CN106887578B - Tin sulfide/carbon nano tube composite nano negative electrode material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Tin sulfide/carbon nano tube composite nano negative electrode material and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
A tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nanometer negative electrode material and a preparation method thereof are provided, wherein the composite negative electrode material is prepared by the following method: (1) dissolving a sulfur source and a tin source in water, and adjusting the pH value to obtain a colorless transparent solution; (2) dispersing carbon nanotubes in a colorless transparent solution, carrying out hydrothermal reaction, cooling, filtering, washing and drying to obtain black powder; (3) and roasting the black powder in a protective atmosphere, and cooling to obtain the black powder. The negative electrode material has uniform appearance and size, the pipe diameter of the material is less than 50nm, tin sulfide particles are uniformly distributed on the surface of the carbon nano tube, and the first discharge gram capacity can reach 763 mAh.g under the current density of 3.0-0.01V and 100mA/g‑1The secondary discharge gram capacity can reach 530 mAh g‑1The capacity retention rate can reach more than 90 percent after 50 cycles; the method has the advantages of simple process, short period, low reaction temperature, low cost, large-scale synthesis and high yield.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a sodium ion battery cathode material and a preparation method thereof, in particular to a tin sulfide/carbon nano tube composite nano cathode material for a sodium ion battery and a preparation method thereof.
Background
With the consumption of non-renewable fossil energy such as petroleum and natural gas, the arrival of energy crisis draws more and more attention. Under the background, a new high-energy chemical power source without pollution becomes a hot spot for competitive development of countries in the world.
Lithium ion batteries are a new type of chemical power source, and are constructed using two compounds capable of reversibly intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions as positive and negative electrodes, respectively. However, with the development of lithium ion batteries, the demand for lithium is increasing, the cost of lithium ion batteries is increasing, and sodium ion batteries are coming into the field of people. The sodium ion battery can be used as a substitute product of the lithium ion battery, and the sodium ion battery is mainly paid more and more attention due to abundant reserve and low price of sodium, so that the sodium ion battery becomes a research key point.
CN105406065A discloses an SnS2the-C nano composite negative electrode material and the preparation method and the application thereof are characterized in that nano SnS is obtained by first ball milling of tin disulfide2Particles; then adding the nano SnS2Adding the particles into a glucose solution for secondary ball milling to obtain a mixture; drying the mixture and then carrying out heat treatment to obtain the SnS2-a C nanocomposite. Although the synthesis method is simple, the performance of the obtained tin sulfide material is poor.
CN106099069A discloses a sodium ion battery cathode SnS/C composite material and a preparation method thereof, which is to dissolve tin sulfide in a medium solution, add an organic carbon source, continue to stir and disperse uniformly, dry to obtain a solid powder precursor of the SnS/C composite material, and calcine to obtain the porous SnS/C composite material. However, the particle size of the obtained composite material is too large, so that the electrochemical performance of the composite material is poor, and a large amount of ammonium sulfide gas is generated in the preparation process to pollute the environment.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of overcoming the defects in the prior art and provides a tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano anode material which has high discharge capacity, small volume change in the process of charging and discharging materials, good cycle performance, low temperature required by reaction and simple process flow and a preparation method thereof.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows: a tin sulfide/carbon nano tube composite nanometer negative electrode material is prepared by the following method:
(1) dissolving a sulfur source and a tin source in water, and adjusting the pH value to obtain a colorless transparent solution;
(2) dispersing carbon nanotubes in the colorless transparent solution obtained in the step (1), carrying out hydrothermal reaction, naturally cooling to room temperature, filtering, washing the precipitate, and drying in vacuum to obtain black powder;
(3) and (3) roasting the black powder obtained in the step (2) in a protective atmosphere, and then cooling to room temperature along with the furnace to obtain the tin sulfide/carbon nano tube composite nano anode material.
Preferably, in the step (1), the molar concentration of the tin ions in the solution is 0.01-0.10 mol/L (more preferably 0.015-0.060 mol/L). If the concentration of tin ions is too low, the energy density is low because of too little tin sulfide material on the surface of the carbon nanotube, and if the concentration of tin ions is too high, tin sulfide does not uniformly grow on the surface of the carbon nanotube.
