CN106900756B - Insecticidal composition of pueraria peduncularis extract and azadirachtin for preventing and treating agricultural pests and application thereof - Google Patents
Insecticidal composition of pueraria peduncularis extract and azadirachtin for preventing and treating agricultural pests and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/90—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having two or more relevant hetero rings, condensed among themselves or with a common carbocyclic ring system
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
- A01N65/08—Magnoliopsida [dicotyledons]
- A01N65/20—Fabaceae or Leguminosae [Pea or Legume family], e.g. pea, lentil, soybean, clover, acacia, honey locust, derris or millettia
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Abstract
The invention relates to an insecticidal composition, wherein the active ingredients in the insecticidal composition are a composition of pueraria peduncularis extract and azadirachtin in a weight ratio of 1: 4-4: 1, and the insecticidal composition is further prepared into a microemulsion. Compared with a single agent, the insecticidal composition provided by the invention is wide in insecticidal spectrum, has a synergistic effect, can effectively reduce the use cost and the drug resistance of pests, and can effectively prevent and control agricultural pests such as cabbage caterpillars, diamond back moths, corn armyworms, tea tree tea geometrids, tea aphids, green leafhoppers and the like.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of pesticide, it is related to a kind of for preventing and treating the pharmaceutical agent combinations of agricultural pests, relates more specifically to
Pharmaceutical agent combinations are configured to microemulsion, are used for maize army worm, cabbage pieris, diamondback moth, tea geometrid, tea aphid, tea lesser leafhopper
Equal agricultural insect managements.
Technical background
Agricultural pests endanger agricultural growth, development in agricultural production, influence agricultural output and quality, can lead when serious
Crops total crop failure is caused, when generation as big such as mythimna separata, cereal crop blade eat everything up can be caused to have no harvest.
In agricultural production, agricultural pests can be prevented and treated using measures such as physics, chemistry, biology and farming operations, wherein change
Learning insecticide is most species, using a kind of measure that operation is very easy, including organophosphorus insecticides, carbamates
Insecticide, nicotinic insecticide etc., play the important and pivotal role in agricultural insect pests control.But chemical pesticide is used for a long time
Pest control is easy to cause 3R problem, and therefore, the biological insecticides such as low toxicity, low-residual, degradable plant insecticide can be with
Make up the deficiency of chemical pesticide.Currently, the vegetable insecticide being commercialized mainly has nimbin, matrine, Celastrus angulatus, deinsectization
Chrysanthemum element, rotenone etc., relative to chemical insecticide, relative to chemical insecticide, the type of available plant insecticide product
Also fewer with quantity, simultaneously as vegetable insecticide is with desinsection speed, slow, insecticidal effect is influenced by pesticide application technology, is held
The disadvantages of easily decomposing does not have apparent competitiveness also in existing biocides market.In order to play vegetable insecticide itself
Advantage improves its insecticidal effect, and improving the market competitiveness by compounding to plant insecticide material is an effective hand
Section.
Bitter Pueraria lobota category pulse family Pueraria lobota category, alias pueraria omeiensis Wang et Tang are distributed widely in the ground such as China Tibet, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi, money
Source electrode horn of plenty.Li Biao etc. is the study found that bitter Pueraria lobota n-butanol extract has certain food refusal and poison to corn borer and cabbage butterfly
The effect of killing, the lethal concentration of 50 are respectively 32.36 and 38.90mgml-1;The discovery such as Shi Rui, bitter Pueraria lobota n-butanol extract is to jade
The lethal concentration of 50 of rice Rhopalosiphum spp 72h is 14.55mgL-1, it is a kind of potential plant insecticide, has biological pesticide low
Poison, low-residual, it is degradable, desinsection quick-acting is strong the advantages that.Nimbin is fruit, the seed for being present in Meliaceae Melia arbor print chinaberry
Insecticide active substance in equal positions is universally acknowledged wide spectrum, efficient, less toxic, degradable, noresidue insecticide, to squama
The various agriculturals pest such as wing mesh, coleoptera has food refusal, interference oviposition, interference insect variation, makes it that can not change in quality for adult, drive
The effects of keeping away larva and inhibiting its growth.By the long broad spectrum pesticide nimbin of the strong bitter pueraria root extract of quick-acting and lasting period into
Row compounding, can be improved vegetable insecticide to the effect of control of insect.Currently, not yet discovery by bitter pueraria root extract and nimbin into
Row compounding is used for the relevant report of agricultural insect pests control.
Summary of the invention
The present invention provides the complex composition of bitter pueraria root extract and nimbin, and the two has synergistic effect, further, will
The two is prepared into microemulsion, the agricultures such as prevention and treatment cabbage pieris, diamondback moth, maize army worm, tea tree tea geometrid, tea aphid, smaller green leaf hopper
Industry pest.
