CN106946588A - A kind of air purifying filter core and preparation method thereof and air cleaning facility - Google Patents
A kind of air purifying filter core and preparation method thereof and air cleaning facility Download PDFInfo
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- C04B38/08—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof by adding porous substances
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
- B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
- B01D39/20—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of inorganic material, e.g. asbestos paper, metallic filtering material of non-woven wires
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- C04B33/02—Preparing or treating the raw materials individually or as batches
- C04B33/13—Compounding ingredients
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- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
- C04B41/50—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with inorganic materials
- C04B41/5025—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with inorganic materials with ceramic materials
- C04B41/5041—Titanium oxide or titanates
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- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/80—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only ceramics
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- C04B41/85—Coating or impregnation with inorganic materials
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- B01D2239/10—Filtering material manufacturing
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- C04B2235/34—Non-metal oxides, non-metal mixed oxides, or salts thereof that form the non-metal oxides upon heating, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/34—Non-metal oxides, non-metal mixed oxides, or salts thereof that form the non-metal oxides upon heating, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of air purifying filter core and preparation method thereof and air cleaning facility, it is related to air purification field.The air purifying filter core of the present invention includes first kind raw material and Equations of The Second Kind raw material, and the first kind raw material is made up of the component of following mass parts：40 60 parts of natural clay, 10 16 parts of tourmaline, 30 45 parts of nature of glass volcanic ash, 58 parts of natural zeolite, 30 45 parts of diatomite, 10 15 parts of allophane, 68 parts of Emathlite, 10 15 parts of attapulgite, 34 parts of sea bubble, 24 parts of galapectite, the first kind raw material obtains preform through kneading firing；The Equations of The Second Kind raw material is titanium dioxide, and the surface of every 100 grams of preforms is coated with 1.2 grams of 3.8 grams of titanium dioxide.The air purifying filter core of the present invention can effectively purify air harmful substance, consolidate adsorbed gas pollutant and decomposition gas pollutant.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to air purification field, more particularly to a kind of air purifying filter core and preparation method thereof and air cleaning
Equipment.
Background technology
In China, air pollution problems inherent is on the rise.It is air to have 90% in fixed space, and this 90% determines ours
It is physically and mentally healthy.We were blanketed a question with windowing ventilation in the past, but serious with haze, windowing ventilation can only be in pain plus
Bitterly！Excessive drying or humidity, the cumulative release of formaldehyde, the lasting generation of peculiar smell all can not all be solved with once divulging information.
Purification bag class product in the market is based on bamboo charcoal or activated carbon.The adsorption effect of such product has certain limitation
Property.
The material of activated carbon class is black powder, bulk, graininess or cellular amorphous carbon and arranged regular
Crystal carbon.Above-mentioned activated carbon is in environmental protection industry (epi), improvement, gas purification for sewage disposal, waste gas and pernicious gas etc..It is living
The absorption principle of property charcoal is the process for being retained the pollutant of suspended state, and the suspension being trapped is filled between activated carbon
Space in form the phenomenon temporarily adsorbed, above-mentioned adsorption process and its principle to the structure influence of contaminant molecule less,
The chemical property of pollutant does not send change yet.
Had the following disadvantages using charcoal absorption principle, it is impossible to decompose the formaldehyde of absorption, can only temporarily catch pollutant
Particle, when room temperature rise, absorption reaches saturation, be adsorbed with pollutant activated carbon will release formaldehyde again, so as to form two
Secondary pollution.
The content of the invention
In view of this, set the embodiments of the invention provide a kind of air purifying filter core and preparation method thereof and air cleaning
It is standby, main purpose be solve air purifying filter core clean-up effect it is poor, adsorb it is unstable easily formed it is secondary discharge and can not have
Effect decomposes the technical problem of absorption pollutant.