Preferably, in the step (1), the molar ratio of sulfur ions to tin ions in the solution is 1-4: 1. Too high or too low a ratio of the sulfide ion to the tin ion does not readily produce the desired product.
Preferably, in the step (1), the pH value is adjusted to 4-8. Neither too high nor too low a pH value is likely to lead to the desired product.
Preferably, in the step (2), the carbon nanotubes are used in an amount of 2 to 10% (more preferably 4 to 6%) of the total mass of the sulfur source, the tin source and the carbon nanotubes. If the percentage of the total mass of the carbon nanotubes is too small, the conductivity cannot be effectively improved, and if the percentage of the total mass of the carbon nanotubes is too large, the unit effective capacity of the material is reduced.
Preferably, in the step (2), the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is 160-240 ℃ and the time is 12-36 h (more preferably 20-30 h). The hydrothermal reaction is preferably carried out by putting the solution dispersed with the carbon nano tubes into a reaction kettle and putting the reaction kettle into a drying box; the preferable inside lining of the reaction kettle is a stainless steel reaction kettle made of polytetrafluoroethylene.
Preferably, in the step (2), the washing mode is that ethanol and deionized water are used for washing the precipitate for more than or equal to 2 times respectively. Residual inorganic matters can be effectively removed through repeated deionized water washing, and residual organic matters can be effectively removed through ethanol.
Preferably, in the step (2), the temperature of the vacuum drying is 60-120 ℃, the vacuum degree is less than or equal to 200Pa, and the time is 12-24 h.
Preferably, in the step (3), the roasting temperature is 600-850 ℃ (more preferably 700-800 ℃), and the roasting time is 2-10 h (more preferably 2.5-6.0 h). If the roasting temperature is too low, the tin sulfide material cannot be synthesized, and if the roasting temperature is too high, the synthesized tin sulfide particles are large, and the electrochemical performance is not good.
Preferably, in the step (1), the sulfur source is one or more of thiourea, sodium sulfide or thioacetamide.
Preferably, in the step (1), the tin source is one or more of tin sulfate, tin tetrachloride pentahydrate, tin dichloride dihydrate or sodium stannate.
Preferably, in the step (3), the protective atmosphere is a mixed gas of argon and hydrogen, wherein the volume fraction of hydrogen is 3-10%. The protective atmosphere used in the method is high-purity gas with the purity of more than or equal to 99.99 percent.
The technical principle of the invention is as follows: the carbon nano tube is used as a shape and structure regulator and plays a role of a template, so that the tin sulfide grows on the surface of the carbon nano tube, the growth of the tin sulfide is limited, the tin sulfide carbon with tin sulfide nano particles coated on the carbon nano tube is obtained, the volume expansion of the material can be effectively inhibited in the charging and discharging processes, and meanwhile, the carbon nano tube is also beneficial to improving the conductivity.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the tin sulfide/carbon nano tube composite nano negative electrode material has uniform product appearance and size, the tube diameter of the material is less than 50nm, tin sulfide particles are uniformly distributed on the surface of the carbon nano tube, and the tin sulfide/carbon nano tube composite nano negative electrode material has the characteristics of short sodium ion diffusion distance, high transmission rate, high specific surface area, high conductivity, high ion transmission speed and the likeSex; the obtained tin sulfide/carbon nano tube composite nano cathode material is assembled into a battery, and the maximum first discharge gram capacity can reach 763 mAh.g within the voltage range of 3.0-0.01V and under the current density of 100mA/g-1The gram capacity of secondary discharge can be as high as 530 mAh.g-1The capacity retention rate can reach more than 90% after 50 cycles of circulation, and the excellent circulation performance shows that the composite cathode material has a stable structure, and the side reaction of the electrode and the electrolyte is less; the composite nanometer negative electrode material has excellent electrochemical performance, can be used as a negative electrode material of a secondary sodium ion battery, has high safety, low price and wide application, and can be applied to energy storage equipment, a backup power supply, a reserve power supply and the like;
(2) the method has the advantages of wide raw material source, simple process flow, easy synthesis of nano materials, short period, low reaction temperature, low cost, large-scale synthesis and high product yield.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an XRD pattern of a tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano-anode material obtained in example 1;
FIG. 2 is an SEM image of the tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano-anode material obtained in example 1;
FIG. 3 is a first charge-discharge curve diagram of the tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano-anode material obtained in example 1;
FIG. 4 is an SEM image of the tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano-anode material obtained in example 2;
FIG. 5 is a cycle curve of the tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano-anode material obtained in example 2;
fig. 6 is a first charge-discharge curve diagram of the tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano-grade anode material obtained in example 3.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples and figures.