Based on this purpose, the technical solution of the present invention is as follows:
A kind of Pesticidal combination, which is characterized in that it is 1:4~4 that the active constituent in the Pesticidal combination, which is weight ratio:
The composition of 1 bitter pueraria root extract and nimbin.
Preferably, the weight ratio of the two is 1:2~4:1;It is highly preferred that the weight ratio of the two is 3:1.
Further, the present invention also provides a kind of microemulsions, which is characterized in that it includes above-mentioned Pesticidal combination and helps
Agent;Wherein the dosage of Pesticidal combination is 1~20 weight %, and auxiliary agent is 20~40 weight % of solvent, 10~25 weight of emulsifier
% is measured, 5~15 weight % of cosolvent, 3~5 weight % of antifreezing agent, remaining supplies 100 weight % with water.
The solvent is methanol.
The emulsifier is styryl phenyl polyoxyethylene ether, alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether, polyaryl phenol polyethenoxy
The combination of one or more of ether phosphate.
The cosolvent is isopropanol, one kind of n-butanol or mixture.
The antifreezing agent is ethylene glycol.
Preferably, the dosage of effective component is 5~15 weight %;It is highly preferred that the dosage of effective component is 10 weight %;
Further, the present invention provides above-mentioned Pesticidal combination and/or microemulsion prevents and treats cabbage pieris, diamondback moth, jade
The purposes of rice mythimna separata, tea tree tea geometrid, tea aphid or smaller green leaf hopper.
The bitter pueraria root extract is dried in 80 DEG C of baking ovens the preparation method comprises the following steps: the root of bitter Pueraria lobota to be cut into the segment of l-2cm long
It is dry, it crushed 50 meshes, collect spare.Refluxing extraction is carried out at 70 DEG C using 75% ethanol water, each 8h extracts 3
It is secondary, leaching liquor is collected, residue is filtered to remove, leaching liquor is concentrated under reduced pressure, collection obtains dry medicinal extract.Medicinal extract is diluted with water,
With extracting n-butyl alcohol, the ratio of extractant and concentrate aqueous is 4:1, and extract liquor is concentrated and dried, concentrate AB-8 resin
Static Adsorption is stayed overnight.The mixed solvent elution for being 3:7 with water and methanol ratio, eluent is concentrated and dried, and as bitter Pueraria lobota is extracted
Object.
Unless otherwise indicated, " % " in this specification is " weight percent ".
The preparation method of the application microemulsion: each components in certain proportion measured is put into emulsification cutter;High speed is cut
It cuts 30 minutes, the product can be obtained, used by spraying after dilution.
Microemulsion is a kind of novel environment friendly dosage form of water baseization, and powder is fine, is easy to permeate insect body wall, thus to nocuousness
Insect plays better toxic action.Effective component used in microemulsion of the invention is plant medical agent, to non-target organism and ring
Border safety, to person poultry harmless, is suitble to use in various crop, and it is viscous to effectively prevent cabbage pieris, diamondback moth, corn
The agricultural pests such as worm, tea tree tea geometrid, tea aphid, smaller green leaf hopper.Meanwhile using mixed dosage form, compared to single agent for, insecticidal spectrum
Extensively, there is synergistic effect, and use cost can be effectively reduced, reduce pest resistance to insecticide.
Specific embodiment
In order to make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention with following specific example into
Row explanation, but the present invention is not limited to these specific embodiments.
The root of bitter Pueraria lobota: being cut into the segment of l-2cm long by bitter pueraria root extract preparation method, is dried in 80 DEG C of baking ovens, is crushed
50 meshes are crossed, are collected spare.Refluxing extraction is carried out at 70 DEG C using 75% ethanol water, each 8h is extracted 3 times, is collected
Leaching liquor is filtered to remove residue, and leaching liquor is concentrated under reduced pressure, and collection obtains dry medicinal extract.Medicinal extract is diluted with water, n-butanol is used
The ratio of extraction, extractant and concentrate aqueous is 4:1, and extract liquor is concentrated and dried, concentrate AB-8 resin Static Adsorption
Overnight.The mixed solvent elution for being 3:7 with water and methanol ratio, eluent is concentrated and dried, as bitter pueraria root extract.
One, embodiment is prepared
Embodiment 1:
Bitter pueraria root extract 2wt%;Nimbin 8wt%;Methanol 30wt%, styryl phenyl polyoxyethylene ether 10wt%;
Isopropanol 10wt%;Ethylene glycol 3wt%;Surplus is supplied with water.
