CN107089707B - Core-shell structure three-dimensional graphene composite material for capacitive desalination electrode and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Core-shell structure three-dimensional graphene composite material for capacitive desalination electrode and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
- C02F1/4691—Capacitive deionisation
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- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
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- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
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- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
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Abstract
The invention relates to a core-shell structure three-dimensional graphene composite material for a capacitive desalination electrode and a preparation method thereof. The method uses a metal organic framework as a core and graphene as a shell; forming a precursor of the three-dimensional composite material with the core-shell structure by performing electrostatic interaction between a graphite oxide solution with a certain concentration and a metal organic framework at a certain temperature; further carrying out carbonization and acid washing to obtain a three-dimensional graphene composite material; and uniformly mixing the composite material, acetylene black and polytetrafluoroethylene emulsion, coating the mixture on graphite paper, and drying to obtain the capacitive desalting electrode. The invention has the advantages of rapid and simple process, low cost and batch production. The obtained electrode has high specific surface, good conductivity and wettability, and has potential application prospect in the aspect of capacitive desalination.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a core-shell structure three-dimensional graphene composite material for a capacitive desalination electrode and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The shortage of fresh water resources is one of the biggest resource crises facing the whole world in this century, and the desalination and desalination technology of seawater and brackish water has attracted extensive social attention as an important way to effectively solve the crisis. The existing desalination methods mainly include a distillation method and a membrane method. The distillation method has high operation temperature, large energy consumption and serious boiler scale damage and corrosion; the membrane process has stringent requirements for membrane performance, high membrane damage rate and high cost. In addition, the desalination methods have the defect of high energy consumption, and even the reverse osmosis membrane method with the lowest energy consumption has the energy consumption about ten times of the theoretical value. Therefore, the development of desalination technology with low energy consumption and low cost is the demand of the times. Capacitive desalination is a brand new desalination technology based on the separation of double electric layers and capacitors. The method has low energy consumption and high desalting efficiency, and is environment-friendly. Can be applied to the desalination of seawater and brackish water, the softening of industrial and agricultural production and domestic water and the like, and has wide development space and application prospect.
Based on the principle of capacitive desalination, an electrode material with large specific surface area, developed gaps and good conductivity becomes the key for obtaining high capacitive desalination performance. The porous carbon material has the characteristics of high specific surface area, good conductivity, unique chemical stability, easily controlled pore structure, good conductivity and the like, and is always the first choice of the electrode material of the capacitive type desalting device. Graphene has attracted considerable attention as a novel carbon material having a two-dimensional honeycomb structure, which has excellent properties such as good electrical conductivity, a large theoretical specific surface area, and high mechanical stability. However, irreversible agglomeration and stacking are caused by pi-pi interaction between graphene sheets, the specific surface area of the graphene sheets is reduced, diffusion and adsorption of ions in the capacitive type desalting process are not facilitated, and the application of the graphene sheets in the field of capacitive type desalting is further limited. In order to relieve the stacking degree of graphene, extra objects (such as carbon nanotubes, activated carbon and the like) are often added between graphene layers in different ways, so that the obtained carbon material relieves the stacking of graphene to a certain degree, but the objects are difficult to be uniformly dispersed between the graphene layers, and thus the agglomeration of some parts of graphene cannot be effectively solved. In addition, in the capacitive desalination technology, in addition to the high specific surface area and the highly ordered structure of the electrode material, the conductivity and wettability of the electrode material are also very critical. Numerous studies have found that the mechanical, electrical or electrochemical properties of porous Carbon materials can be improved by adding additional nitrogen sources, such as furfural (H. -L. Jiang, B. Liu, Y. -Q. Lan, K. Kuratani, T. Akita, H. Shioyama, F. Zong and Q. Xu, From metallic organic Framework to Nanoporous Carbon n: heated a Very High Surface Area and Hydrogen update. J. Am. chem. soc., 2011, 133, 11854-11857.). However, the preparation process is complex, and the nitrogen source is not environment-friendly, so that the exploration of the green high-nitrogen three-dimensional graphene material with simple preparation process still has a challenge.
The metal-organic framework compound has high specific surface area, large pore volume and adjustable pore channel structure, and is recently proved to be capable of being used as a carbon precursor or a template to prepare the porous carbon material. Zeolite Imidazolate framework materials (ZIFs) are taken as one of branches of a metal organic framework, and the zeolite Imidazolate framework materials have high thermal stability and chemical stability and a nitrogen source rich in imidazole ligand, so that the zeolite Imidazolate framework materials become an ideal precursor for preparing nitrogen-doped porous carbon with excellent performance.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the problems in the prior art and provide a core-shell structure three-dimensional graphene composite material for seawater desalination treatment by an electric double layer capacitive desalination method.