The carbon nanotubes used in the embodiment of the invention are purchased from China age, model number TNMC 8; the purity of the high-purity argon and the purity of the high-purity hydrogen used in the embodiment are both 99.99 percent; the chemical reagents used in the examples of the present invention, unless otherwise specified, are commercially available in a conventional manner.
Example 1
(1) Dissolving 0.3g (4.0 mmol) of thioacetamide and 0.7012g (2.0 mmol) of stannic chloride pentahydrate in 70 mL of deionized water, and adjusting the pH value to 7 to obtain a colorless transparent solution;
(2) dispersing 60 mg of carbon nanotubes in the colorless transparent solution obtained in the step (1), placing the solution in a 100 mL stainless steel reaction kettle with a polytetrafluoroethylene lining, placing the reaction kettle in a drying box, carrying out hydrothermal reaction at 180 ℃ for 24 hours, naturally cooling the reaction kettle to room temperature, filtering the reaction product, washing and precipitating the reaction product for 3 times by using absolute ethyl alcohol and deionized water respectively, and carrying out vacuum drying at 80 ℃ and a vacuum degree of 180Pa for 12 hours to obtain black powder;
(3) and (3) roasting the black powder obtained in the step (2) in a mixed atmosphere of high-purity argon and high-purity hydrogen (the volume fraction of the hydrogen is 8%) at 750 ℃ for 3h, and then cooling to room temperature along with a furnace to obtain the tin sulfide/carbon nano tube composite nano anode material.
As shown in fig. 1, the tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano negative electrode material obtained in the embodiment of the present invention is a pure phase stannous sulfide material.
As shown in fig. 2, in the tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano-cathode material obtained in the embodiment of the present invention, tin sulfide particles are uniformly distributed on the surface of the carbon nanotube, and the diameter of the synthesized carbon nanotube and tin sulfide composite tube is less than 50 nm.
Assembling the battery: weighing 0.40 g of the tin sulfide/carbon nano tube composite nano negative electrode material obtained in the embodiment of the invention, adding 0.05 g of acetylene black as a conductive agent and 0.05 g N-methyl pyrrolidone as a binder, uniformly mixing, coating the mixture on copper foil to prepare a negative electrode sheet, and taking a metal sodium sheet as a positive electrode, taking Whatman GF/D as a diaphragm and 1mol/L of NaClO in a vacuum glove box4DMC (volume ratio 1: 1) as electrolyte, and assembling into a CR2025 button cell.
As shown in FIG. 3, the first discharge gram capacity of the battery is 757.3 mAh.g under the voltage range of 3.0-0.01V and the current density of 100mA/g-1。
Example 2
(1) Dissolving 0.3g (4.0 mmol) of thiourea and 0.9026g (4.0 mmol) of tin dichloride dihydrate in 70 mL of deionized water, and adjusting the pH value to 8 to obtain a colorless transparent solution;
(2) dispersing 60 mg of carbon nanotubes in the colorless transparent solution obtained in the step (1), placing the solution in a 100 mL stainless steel reaction kettle with a polytetrafluoroethylene lining, placing the reaction kettle in a drying box, carrying out hydrothermal reaction at 160 ℃ for 30h, then naturally cooling to room temperature, filtering, washing and precipitating with absolute ethyl alcohol and deionized water for 4 times, and carrying out vacuum drying at 60 ℃ and under the vacuum degree of 150Pa for 20h to obtain black powder;
(3) and (3) roasting the black powder obtained in the step (2) in a mixed atmosphere of high-purity argon and high-purity hydrogen (the volume fraction of the hydrogen is 5%) at 700 ℃ for 6 hours, and then cooling to room temperature along with the furnace to obtain the tin sulfide/carbon nano tube composite nano anode material.