Embodiment 2:
Bitter pueraria root extract 2.5wt%;Nimbin 7.5wt%;Methanol 30wt%, styryl phenyl polyoxyethylene ether
10wt%;Isopropanol 10wt%;Ethylene glycol 3wt%;Surplus is supplied with water.
Embodiment 3:
Bitter pueraria root extract 3.3wt%;Nimbin 6.7wt%;Methanol 30wt%, styryl phenyl polyoxyethylene ether
10wt%;Isopropanol 10wt%;Ethylene glycol 3wt%;Surplus is supplied with water.
Embodiment 4:
Bitter pueraria root extract 5wt%;Nimbin 5wt%;Methanol 30wt%, styryl phenyl polyoxyethylene ether 10wt%;
Isopropanol 10wt%;Ethylene glycol 3wt%;Surplus is supplied with water.
Embodiment 5:
Bitter pueraria root extract 6.7wt%;Nimbin 3.3wt%;Methanol 30wt%, styryl phenyl polyoxyethylene ether
10wt%;Isopropanol 10wt%;Ethylene glycol 3wt%;Surplus is supplied with water.
Embodiment 6:
Bitter pueraria root extract 7.5wt%;Nimbin 2.5wt%;Methanol 30wt%, styryl phenyl polyoxyethylene ether
10wt%;Isopropanol 10wt%;Ethylene glycol 3wt%;Surplus is supplied with water.
Embodiment 7:
Bitter pueraria root extract 8wt%;Nimbin 2wt%;Methanol 30wt%, styryl phenyl polyoxyethylene ether 10wt%;
Isopropanol 10wt%;Ethylene glycol 3wt%;Surplus is supplied with water.
Embodiment 8:
Bitter pueraria root extract 3wt%;Nimbin 1wt%;Methanol 30wt%, styryl phenyl polyoxyethylene ether 10wt%;
Isopropanol 10wt%;Ethylene glycol 3wt%;Surplus is supplied with water.
Embodiment 9:
Bitter pueraria root extract 6wt%;Nimbin 2wt%;Methanol 30wt%, styryl phenyl polyoxyethylene ether 10wt%;
Isopropanol 10wt%;Ethylene glycol 3wt%;Surplus is supplied with water.
Embodiment 10:
Bitter pueraria root extract 9wt%;Nimbin 3wt%;Methanol 30wt%, styryl phenyl polyoxyethylene ether 10wt%;
Isopropanol 10wt%;Ethylene glycol 3wt%;Surplus is supplied with water.
Embodiment 11:
Bitter pueraria root extract 12wt%;Nimbin 4wt%;Methanol 30wt%, styryl phenyl polyoxyethylene ether 10wt%;
Isopropanol 10wt%;Ethylene glycol 3wt%;Surplus is supplied with water.
Two, biological Examples
1, indoor bactericidal activity measures
1.1 Study on Fungicide Toxicity
Referring to farm-chemical indoor determination test rule, using dip method measurement for examination single dose to the poison of 3 age armyworm larvaes
Kill activity.Bitter pueraria root extract and nimbin are respectively set into 5 concentration for the treatment of (being diluted with dimethyl sulfoxide solvent).Take 3 age of mythimna separata young
Worm impregnates 10s in each concentration liquid, takes out, blots extra medical fluid with blotting paper, be placed in the clean container for being placed with fresh food
In.Dimethyl sulfoxide compares.Each concentration handles 20, is repeated 4 times.Then processed test worm is put into artificial intelligence gas
Wait raising in case culture (28 DEG C ± 1 DEG C, RH=80%).Number of dead and live insects is checked after 72h, cannot normally creep as death.Meter
The insect population death rate, corrected mortality are calculated, and finds out by probit analysis method the toxicity regression curve and LC of two single doses50Value.
The complex role research of 1.2 bitter pueraria root extract objects and nimbin
Bitter pueraria root extract and nimbin are compounded: two kinds of raw medicines are configured to 4:1,3:1,2:1,1 by effective component:
1,1:2,1:3,1:4 totally 7 proportions (mass ratio).Above-mentioned formula presses Study on Fungicide Toxicity method respectively and carries out toxicity test.
Mixture synergy is evaluated, with LC50Based on value, mixture joint is evaluated by calculating mixture co-toxicity coefficient
Type of action.
CTC>=120 are synergistic effect, and 80≤CTC<120 are summation action, and CTC<80 are antagonism.
2. test result
2.1 Study on Fungicide Toxicity results
The Toxicity Determination result of the 12 kinds of medicaments of table to mythimna separata
As it can be seen from table 1 LC of the bitter Pueraria lobota crude extract to 3 age armyworm larvaes50For 237.9669 μ g/mL;Nimbin is to 3 ages
The LC of armyworm larvae50For 436.5208 μ g/mL.
