CN106851922B - A kind of linear Constant-power LED drive circuit, chip and constant-current LED control system - Google Patents
A kind of linear Constant-power LED drive circuit, chip and constant-current LED control system Download PDFInfo
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- CN106851922B CN106851922B CN201710189193.3A CN201710189193A CN106851922B CN 106851922 B CN106851922 B CN 106851922B CN 201710189193 A CN201710189193 A CN 201710189193A CN 106851922 B CN106851922 B CN 106851922B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/30—Driver circuits
- H05B45/37—Converter circuits
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B20/00—Energy efficient lighting technologies, e.g. halogen lamps or gas discharge lamps
- Y02B20/30—Semiconductor lamps, e.g. solid state lamps [SSL] light emitting diodes [LED] or organic LED [OLED]
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Abstract
A kind of linear Constant-power LED drive circuit, chip and constant-current LED control system, it include: constant-current control module, gauze detection module, power limitation control module, gauze detection module is used to sampling gauze input voltage and exporting sampled voltage, and clamp voltage is exported when sampled voltage reaches clamp voltage;Power limitation control module is used to adjust output to the output voltage of constant-current control module according to sampled voltage, the input power of LED load is kept constant to adjust the output electric current of constant-current control module, and the smallest output voltage to constant-current control module is exported so that the output electric current of constant-current control module is silicon-controlled extinction current by clamp voltage control.The present invention can achieve the effect that input voltage changes and input power is constant, and ensure that the normal use of controllable silicon light modulation.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to LED drive circuit technical field more particularly to a kind of linear Constant-power LED drive circuits, chip
And system.
Background technique
With the promotion of cognition of the mankind on energy-saving and environment friendly, the following industrial prospect relevant to environment protecting and power-saving
Development potentiality is huge, and the LED semiconductor technology with popular industry has one of the high-technology field of development potentiality by becoming most.
LED is widely used in each neck as a kind of new type light source, because it has the advantage that brightness is strong, low energy consumption and the service life is long
Domain.Linear constant current technical solution is widely used in middle low power LED constant current system with its simple system structure.
Linear controllable silicon light modulation constant current scheme common at present, as depicted in figs. 1 and 2, including rectification circuit, vent discharge
Road, constant-current control module and LED load, constant current output Iout=Vref/Rcs.The shortcomings that this application scheme, is
The quantity of system load LED lamp must be designed in strict accordance with input voltage, and the variation of input voltage will lead to whole system input
The variation of power, to influence the efficiency of system and the light efficiency of LED light.Such as a 220VAC inputs the linear of 7W power
LED constant current system, when input voltage increases to 240V, input power may rise to 8W, and when 260V input, input power
9W is then risen to, the light efficiency of efficiency and LED light is greatly reduced.
To sum up, the variation that input voltage exists in the prior art will lead to the variation of whole system input power, from
And influence system efficiency and LED light light efficiency the problem of.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is that the above-mentioned input voltage variation for the prior art leads to system power
Variation, the defect for influencing system effectiveness and LED light light efficiency provide a kind of supports controllable silicon light modulation scheme, when input voltage changes
Linear Constant-power LED drive circuit, chip and the constant-current LED control system that system power is held essentially constant.
The technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve the technical problems is: a kind of linear Constant-power LED drive circuit is constructed,
Include:
Constant-current control module, for connecting with LED load;
Gauze detection module, for sampled voltage to be sampled and exported to gauze input voltage, and in sampled voltage
Clamp voltage is exported when reaching clamp voltage;
Power limitation control module, for adjusting output to the output voltage of constant-current control module, to adjust according to sampled voltage
The output electric current of section constant-current control module keeps constant the input power of the LED load, and passes through the clamp voltage
Control output to constant-current control module the smallest output voltage so that constant-current control module output electric current for it is silicon-controlled most
Small maintenance electric current.