As shown in fig. 4, in the tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano-cathode material obtained in the embodiment of the present invention, tin sulfide particles are uniformly distributed on the surface of the carbon nanotube, and the diameter of the synthesized carbon nanotube and tin sulfide composite tube is less than 50 nm.
Assembling the battery: weighing 0.40 g of the tin sulfide/carbon nano tube composite nano negative electrode material obtained in the embodiment of the invention, adding 0.05 g of acetylene black as a conductive agent and 0.05 g N-methyl pyrrolidone as a binder, uniformly mixing, coating the mixture on copper foil to prepare a negative electrode sheet, and taking a metal sodium sheet as a positive electrode, taking Whatman GF/D as a diaphragm and 1mol/L of NaClO in a vacuum glove box4DMC (volume ratio 1: 1) as electrolyte, and assembling into a CR2025 button cell.
As shown in FIG. 5, the first discharge gram capacity of the battery can reach 760.5mAh g at 100mA/g current density within 3.0-0.01V-1The secondary discharge gram capacity is 530 mAh g-1And the capacity retention rate can reach more than 90 percent after 50 cycles.
Example 3
(1) Dissolving 0.15g (2.0 mmol) of thioacetamide and 0.35g (1.0 mmol) of stannic chloride pentahydrate in 60 mL of deionized water, and adjusting the pH value to 6 to obtain a colorless transparent solution;
(2) dispersing 30 mg of carbon nanotubes in the colorless transparent solution obtained in the step (1), placing the solution in a 100 mL stainless steel reaction kettle with a polytetrafluoroethylene lining, placing the reaction kettle in a drying box, carrying out hydrothermal reaction at 200 ℃ for 20h, then naturally cooling to room temperature, filtering, washing and precipitating with absolute ethyl alcohol and deionized water for 3 times respectively, and carrying out vacuum drying at 100 ℃ and under the vacuum degree of 120Pa for 16h to obtain black powder;
(3) and (3) roasting the black powder obtained in the step (2) in a mixed atmosphere of high-purity argon and high-purity hydrogen (the volume fraction of the hydrogen is 3%) at 800 ℃ for 2.5h, and then cooling to room temperature along with the furnace to obtain the tin sulfide/carbon nano tube composite nano anode material.
As shown in FIG. 6, the first discharge gram-capacity of the battery is 763mAh g under the voltage range of 2.5-0.01V and the current density of 100mA/g-1。
Claims (17)
1. The tin sulfide/carbon nano tube composite nano negative electrode material is characterized by being prepared by the following method:
(1) dissolving a sulfur source and a tin source in water, and adjusting the pH value to 4-8 to obtain a colorless transparent solution;
(2) dispersing carbon nanotubes in the colorless transparent solution obtained in the step (1), carrying out hydrothermal reaction, naturally cooling to room temperature, filtering, washing the precipitate, and drying in vacuum to obtain black powder; the using amount of the carbon nano tube accounts for 4-6% of the total mass of the sulfur source, the tin source and the carbon nano tube;
(3) roasting the black powder obtained in the step (2) in a protective atmosphere, and then cooling to room temperature along with a furnace to obtain a tin sulfide/carbon nano tube composite nano anode material; the roasting temperature is 600-850 ℃, and the roasting time is 2-10 h.
2. The tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano anode material according to claim 1, wherein: in the step (1), the molar concentration of the tin element in the solution is 0.01-0.10 mol/L.
3. The tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano anode material according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: in the step (1), the molar ratio of sulfur to tin in the solution is 1-4: 1.
4. The tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano anode material according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: in the step (2), the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is 160-240 ℃, and the time is 12-36 h.
5. The tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano anode material according to claim 3, wherein: in the step (2), the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is 160-240 ℃, and the time is 12-36 h.
6. The tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano anode material according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: in the step (2), the washing mode is that ethanol and deionized water are used for washing the precipitate for more than or equal to 2 times respectively; the temperature of the vacuum drying is 60-120 ℃, the vacuum degree is less than or equal to 200Pa, and the time is 12-24 h.