To reach above-mentioned purpose, invention broadly provides following technical scheme：
On the one hand, the embodiments of the invention provide a kind of air purifying filter core, the air purifying filter core includes the first kind
Raw material and Equations of The Second Kind raw material, the first kind raw material are made up of the component of following mass parts：
The first kind raw material obtains preform through kneading firing；
The Equations of The Second Kind raw material is titanium dioxide, and the surface of every 100 grams of preforms is coated with 1.2 grams of -3.8 grams of dioxies
Change titanium.Preferably, the first kind raw material is made up of the component of following mass parts：
Preferably, the first kind raw material is made up of the component of following mass parts：
Preferably, the first kind raw material is made up of the component of following mass parts：
Preferably, the surface of every 100 grams of preforms is uniformly coated with 1.4 grams of -2.2 grams of titanium dioxide.
Preferably, the thickness of the air purifying filter core is 0.6cm-0.8cm.
On the other hand, the embodiments of the invention provide the preparation method of above-mentioned air purifying filter core, methods described is included such as
Lower step：
Prepare first kind raw material by said ratio, the first kind raw material is mixed to get compound；
Add water ball milling to the compound, and control Ball-milling Time and amount of water meet desired mud to obtain moisture content and particle diameter
Slurry；
The material-mud for meeting requirement is subjected to static filtering and except iron, obtains filtering mud；
The filtering mud is subjected to heated-air drying dehydration, powder is obtained；
The powder is pressed, products formed is obtained；
The products formed is subjected to insulation 1.5h-2.5h under conditions of temperature is 180 DEG C -220 DEG C, after insulation terminates,
Temperature is placed in again to be fired under conditions of 1000 DEG C -1200 DEG C, obtains preform；
The titanium dioxide and water are carried out being mixed to get titanium dioxide liquid with 1-2: 6 mass ratio；
The titanium dioxide liquid is uniformly sprayed to the surface of the preform, the product after drying naturally is the sky
Gas purifying filter element.
Preferably, the process of the ball milling is carried out in ball mill, the Ball-milling Time is 2.5h-3.5h；It is described
Static filtering is carried out in mud pit, and the time of the static filtering is 6h-10h；The process of the drying is in drying tower
In carry out；The compressing process is that the powder is put into press hopper, compressing by cloth lattice coral；It is described
Temperature for 1000 DEG C -1200 DEG C of sintering procedure is carried out in kiln.
Preferably, the material-mud crosses the mesh mesh screen of 800 mesh -1000；The titanium dioxide liquid is by the titanium dioxide
Titanium and water are mixed to get with 1: 6 mass ratio.
Another aspect, the embodiments of the invention provide a kind of air cleaning facility, the air cleaning facility includes filter core,
The filter core is above-mentioned air purifying filter core.
Compared with prior art, the beneficial effects of the invention are as follows：
The present invention for using activated carbon as main adsorbent air purifying filter core exist clean-up effect it is poor, absorption not
Stable easily secondary release pollutant and the technical problem for being unable to decomposing pollutant；Employ using a variety of specific materials as base material,
Above-mentioned base material largely has a large amount of fine pores, and cation characteristic is largely presented in above-mentioned base material, and Formaldehyde and benzene etc. has
Anion property is often presented in evil gas pollutant in atmosphere, and gas pollutant is adsorbed to above-mentioned base under positive and negative attracting principle
In the fine pore of material the effect for adsorbing no longer secondary release is consolidated to reach；
Had using titanium dioxide and contain the rough thing of microcosmic surface in the characteristic and above-mentioned base material of photo-catalysis function
Matter carries medium as photocatalysis, and the two is engaged the air pollution that the above-mentioned fine pore absorption of degraded is realized under luminous energy effect
The purpose of thing；
Acted on using above-mentioned principle, choose specific components and design rational proportion between each component, so that preparing to have
Imitate the air cleaning filter of purify air harmful substance, firm adsorbed gas pollutant and the outstanding effect of decomposition gas pollutant
Core.
Embodiment
For further illustrate the present invention to reach the technological means and effect that predetermined goal of the invention is taken, below with compared with
Good embodiment, to embodiment, technical scheme, feature and its effect according to the present patent application, is described in detail as after.Under
State it is bright in multiple embodiments in special characteristic, structure or feature can be combined by any suitable form.