Optionally, the gauze detection module includes:
Bleeder circuit for carrying out partial pressure sampling to gauze input voltage, and generates sampled voltage;
Clamp circuit, for exporting clamp voltage when sampled voltage reaches clamp voltage, the clamp voltage is to work as line
Sampled voltage corresponding to gauze input voltage when the electric current of net is silicon-controlled extinction current.
Optionally, clamp circuit includes Zener diode, and bleeder circuit includes first resistor and second resistance, first resistor
First end receive gauze input voltage as the power input of driving circuit, the second end of first resistor connects Zener simultaneously
The cathode of diode, the first end of second resistance and power limitation control module, the anode of the Zener diode and second
The second end of resistance is grounded simultaneously.
Optionally, power limitation control module includes:
Voltage detecting circuit, for detecting the sampled voltage;
Voltage comparator circuit, when the sampled voltage is less than constant current reference voltage using constant current reference voltage as output electricity
Pressure reduces output voltage with the raising of sampled voltage when sampled voltage is greater than constant current reference voltage, and in sampling electricity
Pressure when being clamp voltage the output voltage be the smallest output voltage.
Optionally, the voltage detecting circuit includes the first operational amplifier and first switch tube;First operation is put
The non-inverting input terminal of big device accesses the sampled voltage, and the output end of first operational amplifier connects the first switch tube
Control terminal, the input terminal of the first switch tube connects high level voltage, described in the output end connection of the first switch tube
The out-phase input terminal and the voltage comparator circuit of first operational amplifier.
Optionally, voltage comparator circuit includes 3rd resistor, the 4th resistance and second operational amplifier;3rd resistor
First end connects the voltage detecting circuit, and the out-phase that the second end of the 3rd resistor connects the second operational amplifier is defeated
Enter the first end of end and the 4th resistance, the non-inverting input terminal of second operational amplifier receives the constant current reference voltage, the 4th electricity
The output end and constant-current control module of the second end connection second operational amplifier of resistance.
Optionally, constant-current control module includes third operational amplifier and second switch, third operational amplifier it is same
Phase input terminal connects the power limitation control module, power input of the input terminal of second switch as the driving circuit
Receive gauze input voltage, second switch control terminal connection third operational amplifier output end, second switch it is defeated
Outlet connects the out-phase input terminal of third operational amplifier and end is arranged as the constant current of driving circuit, and constant current setting end passes through
Cross a constant current setting resistance eutral grounding.
The invention also discloses a kind of linear invariable power LED drive chips, including power input OUT, constant current, and end is arranged
The end REXT, GND, the chip interior are provided with the linear Constant-power LED drive circuit.
The invention also discloses a kind of constant-current LED control systems, including rectification circuit, leadage circuit, the linear perseverance
Power LED drive circuit.
Implement linear Constant-power LED drive circuit of the invention, has the advantages that due to invariable power control of the present invention
Molding block can be adjusted according to sampled voltage and be exported to the output voltage of constant-current control module, and then adjustable current constant control mould
The output electric current of block is finally reached the effect that input voltage changes and input power is constant;Meanwhile reaching clamper in sampled voltage
When voltage, power limitation control module is exported can make output electric current silicon-controlled most to the smallest output voltage of constant-current control module
Small maintenance electric current, ensure that the normal use of controllable silicon light modulation.
Detailed description of the invention
In order to more clearly explain the embodiment of the invention or the technical proposal in the existing technology, to embodiment or will show below
There is attached drawing needed in technical description to be briefly described, it should be apparent that, the accompanying drawings in the following description is only this
The embodiment of invention for those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts, can also basis
The attached drawing of offer obtains other attached drawings:
Fig. 1 is a kind of structural schematic diagram of the invariable power linear constant current LED drive circuit provided in the prior art;
Fig. 2 is the structural schematic diagram of another invariable power linear constant current LED drive circuit provided in the prior art;
Fig. 3 is the module frame chart of the preferred embodiment of linear Constant-power LED drive circuit of the invention;
Fig. 4 is the circuit diagram of the preferred embodiment of linear Constant-power LED drive circuit of the invention.