The second purpose of the invention is to provide a preparation method of the composite material.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a three-dimensional graphene composite material with a core-shell structure for a capacitive desalination electrode is characterized in that the composite material takes a metal organic framework as a core and takes graphene as a shell; the preparation method comprises the steps of performing electrostatic attraction on a graphite oxide solution and a metal organic framework at the temperature of 80 ℃ to form a precursor of the three-dimensional composite material with the core-shell structure, and controlling the number of the metal organic framework which is used as a carbon source and a nitrogen source and is coated between graphene layers by adjusting different proportions of the metal organic framework and graphene. Wherein the mass ratio of the three-dimensional graphene to the nitrogen-doped carbon is as follows: 0.1: 1-0.4: 1; the nitrogen content of the three-dimensional graphene composite material is controlled while the graphene layers and the interlayer stacking are inhibited. The nitrogen content of the nitrogen-doped carbon is 6% -12%.
A method for preparing the three-dimensional graphene composite material with the core-shell structure for the capacitive desalination electrode is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
a. dissolving zinc nitrate hexahydrate and 2-methylimidazole in a methanol solution according to a molar ratio of 1: 3-1: 8, wherein the concentration of the zinc nitrate is 1-3 wt%, fully and uniformly mixing at a stirring speed of 350-500 rpm/min, and then carrying out centrifugal separation, methanol washing and drying to obtain a metal organic framework ZIF-8;
b. dispersing the metal organic framework ZIF-8 obtained in the step a in a graphite oxide water solution with the mass percentage concentration of 0.1-0.3%, stirring, drying, placing in a tubular furnace, controlling the heating rate to be 2-4 ℃/min in an inert atmosphere of nitrogen or argon, firstly heating to 800 ℃, preserving heat for 3-4 hours at the temperature, and then cooling to room temperature; and fully stirring the obtained carbon material and 2mol of hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid solution for reaction for 8-12 h, wherein the mass ratio of the carbon material to the acid solution is as follows: 1: 70-1: 100; and fully washing and drying to obtain the three-dimensional graphene composite material with the core-shell structure.
Preparation of a capacitive desalination electrode: uniformly stirring and mixing the prepared three-dimensional graphene composite material with the core-shell structure, acetylene black and polytetrafluoroethylene emulsion according to the mass ratio of 80:10: 10-90: 5:5, coating the mixture on conductive substrate graphite paper, and drying the conductive substrate graphite paper at 100-120 ℃; finally, the core-shell structure three-dimensional graphene composite material capacitive type desalting electrode is prepared.
In the preparation process, the molar ratio of zinc nitrate hexahydrate to 2-methylimidazole is 1: 3-1: 8; the ZIF-8 obtained above should have a uniform size and diameter of 0.05 μm to 0.2 μm, and if the molar ratio is larger than this range, ZIF-8 having a small particle size is obtained, and the core-shell structure is not easily formed due to poor dispersibility.
In the preparation process, the violent stirring speed is kept at 350-500 rpm/min, and if the stirring speed is too high, the formation of an MOF structure is not facilitated; if the stirring time is too long, a spherical MOF structure is formed.
In the preparation process, the mass ratio of the metal organic framework ZIF-8 to the graphite oxide is as follows: 5: 1-15: 1, and if the composite mass of the two exceeds the range, the core-shell structure three-dimensional graphene structure cannot be obtained.
The carbonization process in the inert atmosphere in the preparation process needs to be realized by temperature-controlled calcination, the heating rate is controlled to be 2-4 ℃/min, the temperature is firstly increased to 800 ℃, the temperature is kept for 3-4 hours at the temperature, and then the temperature is reduced to the room temperature; the inert protective gas comprises nitrogen and argon, and the gas flow rate is 80-140 mL/min. The carbonization process is carried out under the protection of inert gas, which is beneficial to maintaining the structure of the carbon skeleton, and if the carbon skeleton is roasted under the condition of oxygen, the carbon skeleton collapses.
Uniformly stirring and mixing the prepared three-dimensional graphene composite material with the core-shell structure, acetylene black and polytetrafluoroethylene emulsion according to the mass ratio of 80:10: 10-90: 5:5, then coating the mixture on conductive substrate graphite paper, and drying the conductive substrate graphite paper at 100-120 ℃; finally, the core-shell structure three-dimensional graphene composite material capacitive type desalting electrode is prepared.
