zinc-boron fertilizer, the cost can be reduced by 50-70 yuan/mu, and the reduction rate reaches 10-15%. Compared with the cost of various water-soluble fertilizers and liquid fertilizers recommended to be used in the market, the reduction of the cost can reach 40-50%.
It is to be understood that the above-described embodiments of the present invention are merely illustrative of or explaining the principles of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. Therefore, any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and the like made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention. Further, it is intended that the appended claims cover all such variations and modifications as fall within the scope and boundaries of the appended claims or the equivalents of such scope and boundaries.
Claims (4)
1. The low-cost and high-efficiency water and fertilizer integrated planting method for the winter potatoes is characterized by being used in southwest winter potato producing areas and comprising the following steps of:
(1) selecting a medium early-maturing potato variety;
(2) sowing, ridging and laying a drip irrigation tape from the middle and last ten days of 10 months to the middle and last ten days of 11 months;
(3) applying a compound fertilizer selected from a conventional slow-release compound fertilizer and a special compound fertilizer for potatoes and common calcium together as a base fertilizer; the conventional slow-release compound fertilizer or the special compound fertilizer for potatoes is prepared from pure nitrogen, pure phosphorus and pure potassium in a content ratio of 14: 7: 13, a compound fertilizer; the base fertilizer also comprises farmyard manure and/or a biological organic fertilizer; using 40 kg/mu of compound fertilizer selected from conventional slow-release compound fertilizer or special compound fertilizer for potatoes and 40 kg/mu of superphosphate as base fertilizer, 20 kg/mu of diammonium phosphate, 20 kg/mu of urea, 45 kg/mu of agricultural potassium chloride and 3 kg/mu of zinc boron fertilizer to be applied in multiple times along with a drip irrigation system; the total amount of macroelements in the fertilizer applied per mu is 18.54kg of pure nitrogen, 18.4kg of pure phosphorus and 33.41kg of pure potassium;
(4) drip irrigation for the first time within 10-15 days after sowing, opening a drip irrigation system to irrigate for 2-3 hours until the water content of the soil reaches 55-65%;
(5) carrying out drip irrigation type water and fertilizer application for seven times according to the whole potato growth process; the drip irrigation type water and fertilizer application is carried out for seven times, and the first topdressing period is the current seedling period with the field emergence rate of 5% -25%; the second topdressing period is the seedling emergence period with the field seedling emergence rate of 50 percent; the third topdressing period is the whole seedling period or the bud period; the fourth topdressing period is the current flowering period with the field coverage of 70-80%; the fifth topdressing period is a flowering period or a closing period, and the sixth topdressing period is between a full flowering period and a late flowering period; the seventh topdressing period is the potato block expanding period; the topdressing period is controlled to be 7-10 days; wherein the first and second topdressingThe fertilizer used in the secondary topdressing is a mixture of diammonium phosphate and urea according to a ratio of 2:1, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of the fertilizer are N: P2O5:K2O = 21.67%, 33.33%, 0%; the fertilizer used for the third topdressing is prepared by mixing diammonium phosphate and urea according to the proportion of 1:1, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of the fertilizer are N: P2O5:K2O =27.5%, 25%, 0%; the fertilizer used for the fourth topdressing is prepared by mixing urea and agricultural potassium chloride according to the proportion of 1:1, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of the fertilizer is N: P2O5:K2O = 22.5%, 0% and 30%; the fertilizer for the fifth, sixth and seventh topdressing is agricultural potassium chloride, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of the fertilizer are N: P2O5:K2O = 0%:0%: 60%; the dosage of the first topdressing is 7.5 kg/mu, which is equivalent to the dosage of pure nitrogen and pure phosphorus of 1.625 kg/mu and 2.5 kg/mu;
the dosage of the second topdressing is 10 kg/mu, which is converted into the dosage of pure nitrogen and pure phosphorus of 3.25 kg/mu and 5.0 kg/mu;
the dosage of the third topdressing is 10 kg/mu, which is equivalent to the dosage of pure nitrogen and pure phosphorus of 2.75 kg/mu and 2.5 kg/mu;
the fourth topdressing dosage is 10 kg/mu, which is converted into pure nitrogen with the NPK dosage of 2.75 kg/mu and pure potassium with the NPK dosage of 2.5 kg/mu;
the dosage of the fifth and sixth topdressing is 10 kg/mu, which is converted into pure potassium of 6.0 kg/mu;
the dosage of the seventh topdressing is 5 kg/mu, which is converted into pure potassium of 3.0 kg/mu;
wherein, the content of pure nitrogen is calculated by N element, the content of pure phosphorus is calculated by P2O5Calculated as K, the content of pure potassium2And (4) measuring O.
2. The cost-effective and efficient water-fertilizer integrated planting method of winter potatoes of claim 1, wherein the potato variety seeds are selected from primary or secondary virus-free seeds produced in middle and high altitude areas, and dormancy is broken.
3. The low-cost and high-efficiency water and fertilizer integrated planting method for winter potatoes as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (2), ridges are formed in a large-ridge double-row mode, the ridge spacing is 1.0-1.2m, the width of the ridge surface is 60-70cm, the ridge height is 25-30cm, the large row spacing is 70-80cm, the small row spacing is 35-40cm, the plant spacing is 25-30cm, and the planting density is controlled at 5500 plants/mu.
4. The cost-effective and efficient water and fertilizer integrated planting method for winter potatoes as claimed in claim 1, wherein post-emergence water management and fertilizer application are carried out simultaneously, and each irrigation time is 2-3 h; the water content of the soil from the emergence period to the bud period is 60%, the water content of the soil from the growth period to the closing period is 75-80%, and the water content of the soil from the potato block expansion period is 60-65%.
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| CN108782085B (en) * | 2018-06-25 | 2020-09-11 | 甘肃农业大学 | Potato drip irrigation water and fertilizer integrated planting method and potatoes |
| CN111373915B (en) * | 2020-04-22 | 2021-08-27 | 宁夏农林科学院固原分院 | Water and fertilizer integrated water replenishing and fertilizing method for staple potato variety |
| CN111742676A (en) * | 2020-08-17 | 2020-10-09 | 宁夏农林科学院农业资源与环境研究所（宁夏土壤与植物营养重点实验室） | Special fertilizer for staple potato varieties |
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