Specific embodiment
To facilitate the understanding of the present invention, a more comprehensive description of the invention is given in the following sections with reference to the relevant attached drawings.In attached drawing
Give exemplary embodiments of the invention.But the invention can be realized in many different forms, however it is not limited to this paper institute
The embodiment of description.On the contrary, purpose of providing these embodiments is make it is more thorough and comprehensive to the disclosure.
It should be noted that word " equal ", " identical " " simultaneously " or other similar term, are not limited to mathematical term
In it is absolute equal or identical, when implementing right described in this patent, can be close on engineering significance or acceptable
Error range in.Word " connected " or " connection " not only include being connected directly two entities, also include by having
Other entities of beneficial improvement are indirectly connected.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein and belong to technical field of the invention
The normally understood meaning of technical staff is identical.Term as used herein in the specification of the present invention is intended merely to description tool
The purpose of the embodiment of body, it is not intended that in the limitation present invention.Term " and or " used herein includes one or more phases
Any and all combinations of the listed item of pass.
The total thinking of the present invention is: on the one hand, adjusted and exported to the output voltage of constant-current control module according to sampled voltage,
And then the output electric current of adjustable constant-current control module, to achieve the effect that input voltage variation, input power is constant;Separately
On the one hand, when sampled voltage reaches clamp voltage, output electric current is no longer allowed to change with the variation of input voltage, but
The output voltage that will be imparted to constant-current control module is limited in the smallest output voltage, and then keeps output electric current silicon-controlled most
Small maintenance electric current, ensure that the normal use of controllable silicon light modulation.
In order to better understand the above technical scheme, in conjunction with appended figures and specific embodiments to upper
It states technical solution to be described in detail, it should be understood that the specific features in the embodiment of the present invention and embodiment are to the application
The detailed description of technical solution, rather than the restriction to technical scheme, in the absence of conflict, the present invention are implemented
Technical characteristic in example and embodiment can be combined with each other.
With reference to Fig. 1, linear Constant-power LED drive circuit of the invention includes:
Constant-current control module 3, for connecting with LED load, as LED load is LED1-LEDn in figure.
Gauze detection module 1, for sampled voltage to be sampled and exported to gauze input voltage, and in sampled voltage
Clamp voltage is exported when reaching clamp voltage;
Power limitation control module 2, for according to sampled voltage adjust output to constant-current control module 3 output voltage, with
The output electric current for adjusting constant-current control module 3 keeps constant the input power of the LED load, and passes through the clamper electricity
Voltage-controlled system exports the smallest output voltage to constant-current control module 3 so that the output electric current of constant-current control module 3 is silicon-controlled
Extinction current.
It should be noted that the position that gauze detection module 1 samples is not limited to the cathode of LED load shown in figure,
It can also be the other positions in the anode or concatenation access of LED load, these are all simple deformations of the invention, all at this
Within the protection scope of invention.In addition, the side of the positive electrode or LED1- of LED load can also be arranged in constant-current control module 3
Between any two LED inside LEDn, to this and with no restrictions.
In conjunction with Fig. 3-Fig. 4, gauze detection module described in the present embodiment 1 includes: bleeder circuit 11, for inputting to gauze
Voltage carries out partial pressure sampling, and generates sampled voltage;Clamp circuit 12, for exporting pincers when sampled voltage reaches clamp voltage
Position voltage, the clamp voltage are corresponding to the gauze input voltage when the electric current of gauze is silicon-controlled extinction current
Sampled voltage.
In the present embodiment, the power limitation control module 2 includes: voltage detecting circuit 21, for detecting the sampling electricity
Pressure;Voltage comparator circuit 22 is less than constant current reference voltage V in the sampled voltagerefWhen by constant current reference voltage VrefAs defeated
Voltage out is greater than constant current reference voltage V in sampled voltagerefWhen reduce output voltage with the raising of sampled voltage, and
The output voltage is the smallest output voltage when sampled voltage is clamp voltage.