According to the method, nitrogen-containing carbon formed by the metal organic framework ZIF-8 is taken as a core, graphene is taken as a shell, and the number of the metal organic framework used as a carbon source and a nitrogen source filled between graphene layers is further controlled by adjusting different ratios of the metal organic framework ZIF-8 to the graphene, so that the specific surface area of the graphene is improved, the nitrogen content of the three-dimensional graphene composite material is controlled, and the stacking of the graphene is inhibited. The novel core-shell structure three-dimensional graphene composite material desalting electrode prepared by the invention has the advantages of higher surface area, high conductivity and high wettability, and provides a new way for desalting with high performance, high efficiency and low energy consumption. The formed core-shell structure three-dimensional graphene composite material has the characteristics of high surface area, high conductivity, developed gaps and the like, and is applied to desalination, and the novel carbon material is believed to have a good application prospect in the field of desalination. The invention can be applied to desalination of seawater and brackish water, and provides a new way for low-energy consumption, low-cost and high-performance desalination.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a transmission electron microscope photograph of the three-dimensional graphene composite material with the core-shell structure prepared in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Specific embodiments of the present invention will now be described. The preparation method of the metal organic framework ZIF-8 adopted by the invention refers to the following documents: z, Wang, T, Yan, J, Fang, L, Shi, D, Zhang, Nitrogen-coped porous carbon driven from a biological metal-organic framework as high throughput discovery catalysts, J, mater, chem. A, 4 (2016) 10858-.
Example 1: dissolving zinc nitrate hexahydrate and 2-methylimidazole in a molar ratio of 1:4 in 200 ml of methanol solution, wherein the concentration of the zinc nitrate is 1.5 wt%, violently stirring for 12 hours at a stirring speed of 350rpm/min, centrifuging, washing for 2-3 times with methanol solution, and drying to obtain a metal organic framework ZIF-8; dispersing 0.2g of the obtained metal organic framework ZIF-8 in a graphite oxide aqueous solution with the mass concentration of 0.1wt%, and uniformly stirring in a water bath at 80 ℃ until the mixture is dried; placing the obtained three-dimensional graphene composite material with the core-shell structure in a tubular furnace, controlling the heating rate to be 2 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen with the gas flow rate of 80 mL/min, heating to 800 ℃, preserving the heat for 3 h at 800 ℃, adding 2M hydrochloric acid solution after cooling to the room temperature, stirring to remove the metal oxide for 12 h, fully washing and drying to obtain the three-dimensional graphene composite material with the core-shell structure. The obtained three-dimensional graphene composite material with the core-shell structure is uniformly mixed with acetylene black and polytetrafluoroethylene emulsion according to the mass ratio of 80:10:10, then the mixture is coated on graphite paper, and then the graphite paper is dried at 100-120 ℃. Finally, the core-shell structure three-dimensional graphene composite material capacitive type desalting electrode is prepared.
And testing the specific capacitance of the core-shell structure three-dimensional graphene composite material capacitive desalination electrode. Using a CHI-660D type electrochemical workstation, wherein the electrolyte is 0.5M sodium chloride solution, the scanning speed is 5mV/s, and the voltage range is-0.5V; the specific capacitance of the electrode was measured to be greater than 100F/g. The electrode prepared above was tested for desalting performance, and the desalting efficiency was more than 80% in 100ppm of brine.
Example 2: dissolving zinc nitrate hexahydrate and 2-methylimidazole in a molar ratio of 1:6 in 100 ml of methanol solution, wherein the concentration of the zinc nitrate is 3 wt%, violently stirring for 12 hours at a stirring speed of 400 rpm/min, centrifuging, washing for 2-3 times with methanol solution, and drying to obtain a metal organic framework ZIF-8; dispersing 0.4g of the obtained metal organic framework ZIF-8 in a graphite oxide aqueous solution with the mass concentration of 0.2wt%, and uniformly stirring in a water bath at 80 ℃ until the mixture is dried; placing the obtained three-dimensional graphene composite material with the core-shell structure in a tubular furnace, controlling the heating rate to be 3 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen with the gas flow rate of 100 mL/min, heating to 800 ℃, preserving the heat for 3 h at 800 ℃, adding 2M hydrochloric acid solution after cooling to the room temperature, stirring to remove the metal oxide for 10 h, fully washing and drying to obtain the three-dimensional graphene composite material with the core-shell structure. The obtained three-dimensional graphene composite material with the core-shell structure is uniformly mixed with acetylene black and polytetrafluoroethylene emulsion according to the mass ratio of 85:10:5, then the mixture is coated on graphite paper, and then the graphite paper is dried at 100-120 ℃. Finally, the core-shell structure three-dimensional graphene composite material capacitive type desalting electrode is prepared.
And testing the specific capacitance of the core-shell structure three-dimensional graphene composite material capacitive desalination electrode. Using a CHI-660D type electrochemical workstation, wherein the electrolyte is 0.5M sodium chloride solution, the scanning speed is 5mV/s, and the voltage range is-0.5V; the specific capacitance of the electrode was measured to be greater than 95F/g. The electrode prepared above was tested for desalting performance, and the desalting efficiency was more than 80% in 300ppm of brine.