Embodiment 1
Prepare first kind raw material by composition of raw materials：Natural clay 120g, tourmaline 20g, nature of glass volcanic ash 80g, naturally
Zeolite 10g, diatomite 90g, allophane 20g, Emathlite 12g, attapulgite 20g, sepiolite 6g, galapectite 4g, dioxy
Change titanium 5.6g, above-mentioned titanium dioxide and water are mixed to get titanium dioxide liquid by 1: 6 ratio of mass ratio；
By above-mentioned except first kind raw material is mixed, mixed material is obtained；Above-mentioned mixed material is put into ball mill, plus
Water carries out ball milling, according to predetermined moil fineness, and setting Ball-milling Time is about 3h, and suitable control amount of water obtains moisture content and grain
Footpath meets the material-mud of pre-provisioning request, and above-mentioned material-mud crosses 800 mesh mesh screens；The material-mud that above-mentioned satisfaction is required is put into mud pit
It is middle to carry out static filtering and except iron, filtration time are about 8h, obtain filtering mud；Above-mentioned filtering mud is sent into drying tower
Heated-air drying dehydration is carried out, powder is obtained；Above-mentioned powder is put into press hopper, it is compressing by cloth lattice coral, obtain
Products formed；Above-mentioned products formed is 205 DEG C in temperature and is incubated 2h, after insulation terminates, then is placed in the kiln that temperature is 1100 DEG C
It is fired, obtains the preform that thickness is 0.6cm；Above-mentioned titanium dioxide liquid is uniformly sprayed to the surface of above-mentioned preform,
Naturally the sample after drying obtains air purifying filter core.
Embodiment 2
Prepare first kind raw material by composition of raw materials：Natural clay 100g, tourmaline 30g, nature of glass volcanic ash 70g, naturally
Zeolite 12g, diatomite 80g, allophane 24g, Emathlite 16g, attapulgite 24g, sepiolite 6g, galapectite 4g, dioxy
Change titanium 7.2g, above-mentioned titanium dioxide and water are mixed to get titanium dioxide liquid by 1.2: 6 ratio of mass ratio；
By above-mentioned except first kind raw material is mixed, mixed material is obtained；Above-mentioned mixed material is put into ball mill, plus
Water carries out ball milling, according to predetermined moil fineness, and setting Ball-milling Time is about 2.5h, suitable control amount of water obtain moisture content and
Particle diameter meets the material-mud of pre-provisioning request, and above-mentioned material-mud crosses 900 mesh mesh screens；；The material-mud that above-mentioned satisfaction is required is put into mud
Static filtering is carried out in stock tank and except iron, filtration time are about 7.5h, obtain filtering mud；Above-mentioned filtering mud feeding is dry
Heated-air drying dehydration is carried out in dry tower, powder is obtained；Above-mentioned powder is put into press hopper, is pressed into by cloth lattice coral
Type, obtains products formed,；Above-mentioned products formed is 200 DEG C in temperature and is incubated 2h, after insulation terminates, then temperature is placed in for 1050 DEG C
Kiln in be fired, obtain thickness be 0.7cm preform；Above-mentioned titanium dioxide is uniformly sprayed to the surface of above-mentioned preform
Titanium liquid, the sample after drying naturally obtains air purifying filter core.