Specifically, clamp circuit 12 includes Zener diode Z1, bleeder circuit 11 includes resistance R1 and resistance R2, voltage inspection
Slowdown monitoring circuit 21 includes operational amplifier U1 and switching tube Q1, and voltage comparator circuit 22 includes that resistance R3, resistance R4 and operation are put
Big device U2, constant-current control module 3 include operational amplifier U3 and switching tube Q2.
The first end of resistance R1 receives gauze input voltage, the second end of resistance R1 as the power input of driving circuit
The non-inverting input terminal of the cathode of Zener diode Z1, the first end of resistance R2 and operational amplifier U1 is connected simultaneously, it is described neat
It receives and the anode of diode Z1 and the second end of resistance R2 while being grounded.The output end of operational amplifier U1 connects the switching tube
The control terminal of Q1, the input terminal of the switching tube Q1 connect high level voltage, and the output end of the switching tube Q1 connects the fortune
The out-phase input terminal of amplifier U1 and the first end of resistance R3 are calculated, the second end of the resistance R3 connects the operational amplifier
The non-inverting input terminal of the out-phase input terminal of U2 and the first end of resistance R4, operational amplifier U2 receives the constant current reference voltage
Vref, resistance R4 second end connection operational amplifier U2 output end and operational amplifier U3 non-inverting input terminal, switching tube
The first end of the input terminal connection resistance R1 of Q2, the output end of the control terminal connection operational amplifier U3 of switching tube Q2, switching tube
Simultaneously end, the constant current setting is arranged as the constant current of driving circuit in the out-phase input terminal of the output end connection operational amplifier U3 of Q2
Resistance R is arranged by a constant current in endEXT1Ground connection.
It should be noted that switching tube includes various equivalent switch electronic devices, it is not limited to diode or triode.
The working principle of the present embodiment is summarized as follows: resistance R1 and R2 partial pressure sampling, the voltage V of R2 first endTAs adopt
Sample voltage, when network voltage reaches LED load conduction voltage drop: if 1) VT< Vref, U1 ends Q1, and U2 exports Vref, i.e.,
Output voltage is Vref, LED load is at this time with Vref/REXT1Constant current operation;If 2) VT≥Vref, U1 makes Q1 be connected and export
VT, output voltage is Vref- (VT- Vref) * R4/R3, i.e., at this time LED load withElectric current
Work, it is seen that output voltage is with sampled voltage V at this timeTIncrease and reduce, at this time LED load be decompression work;If 3) VT≥
VZ1When, Z1 reverse breakdown, VTKeep VZ1Output, therefore it is Vref-R4/R3* (V that output voltage is constant at this timeZ1- Vref), at this time
LED load withCurrent work, this electric current are silicon-controlled extinction current.
Based on the same inventive concept, a kind of driving chip is also claimed in the present invention, and with reference to Fig. 4, chip includes that power supply is defeated
Enter to hold OUT, the constant current setting end end REXT, GND, driving circuit is arranged in the chip interior.When using the chip, it can pass through
Resistance R is arranged in one constant current of connection between the constant current setting end end REXT, GND againEXT1, constant current setting resistance REXT1Resistance value it is big
Small decision constant current value.
Based on the same inventive concept, the present invention is also claimed a kind of constant-current LED control system, including rectification circuit, lets out
Electric discharge road, the driving circuit.In Fig. 4, rectification circuit include a rectifier bridge, LED load one capacitor C1 of parallel connection, rectifier bridge
Positive output end is connect by a diode D1 with LED load anode, and LED load cathode is connected to the power input of driving circuit
OUT, leadage circuit include a constant current chip, and the OUT terminal of constant current chip and the end GND are separately connected the positive output end of rectifier bridge, bear
The end REXT of output end, constant current chip passes through a resistance REXT2End REXT is arranged in the constant current for connecting driving circuit.
Invariable power effect of the invention is illustrated with a specific example below.