Example 3: dissolving zinc nitrate hexahydrate and 2-methylimidazole in a molar ratio of 1:8 in 300 ml of methanol solution, wherein the concentration of the zinc nitrate is 1wt%, violently stirring for 12 hours at a stirring speed of 460rpm/min, centrifuging, washing for 2-3 times with methanol solution, and drying to obtain a metal organic framework ZIF-8; dispersing 0.8g of the obtained metal organic framework ZIF-8 in a graphite oxide aqueous solution with the mass concentration of 0.1wt%, and uniformly stirring in a water bath at 80 ℃ until the mixture is dried; placing the obtained three-dimensional graphene composite material with the core-shell structure in a tubular furnace, controlling the heating rate to be 4 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen with the gas flow rate of 110mL/min, heating to 800 ℃, preserving the heat for 3 h at 800 ℃, adding 2M sulfuric acid solution after cooling to the room temperature, stirring to remove the metal oxide for 12 h, fully washing and drying to obtain the three-dimensional graphene composite material with the core-shell structure. The obtained three-dimensional graphene composite material with the core-shell structure is uniformly mixed with acetylene black and polytetrafluoroethylene emulsion according to the mass ratio of 90:5:5, then the mixture is coated on graphite paper, and then the graphite paper is dried at 100-120 ℃. Finally, the core-shell structure three-dimensional graphene composite material capacitive type desalting electrode is prepared.
And testing the specific capacitance of the core-shell structure three-dimensional graphene composite material capacitive desalination electrode. Using a CHI-660D type electrochemical workstation, wherein the electrolyte is 0.5M sodium chloride solution, the scanning speed is 5mV/s, and the voltage range is-0.5V; the specific capacitance of the electrode was measured to be greater than 100F/g. The electrode prepared above was tested for desalting performance, and the desalting efficiency was greater than 85% in 50ppm of brine.
Claims (2)
1. A three-dimensional graphene composite material with a core-shell structure for a capacitive desalination electrode is characterized in that: the composite material takes a metal organic framework ZIF-8 as a core and takes graphene as a shell; the preparation method comprises the steps of forming a precursor of the three-dimensional composite material with the core-shell structure by performing electrostatic attraction on a graphite oxide solution and a metal organic frame at the temperature of 80 ℃, and obtaining the three-dimensional graphene composite material with the core-shell structure through a carbonization process in an inert atmosphere, wherein the mass ratio of an organic frame ZIF-8 to nitrogen-doped three-dimensional graphene is as follows: 5: 1-15: 1; controlling the nitrogen content of the three-dimensional graphene composite material, wherein the nitrogen content in the nitrogen-doped carbon is 6-12%; the uniform diameter of the ZIF-8 is 0.05-0.2 mu m.
2. A method for preparing the three-dimensional graphene composite material with the core-shell structure for the capacitive type desalination electrode according to claim 1 is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
a. dissolving zinc nitrate hexahydrate and 2-methylimidazole in a methanol solution according to a molar ratio of 1: 3-1: 8, wherein the concentration of the zinc nitrate is 1-3 wt%, fully and uniformly mixing at a stirring speed of 350-500 rpm/min, and then carrying out centrifugal separation, methanol washing and drying to obtain a metal organic framework ZIF-8;
b. dispersing the metal organic framework ZIF-8 obtained in the step a in a graphite oxide water solution with the mass percentage concentration of 0.1-0.3%, stirring, drying, placing in a tubular furnace, controlling the heating rate to be 2-4 ℃/min in the inert atmosphere of nitrogen or argon, firstly heating to 800 ℃, preserving heat for 3-4 hours at the temperature, and then cooling to room temperature to obtain a carbon material; the mass ratio of the metal organic framework ZIF-8 to the graphite oxide is as follows: 5: 1-15: 1;
c. and c, fully stirring the carbon material obtained in the step b and 2mol of hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid solution for reaction for 8-12 h, wherein the mass ratio of the carbon material to the acid solution is as follows: 1: 70-1: 100; and fully washing and drying to obtain the three-dimensional graphene composite material with the core-shell structure.
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| CN109935812A (en) * | 2019-03-13 | 2019-06-25 | 河源广工大协同创新研究院 | A kind of novel lithium sulfur battery anode material and preparation method thereof |
| CN110156120B (en) * | 2019-06-26 | 2023-04-25 | 中南大学 | Sewage treatment device and treatment method |
| CN113830866B (en) * | 2021-08-23 | 2023-09-05 | 南京公诚节能新材料研究院有限公司 | Deionized electrode material for capacitor and preparation method thereof |
| CN114496586B (en) * | 2022-02-18 | 2024-03-15 | 常州大学 | Nitrogen-doped three-dimensional graphene/MOF derived carbon composite electrode material for capacitive deionization, and preparation and application thereof |
| CN114783782B (en) * | 2022-04-25 | 2023-12-22 | 武汉大学 | Three-dimensional graphene-metal organic frame electrode for 3D printing, and preparation method and application thereof |
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