Embodiment 3
Prepare first kind raw material by composition of raw materials：Natural clay 120g, tourmaline 32g, nature of glass volcanic ash 80g, naturally
Zeolite 16g, diatomite 90g, allophane 30g, Emathlite 16g, attapulgite 30g, sepiolite 8g, galapectite 8g, dioxy
Change titanium 12g, titanium dioxide liquid is obtained after titanium dioxide and water are mixed using mass ratio as 1.5: 6 ratio；
By above-mentioned except first kind raw material is mixed, mixed material is obtained；Above-mentioned mixed material is put into ball mill, plus
Water carries out ball milling, according to predetermined moil fineness, and setting Ball-milling Time is about 3.5h, suitable control amount of water obtain moisture content and
Particle diameter meets the material-mud of pre-provisioning request, and above-mentioned material-mud crosses 1000 mesh mesh screens；；The material-mud that above-mentioned satisfaction is required is put into mud
Static filtering is carried out in stock tank and except iron, filtration time are about 8.5h, obtain filtering mud；Above-mentioned filtering mud feeding is dry
Heated-air drying dehydration is carried out in dry tower, powder is obtained；Above-mentioned powder is put into press hopper, is pressed into by cloth lattice coral
Type, obtains products formed,；Above-mentioned products formed is 200 DEG C in temperature and is incubated 2h, after insulation terminates, then temperature is placed in for 1150 DEG C
Kiln in be fired, obtain thickness be 0.8cm preform；Above-mentioned titanium dioxide is uniformly sprayed to the surface of above-mentioned preform
Titanium liquid, the sample after drying naturally obtains air purifying filter core.
Embodiment 4
Prepare first kind raw material by composition of raw materials：Natural clay 80g, tourmaline 20g, nature of glass volcanic ash 60g, natural boiling
Stone 10g, diatomite 60g, allophane 20g, Emathlite 12g, attapulgite 20g, sepiolite 6g, galapectite 4g, titanium dioxide
Titanium 4.2g, titanium dioxide liquid is obtained after titanium dioxide and water are mixed using mass ratio as 1: 6 ratio；
By above-mentioned except first kind raw material is mixed, mixed material is obtained；Above-mentioned mixed material is put into ball mill, plus
Water carries out ball milling, according to predetermined moil fineness, and setting Ball-milling Time is about 3h, and suitable control amount of water obtains moisture content and grain
Footpath meets the material-mud of pre-provisioning request, and above-mentioned material-mud crosses 1000 mesh mesh screens；The material-mud that above-mentioned satisfaction is required is put into mud
Static filtering is carried out in pond and except iron, filtration time are about 7.5h, obtain filtering mud；Above-mentioned filtering mud is sent into drying
Heated-air drying dehydration is carried out in tower, powder is obtained；Above-mentioned powder is put into press hopper, it is compressing by cloth lattice coral,
Products formed,；Above-mentioned products formed is 200 DEG C in temperature and is incubated 2h, after insulation terminates, then is placed in the kiln that temperature is 1000 DEG C
It is fired, obtains the preform that thickness is 0.6cm；Above-mentioned titanium dioxide liquid is uniformly sprayed to the surface of above-mentioned preform,
Naturally the sample after drying obtains air purifying filter core.
Embodiment 5
Above-described embodiment 1-4 four kinds of air purifying filter cores provided are respectively labeled as No. 1 filter core, No. 2 filter cores, No. 3 filters
Four kinds of filter cores are carried out formaldehyde adsorption property detection by core and No. 4 filter cores respectively：With reference to JC/T 1074-2008《Room air
Purification function coating material purifying property》, GB/T 16129-1995《Residential area Formaldehyde in Atmosphere health test method point
Light photometry》Standard, it is each to prepare 250g filter core samples to be checked, spread in 1m3In the test storage capacity of envelope formula, test bar
Part：Temperature (20 ± 2) DEG C, relative humidity (50 ± 10) %RH is detected by non-photocatalysis class product (not turning on light, 24 hours)；
Learnt according to testing result, the purifying formaldehyde rate of above-mentioned four kinds of filter cores is between 85%-90.6%, especially by implementing
No. 3 filter cores that example 3 is prepared except formaldehyde efficiency be up to 90.6%, it follows that embodiment 3 provide purifying filter element more
In terms of except formaldehyde；The pernicious gases such as PARA FORMALDEHYDE PRILLS(91,95) toluene, peculiar smell adsorption and humidity are needed such as new finishing and new furniture
High requirement is respectively provided with, therefore, the purifying filter element that the present embodiment is provided is applicable to family, and newly finishing removes formaldehyde and eliminated the unusual smell.