As shown in figure 4, Vac is alternating current, frequency 60Hz, LED light voltage VLED=130V, capacitor's capacity 6.8uF,
REXT1=13 Ω, REXT2=36 Ω, R1/R2=300/24, R3/R4=1/0.7, Vref=0.9V, chip U4REXT port VREXT2
=0.6V, Zener breakdown voltage are VZ1=1.70V.When gauze voltage is less than VLEDWhen, leadage circuit work, exporting electric current is
VREXT2/REXT2;When gauze voltage is greater than VLEDWhen, driving circuit is started to work, meanwhile, close leakage current.Work as VTVoltage is greater than
VrefWhen, VREXT1Start to reduce as OUT terminal mouth voltage increases;Work as VTWhen voltage reaches Zener breakdown voltage, VREXT1It keeps
It is constant, not with OUT voltage change.(π) in one cycle, input power are made of four parts altogether:
A: power of releasing
B: constant-current power
C: buck power
D: constant pressure power
Wherein, vpp is input gauze crest voltage, and w is input gauze voltage angle frequency, Input general power are as follows:
PIN=(PA+PB+PC+PC)/π (5)
By formula (1) to (5), input power when input voltage is 108V, 120V, 132V can be obtained and be as follows:
VIN(Vac) | 108 | 120 | 132 |
PIN(W) | 3.72 | 3.82 | 3.68 |
It can be obtained by upper table, in input voltage variation+- 10%, input power variation is -3.7% and -2.7%.
Meanwhile the minimum value of the output voltage at the end REXT is VREXT_MIN=Vref-R4/R3* (VZ1- Vref)=0.34V,
So minimum output current is I_MIN=VREXT_MIN/REXT1=0.34/13=26.2mA meets controllable silicon light modulation minimum current
It is required that.
In conclusion implementing linear Constant-power LED drive circuit of the invention, have the advantages that due to this hair
Bright power limitation control module can adjust output to the output voltage of constant-current control module according to sampled voltage, and then adjustable
The output electric current of constant-current control module is finally reached the effect that input voltage changes and input power is constant;Meanwhile in sampling electricity
When pressure reaches clamp voltage, power limitation control module, which is exported, can make to export electric current to the smallest output voltage of constant-current control module
Silicon-controlled extinction current ensure that the normal use of controllable silicon light modulation.
The embodiment of the present invention is described with above attached drawing, but the invention is not limited to above-mentioned specific
Embodiment, the above mentioned embodiment is only schematical, rather than restrictive, those skilled in the art
Under the inspiration of the present invention, without breaking away from the scope protected by the purposes and claims of the present invention, it can also make very much
Form, all of these belong to the protection of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. a kind of linear Constant-power LED drive circuit characterized by comprising
Constant-current control module, for connecting with LED load;
Gauze detection module reaches for sampled voltage to be sampled and exported to gauze input voltage, and in sampled voltage
Clamp voltage is exported when clamp voltage;
Power limitation control module, for adjusting output to the output voltage of constant-current control module, to adjust perseverance according to sampled voltage
The output electric current of flow control module keeps constant the input power of the LED load, and is controlled by the clamp voltage
The smallest output voltage to constant-current control module is exported so that the output electric current of constant-current control module is silicon-controlled minimum dimension
Hold electric current.
2. linear Constant-power LED drive circuit according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the gauze detection module packet
It includes:
Bleeder circuit for carrying out partial pressure sampling to gauze input voltage, and generates sampled voltage;
Clamp circuit, for exporting clamp voltage when sampled voltage reaches clamp voltage, the clamp voltage is when gauze
Sampled voltage corresponding to gauze input voltage when electric current is silicon-controlled extinction current.
3. linear Constant-power LED drive circuit according to claim 2, which is characterized in that clamp circuit includes Zener two
Pole pipe, bleeder circuit include first resistor and second resistance, power input of the first end of first resistor as driving circuit
Receive gauze input voltage, the second end of first resistor connect simultaneously the cathode of Zener diode, second resistance first end with
And power limitation control module, the anode of the Zener diode and the second end of second resistance are grounded simultaneously.