The The Toxicity Determination result of the bitter pueraria root extract of table 2 and azadirachtin complex to 3 age armyworm larvaes
As shown in Table 2, all proportions of bitter pueraria root extract and azadirachtin complex show certain synergistic effect, but not
With compound proportion coefficient of synergism difference.Wherein, when the compound proportion of bitter Pueraria lobota crude extract and nimbin is 3:1, co-toxicity coefficient
Highest is 233.00.
Two, field experiment
1. test method
Cabbage caterpillar and diamondback moth test are carried out in Chengdu double fluid area;Maize army worm test is carried out in Renshou County;Tea geometrid
Carry out with the test of tea aphid in Ya'an Mingshan County.Experimental field soil types is clay, and soil fertility is medium, cell cultivation condition one
It causes.Plot area 20m2, centre setting isolation strip.It is each to implement in cabbage caterpillar, diamondback moth, mythimna separata and tea geometrid controlling experiment
Example presses effective component 20g/hm2Dosage it is spraying against plant, medicament control is 0.3% nimbin emulsion and 10% bitter Pueraria lobota
Extract microemulsion, dosage are effective component 20g/hm2;In tea aphid, tea lesser leafhopper controlling experiment, each embodiment is by having
Imitate ingredient 2g/hm2Dosage it is spraying against plant, medicament control is 0.3% nimbin emulsion and 10% bitter pueraria root extract
Microemulsion, dosage are effective component 2g/hm2;, to spray clear water as blank control, test every processing and be repeated 4 times, at random
District's groups carry out cell arrangement.1d, 3d, 7d and 14d investigate the borer population in each cell after application, according to clear water check plot and treatment region
Borer population calculate control efficiency, and carry out significance difference analysis.
In formula: TaThe individual amount survived after the prevention and treatment of-treatment region;TbThe individual amount survived before the prevention and treatment of-treatment region;
CaThe individual amount survived after the prevention and treatment of-check plot;CbThe individual amount survived after the prevention and treatment of-check plot.
The preparation of 10% bitter pueraria root extract microemulsion: weighing omei mountain kudzuvine root extract 10kg, be dissolved in 20kg n-butanol, then
Alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether 5kg, calcium dodecyl benzene sulfonate 15kg is added, is mixed in the case where temperature is 45 DEG C of stirring condition;?
While stirring, water ion water 50kg is slowly added dropwise, continues to stir 1h after completion of dropwise addition to get to 10% bitter pueraria root extract micro emulsion
Agent 100kg.Resulting preparation meets national microemulsion performance indicator requirement on the Testing index such as stability, appearance.
2. test result
11 complex microemulsions of bitter pueraria root extract and nimbin are determined to maize army worm, cabbage pieris, diamondback moth, tea
Looper, tea aphid, tea lesser leafhopper field control effect, be shown in Table 3, table 4, table 5, table 6, table 7 and table 8.
As can be seen that different embodiments are to maize army worm, cabbage pieris, diamondback moth from table 3,4 table 5 of table and 6 table of table
There is different degrees of preventive and therapeutic effect with tea geometrid.Wherein, when bitter pueraria root extract and nimbin effective component are 10wt%, two
Best to the above pest controling effect when person's proportion is 3:1 (embodiment 6), being higher than other proportions, (embodiment 1, embodiment 2 are real
Apply example 3, embodiment 4, embodiment 5, embodiment 7 and comparison medicament processing).(implement when active constituent content is lower than 10wt%
Example 8 and embodiment 9), the control efficiency of the insect pests such as maize army worm is decreased obviously;When active constituent content is higher than 10wt%
(embodiment 10 and embodiment 11), to the control efficiency of the insect pests such as maize army worm without significantly improving.It can thus be seen that when bitter Pueraria lobota
Extract and nimbin effective component are 10wt%, and it is best available component content and proportion that the two proportion, which is 3:1, to small jade
Rice mythimna separata, cabbage pieris, diamondback moth and tea geometrid have good control efficiency.