Embodiment 6
Humidity regulation performance detection is carried out respectively to above-mentioned No. 1 filter core, No. 2 filter cores, No. 3 filter cores and No. 4 filter cores：Reference
JC/T 1074-2008《Function of purifying indoor air coating material purifying property》, GB/T 16129-1995《In the air of residential area
Formaldehyde health test method AAS》Standard, it is each to prepare the above-mentioned filter core samples to be checked of 250g, spread in
1m3In the test storage capacity of envelope formula, experimental condition：Relative humidity (80 ± 10) %RH, was detected by closing in 4 hours；
Learnt according to testing result, above-mentioned four kinds of filter cores can drop to humidity in space between 40%-60%RH；Especially by
Humidity in space can be down to 40% or so by No. 1 filter core that embodiment 1 is prepared, and No. 2 filter cores are down to 45%, it follows that
In terms of the purifying filter element that embodiment 1 is provided is more suitable for dehumidifying；For example, footwear product has higher want to humidity and peculiar smell adsorption
Ask, therefore, the purifying filter element that the present embodiment is provided is more suitable for footwear dehumidifying deodorization.
Embodiment 7
Peculiar smell adsorption performance detection is carried out respectively to above-mentioned No. 1 filter core, No. 2 filter cores, No. 3 filter cores and No. 4 filter cores：Reference
JC/T1074-2008《Function of purifying indoor air coating material purifying property》, GB/T 16129-1995《In the air of residential area
Formaldehyde health test method AAS》Standard, it is each to prepare 250g filter core samples to be checked, spread in 1m3Envelope
In the test storage capacity of formula, experimental condition：Gas with foreign flavor burst size ammonia, trimethylamine, hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan relative concentration are
100%, carry out closing detection in 10 hours；
Learnt according to testing result, ammonia in gas-tight silo and front three amine gas peculiar smell can be purified 92%- by above-mentioned four kinds of filter cores
95%, hydrogen sulfide purifying rate 80%-83%, methyl mercaptan purifying rate 72%-76%；No. 2 filters especially prepared by embodiment 2
Ammonia and front three amine gas the peculiar smell purification 95% of core, hydrogen sulfide purifying rate 83%, methyl mercaptan purifying rate 75%, it follows that real
The purifying filter element for applying the offer of example 2 is more suitable for except various peculiar smell and pernicious gas aspect；For example, automobile-used articles for use to pernicious gas and
Peculiar smell adsorption has high requirement, therefore, and the purifying filter element that the present embodiment 2 is provided is more suitable for in-car and eliminates the unusual smell and be harmful to gas
Body.
In summary, four kinds of purifying filter elements are prepared for by above-described embodiment 1-4 respectively, above-mentioned four kinds of purifying filter elements are in regulation
Effect is more satisfactory in terms of humidity, firm absorption pernicious gas, effectively purification and decomposing harmful substances, especially, different formulations
To stress effect different.
The present invention for using activated carbon as main adsorbent air purifying filter core exist clean-up effect it is poor, absorption not
Stable easily secondary release pollutant and the technical problem for being unable to decomposing pollutant；Employ using a variety of specific materials as base material,
Above-mentioned base material largely has a large amount of fine pores, and cation characteristic is largely presented in above-mentioned base material, and Formaldehyde and benzene etc. has
Anion property is often presented in evil gas pollutant in atmosphere, and gas pollutant is adsorbed to above-mentioned base under positive and negative attracting principle
In the fine pore of material the effect for adsorbing no longer secondary release is consolidated to reach；
Had using titanium dioxide and contain the rough thing of microcosmic surface in the characteristic and above-mentioned base material of photo-catalysis function
Matter carries medium as photocatalysis, and the two is engaged the air pollution that the above-mentioned fine pore absorption of degraded is realized under luminous energy effect
The purpose of thing；
The present invention is respectively provided with a large amount of fine pores using above-mentioned Base Material surface, and especially natural clay has water imbibition,
It can adjusting air humidity be effectively 50%-60% or so.