7. The tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano anode material according to claim 3, wherein: in the step (2), the washing mode is that ethanol and deionized water are used for washing the precipitate for more than or equal to 2 times respectively; the temperature of the vacuum drying is 60-120 ℃, the vacuum degree is less than or equal to 200Pa, and the time is 12-24 h.
8. The tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano anode material according to claim 4, wherein: in the step (2), the washing mode is that ethanol and deionized water are used for washing the precipitate for more than or equal to 2 times respectively; the temperature of the vacuum drying is 60-120 ℃, the vacuum degree is less than or equal to 200Pa, and the time is 12-24 h.
9. The tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano anode material according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: in the step (1), the sulfur source is one or more of thiourea, sodium sulfide or thioacetamide; the tin source is one or more of tin sulfate, tin tetrachloride pentahydrate, tin dichloride dihydrate or sodium stannate.
10. The tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano anode material according to claim 3, wherein: in the step (1), the sulfur source is one or more of thiourea, sodium sulfide or thioacetamide; the tin source is one or more of tin sulfate, tin tetrachloride pentahydrate, tin dichloride dihydrate or sodium stannate.
11. The tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano anode material according to claim 4, wherein: in the step (1), the sulfur source is one or more of thiourea, sodium sulfide or thioacetamide; the tin source is one or more of tin sulfate, tin tetrachloride pentahydrate, tin dichloride dihydrate or sodium stannate.
12. The tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano anode material according to claim 6, wherein: in the step (1), the sulfur source is one or more of thiourea, sodium sulfide or thioacetamide; the tin source is one or more of tin sulfate, tin tetrachloride pentahydrate, tin dichloride dihydrate or sodium stannate.
13. The tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano anode material according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: in the step (3), the protective atmosphere is a mixed gas of argon and hydrogen, wherein the volume fraction of the hydrogen is 3-10%.
14. The tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano anode material according to claim 3, wherein: in the step (3), the protective atmosphere is a mixed gas of argon and hydrogen, wherein the volume fraction of the hydrogen is 3-10%.
15. The tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano anode material according to claim 4, wherein: in the step (3), the protective atmosphere is a mixed gas of argon and hydrogen, wherein the volume fraction of the hydrogen is 3-10%.
16. The tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nano anode material according to claim 6, wherein: in the step (3), the protective atmosphere is a mixed gas of argon and hydrogen, wherein the volume fraction of the hydrogen is 3-10%.
17. The tin sulfide/carbon nanotube composite nanonegative electrode material of claim 9, wherein: in the step (3), the protective atmosphere is a mixed gas of argon and hydrogen, wherein the volume fraction of the hydrogen is 3-10%.
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| CN108281652B (en) * | 2018-01-23 | 2020-06-16 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Preparation method of conversion type metal-based sulfide lithium ion battery cathode active material |
| CN108987735A (en) * | 2018-09-21 | 2018-12-11 | 东华大学 | A kind of porous hollow carbon ball load stannous sulfide nano-quantum point combination electrode material |
| CN110148723A (en) * | 2019-05-18 | 2019-08-20 | 福建师范大学 | A kind of SnS with high performance2The preparation method and application of@nitrogen-doped carbon compound kalium ion battery negative electrode material |
| CN113346074B (en) * | 2020-03-03 | 2024-03-15 | 香港科技大学 | Electrode material with multilayer structure and preparation method thereof |
| CN111446447A (en) * | 2020-04-03 | 2020-07-24 | 浙江长兴绿色电池科技有限公司 | Method for preparing sulfur stannide/carbon composite material by supercritical carbon dioxide fluid and application |
| CN111697213B (en) * | 2020-05-06 | 2021-07-13 | 广州大学 | Cobalt disulfide-tin disulfide composite particle and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN112490430A (en) * | 2020-12-07 | 2021-03-12 | 江苏师范大学 | Preparation method of high-performance negative electrode material for lithium/sodium ion battery |
| CN114695854A (en) * | 2022-03-23 | 2022-07-01 | 西安建筑科技大学 | CNTs-SnS-SnS2@ GO heterostructure composite material and preparation method and application thereof |
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