4. linear Constant-power LED drive circuit according to claim 1, which is characterized in that power limitation control module includes:
Voltage detecting circuit, for detecting the sampled voltage;
Voltage comparator circuit, when the sampled voltage is less than constant current reference voltage using constant current reference voltage as output voltage,
Output voltage is reduced with the raising of sampled voltage when sampled voltage is greater than constant current reference voltage, and is in sampled voltage
The output voltage is the smallest output voltage when clamp voltage.
5. linear Constant-power LED drive circuit according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the voltage detecting circuit packet
Include the first operational amplifier and first switch tube;
The non-inverting input terminal of first operational amplifier accesses the sampled voltage, the output end of first operational amplifier
The control terminal of the first switch tube is connected, the input terminal of the first switch tube connects high level voltage, the first switch
The output end of pipe connects the out-phase input terminal and the voltage comparator circuit of first operational amplifier.
6. linear Constant-power LED drive circuit according to claim 4, which is characterized in that voltage comparator circuit includes the
Three resistance, the 4th resistance and second operational amplifier;
The first end of 3rd resistor connects the voltage detecting circuit, and the second end of the 3rd resistor connects second operation
The non-inverting input terminal of the out-phase input terminal of amplifier and the first end of the 4th resistance, second operational amplifier receives the constant current base
Quasi- voltage, the output end and constant-current control module of the second end connection second operational amplifier of the 4th resistance.
7. linear Constant-power LED drive circuit according to claim 1, which is characterized in that constant-current control module includes the
Three operational amplifiers and second switch,
The non-inverting input terminal of third operational amplifier connects the power limitation control module, and the input terminal of second switch is as institute
The power input for stating driving circuit receives gauze input voltage, the control terminal connection third operational amplifier of second switch
Output end, the output end of second switch connects the out-phase input terminal of third operational amplifier and the constant current as driving circuit is set
End is set, resistance eutral grounding is arranged by a constant current in the constant current setting end.
8. a kind of linear invariable power LED drive chip, which is characterized in that including power input OUT, constant current setting end REXT,
Linear Constant-power LED drive circuits described in any item just like claim 1-7 are arranged in the end GND, the chip interior.
9. a kind of constant-current LED control system, which is characterized in that any including rectification circuit, leadage circuit, such as claim 1-7
Linear Constant-power LED drive circuit described in.
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CN107820344B (en) * | 2017-10-27 | 2024-04-23 | 厦门阳光恩耐照明有限公司 | Emergency module |
CN108834259B (en) * | 2018-07-11 | 2024-04-05 | 深圳市明微电子股份有限公司 | Linear constant current control circuit and method for LED lamp and LED device |
CN109526106B (en) * | 2018-12-20 | 2024-05-14 | 厦门市必易微电子技术有限公司 | Driving circuit, LED driving system and current control method |
CN110012573B (en) * | 2019-04-04 | 2024-07-05 | 深圳市明微电子股份有限公司 | Full-voltage control circuit |
CN110896279B (en) * | 2019-10-12 | 2022-12-23 | 深圳市伟鹏世纪科技有限公司 | LED emergency power supply constant power output circuit and working method |
CN110582144B (en) * | 2019-10-14 | 2024-07-16 | 深圳市明微电子股份有限公司 | Self-adaptive bleeder control circuit and method |
CN113806269B (en) * | 2021-09-14 | 2024-06-14 | 宁波群芯微电子股份有限公司 | USB port constant voltage power supply circuit |
CN114205953B (en) * | 2021-12-13 | 2023-11-03 | 英飞特电子(杭州)股份有限公司 | LED lamp driving system |
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KR20120056162A (en) * | 2010-11-24 | 2012-06-01 | 삼성엘이디 주식회사 | Led driving apparatus |
CN202679737U (en) * | 2012-06-26 | 2013-01-16 | 深圳市明微电子股份有限公司 | LED drive circuit and LED lighting device |
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