It is former as the basis of filter core of the present invention that the present invention chooses the material with particular characteristic from a large amount of natural mineral matters
Material, the natural characteristic being had according to each component devises the rational proportion between each component, and the proportioning is according to requirements
It is different adjustable, thus the air purifying filter core prepared can effectively purify air harmful substance, consolidate adsorbed gas pollutant with
And decomposition gas pollutant.
The air purifying filter core scope of application that the present invention is provided is wider, such as vehicle articles, new clothes household and footwear product.
Disclosed above is only the embodiment of the present invention, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and is appointed
What those familiar with the art the invention discloses technical scope in, change or replacement can be readily occurred in, all should
It is included within the scope of the present invention.Therefore, protection scope of the present invention should using above-mentioned scope of the claims as
It is accurate.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of air purifying filter core, it is characterised in that the air purifying filter core includes first kind raw material and Equations of The Second Kind raw material,
The first kind raw material is made up of the component of following mass parts：
The first kind raw material obtains preform through kneading firing；
The Equations of The Second Kind raw material is titanium dioxide, and the surface of every 100 grams of preforms is coated with 1.2 grams of -3.8 grams of titanium dioxides
Titanium.
2. a kind of air purifying filter core according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the first kind raw material is by following quality
The component composition of part：
3. a kind of air purifying filter core according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the first kind raw material is by following quality
The component composition of part：
4. a kind of air purifying filter core according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the first kind raw material is by following quality
The component composition of part：
5. a kind of air purifying filter core according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the surface of every 100 grams of preforms
Uniformly it is coated with 1.4 grams of -2.2 grams of titanium dioxide.
6. a kind of air purifying filter core according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the thickness of the air purifying filter core is
0.6cm-0.8cm。
7. a kind of preparation method of air purifying filter core described in claim any one of 1-6, it is characterised in that methods described bag
Include following steps：
Prepare first kind raw material by said ratio, the first kind raw material is mixed to get compound；
Add water ball milling to the compound, and control Ball-milling Time and amount of water meet desired mud to obtain moisture content and particle diameter
Material；
The material-mud for meeting requirement is subjected to static filtering and except iron, obtains filtering mud；
The filtering mud is subjected to heated-air drying dehydration, powder is obtained；
The powder is pressed, products formed is obtained；
The products formed is subjected to insulation 1.5h-2.5h under conditions of temperature is 180 DEG C -220 DEG C, after insulation terminates, then put
It is fired under conditions of temperature is 1000 DEG C -1200 DEG C, obtains preform；
The titanium dioxide and water are carried out being mixed to get titanium dioxide liquid with 1-2: 6 mass ratio；
The titanium dioxide liquid is uniformly sprayed to the surface of the preform, the product after drying naturally is that the air is net
Change filter core.
8. a kind of air purifying filter core according to claim 7, it is characterised in that the process of the ball milling is in ball mill
Middle to carry out, the Ball-milling Time is 2.5h-3.5h；The static filtering be in mud pit carry out, the static filtering when
Between be 6h-10h；The process of the drying is carried out in drying tower；The compressing process is to be put into the powder
It is compressing by cloth lattice coral in press hopper；The temperature for 1000 DEG C -1200 DEG C of sintering procedure is entered in kiln
OK.
9. a kind of air purifying filter core according to claim 7, it is characterised in that the material-mud crosses the mesh of 800 mesh -1000
Mesh screen；The titanium dioxide liquid is to be mixed to get by the titanium dioxide and water with 1: 6 mass ratio.
10. a kind of air cleaning facility, including filter core, it is characterised in that the filter core is described in claim any one of 1-9
Air purifying filter core.
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| CN108031272A (en) * | 2017-11-02 | 2018-05-15 | 肇庆市高新区伟瑞生物科技有限公司 | A kind of dedicated Chinese medicine cleanser of air purifier |
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