From 8 table of table 7 and table data can be seen that different embodiments have to tea aphid, tea lesser leafhopper it is different degrees of
Preventive and therapeutic effect, effect is obviously higher than 0.3% nimbin emulsion of comparison medicament and 10% bitter pueraria root extract microemulsion.Wherein, when
Bitter pueraria root extract and nimbin effective component are 10wt%, when the two proportion is 3:1 (embodiment 6), to tea aphid, the small greenery of tea
Cicada control efficiency is best, is higher than other proportion (embodiment 1, embodiment 2, embodiment 3, embodiment 4, embodiment 5,7 Hes of embodiment
Comparison medicament processing).When active constituent content is lower than 10wt% (embodiment 8 and embodiment 9), to tea aphid, tea lesser leafhopper
Control efficiency be remarkably decreased;It is small to tea aphid, tea when active constituent content is higher than 10wt% (embodiment 10 and embodiment 11)
The control efficiency of greenery cicada is also significantly lower than embodiment 6.It can thus be seen that when bitter pueraria root extract and nimbin effective component are
10wt%, and it is best available component content and proportion that the two proportion, which is 3:1, has good prevention and treatment to tea aphid, tea lesser leafhopper
Effect.
These results suggest that when bitter pueraria root extract and nimbin effective component are 10wt%, when the two proportion is 3:1
(embodiment 6) has good field control to maize army worm, cabbage pieris, diamondback moth, tea geometrid, tea aphid, tea lesser leafhopper
Effect, and it is better than other embodiments (embodiment 1, embodiment 2, embodiment 3, embodiment 4, embodiment 5, embodiment 7, embodiment
8, embodiment 9, embodiment 10, embodiment 11 and comparison medicament are handled).
The field efficacy of the different embodiment processing prevention and treatment maize army worms of table 3
The field efficacy of the different embodiment processing prevention and treatment cabbage caterpillars of table 4
The field efficacy of the different embodiment processing prevention and treatment diamondback moths of table 5
The field efficacy of the different embodiment processing prevention and treatment tea geometrids of table 6
The field efficacy of the different embodiment processing prevention and treatment tea aphids of table 7
The field efficacy of the different embodiment processing prevention and treatment tea lesser leafhoppers of table 8
Bitter pueraria root extract and the Pesticidal combination of nimbin of a kind of prevention and treatment agricultural pests of the invention and application thereof have led to
Specific embodiment is crossed to be described.Those skilled in the art can use for reference the appropriate feed change of the contents of the present invention, technique
The links such as condition realize that corresponding other purposes, correlation change all without departing from the contents of the present invention, and all similar replaces
It changes and changes it will become apparent to those skilled in the art that being considered as being included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of Pesticidal combination, which is characterized in that the active constituent in the Pesticidal combination is that weight ratio is 1:4~4:1
The composition of bitter pueraria root extract and nimbin;
The bitter pueraria root extract is dried in 80 DEG C of baking ovens the preparation method comprises the following steps: the root of bitter Pueraria lobota to be cut into the segment of l-2cm long,
Crushed 50 meshes, collection is spare, and refluxing extraction is carried out at 70 DEG C using 75% ethanol water, and each 8h is extracted 3 times,
Leaching liquor is collected, residue is filtered to remove, leaching liquor is concentrated under reduced pressure, collection obtains dry medicinal extract, medicinal extract is diluted with water, and uses
The ratio of extracting n-butyl alcohol, extractant and concentrate aqueous is 4:1, and extract liquor is concentrated and dried, and concentrate is quiet with AB-8 resin
State absorption overnight, is eluted with the mixed solvent that water and methanol ratio are 3:7, eluent is concentrated and dried, and as bitter Pueraria lobota is extracted
Object.
2. Pesticidal combination according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the weight ratio of bitter pueraria root extract and nimbin is 1:
2~4:1.
3. Pesticidal combination according to claim 2, which is characterized in that the weight ratio of bitter pueraria root extract and nimbin is 3:
1。
4. a kind of microemulsion, which is characterized in that it includes the claims 1 to 3 any Pesticidal combinations and auxiliary agent;Wherein
The dosage of Pesticidal combination is 1~20 weight %, and auxiliary agent is 20~40 weight % of solvent, 10~25 weight % of emulsifier, hydrotropy
5~15 weight % of agent, 3~5 weight % of antifreezing agent, remaining supplies 100 weight % with water.
5. microemulsion according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the solvent is methanol.
6. microemulsion according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the emulsifier is styryl phenyl polyoxyethylene
The combination of one or more of ether, alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether, polyarylphenol-polyoxyethylene ether phosphate.
7. microemulsion according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the cosolvent be isopropanol, n-butanol one kind or
Mixture.
8. microemulsion according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the antifreezing agent is ethylene glycol.
9. microemulsion according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the dosage of Pesticidal combination is 5~15 weight %.
10. Pesticidal combination according to any one of claims 1 to 3 or any microemulsion prevention and treatment of claim 4 to 9
Cabbage pieris, diamondback moth, maize army worm, tea tree tea geometrid, tea aphid or smaller green leaf hopper purposes.
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