CN106769712A - 机动车辆尾气中颗粒污染物粒径分布的测定方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种机动车辆尾气中颗粒污染物粒径分布的测定方法，首先采集机动车辆尾气颗粒污染物样品，采用烟尘采样器进行等速采样，抽取机动车排气筒内的气体，进入采样器的聚四氟乙烯滤筒内；再将采集到聚四氟乙烯滤筒上的机动车辆尾气中颗粒污染物，用超声波洗脱到酒精溶液中；然后采用激光粒度仪进行测定，得到粒径分布数据表和粒径分布图，作为评价机动车尾气排放的重要指标。采用上述方法测定获得的机动车尾气颗粒物粒径分布图连续性好，精度高，可以作为评价机动车尾气排放的重要指标，为评价机动车尾气排放情况提供技术支持。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及颗粒污染物粒径分布的测定，具体是机动车辆尾气中颗粒污染物粒径分布的测定方法。
技术背景
机动车尾气是汽车引擎燃烧汽油（柴油）形成的产物，在形态上，这种尾气和工业炉窑燃烧燃料产生的烟气一样含有颗粒污染物和气态污染物，但机动车尾气中颗粒物浓度跟油品有关，柴油车产生的颗粒物约为汽油车的8～25倍，且主要是以粒径<10μm 的可吸入颗粒物 (inha1able Particles 简称IP)为主，其浓度占到总颗粒物浓度的60.04％～80％。
颗粒物又分为固体、液体二种，所以机动车尾气包含气、液、固三相污染物。因其可长时间悬浮于空气中，易被人吸入呼吸道深部，引起食欲不振、精神萎靡、浑身乏力等症状；近年来，我国越来越多的城市频繁发生的灰霾天气正日益引起公众的重视。形成灰霾天气的主要污染物是大气可吸入颗粒物，其中尤以细粒子（PM2.5），即小于2 .5微米的颗粒物为甚，它在可吸入颗粒物中占70%～80%。其中机动车尾气为我国第二大气污染源，其排放的颗粒污染物中PM1.0在PM2.5的质量浓度中约占50%~85%。且多以固态和液态颗粒物形貌存在，化学组分质量百分数由多到少依次是有机物、无机离子和元素碳，分别占到PM2.5质量浓度的70%左右、5%~11%和小于2%。已成为细粒子有机颗粒物的主要来源之一。
控制大气细粒子排放源是控制灰霾天气发生和大气颗粒污染的主要途径和方法。粒子粒径及其分布特征是重要的物理参数，是除尘器设计、选型最主要的依据，也是评价机动车尾气排放的重要指标。因此，需要研究合适粒子粒径的分布测定方法，为除尘器设计、选型和评价机动车尾气排放情况提供技术支持。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种机动车辆尾气中颗粒污染物粒径分布测定方法，为治理机动车尾气问题提供技术参数。
实现本发明目的的技术方案是：
一种机动车辆尾气中颗粒污染物粒径分布的测定方法，包括如下步骤：
（1）机动车辆尾气颗粒污染物样品的采集：采用烟尘采样器进行等速采样，抽取机动车排气筒内的气体，进入采样器的聚四氟乙烯滤筒内，尾气中的颗粒污染物被聚四氟乙烯滤筒捕集到内表面上，15分钟后，将滤筒取出，置于干燥器中恒重；
（2）滤筒颗粒物的洗脱：将恒重后的滤筒剪开成2半，再剪成4截，置于盛有50mL无水酒精的量杯中，进行超声波洗脱，5分钟后，用量杯取出40mL溶液准备进入激光粒度仪测定；
（3）机动车颗粒污染物粒径分布测定：将盛有40mL溶液的量杯放入激光粒度仪的样品池中，屏幕显示遮光比指标值介于10%-25%之间，即可开始选择数据模式测定颗粒物粒径分布，并从测试报告中获得粒径分布图和数据表，即得到以颗粒直径为横坐标，以不同直径粒子数占总粒子数的百分数为纵坐标的分布曲线，粒径分布最大的粒子粒径称为众径，粒径分布为50%的粒子粒径称为中位径；若遮光比指标值不在10%-25%范围，则需要添加质量百分数1%~5%的六偏硅酸钠分散剂，进行超声波震荡5分钟，再进行测定，得到粒径分布图和数据表，作为评价机动车尾气排放的重要指标。
采用上述方法测定获得的机动车尾气颗粒物粒径分布图连续性好，精度高，可以作为评价机动车尾气排放的重要指标。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明内容作一步的说明，但不是对本发明的限定。
实施例
一种机动车辆尾气中颗粒污染物粒径分布的测定方法，包括如下步骤：
（1）采用烟尘采样器（JH-80E）等速抽取机动车排气筒内的气体，进入采样器的聚四氟乙烯滤筒内，尾气中的颗粒污染物被聚四氟乙烯滤筒捕集到内表面上，15分钟后，将滤筒取出，置于干燥器中恒重；
（2）将恒重后的滤筒用剪刀剪开成2半，再剪成4截，置于盛有50mL无水酒精的量杯中，进行超声波洗脱，5分钟后，用量杯取出40mL溶液准备进入激光粒度仪测定；
（3）将盛有40mL溶液的量杯放入激光粒度仪(LS-POP(III)，珠海欧美克)的样品池中，屏幕显示遮光比指标值介于10%~25%之间，即可开始选择数据模式测定颗粒物粒径分布，并从测试报告中获得粒径分布图形和分布数据表，即得到以颗粒直径为横坐标，以不同直径粒子数占总粒子数的百分数为纵坐标的分布曲线，粒径分布最大的粒子粒径称为众径，粒径分布为50%的粒子粒径称为中位径；若遮光比指标值不在10%~25%范围，则需要添加质量百分数1%~5%的六偏硅酸钠分散剂，进行超声波震荡5分钟，再进行测定，得到粒径分布图和数据表，作为评价机动车尾气排放的重要指标。
Claims (1)
1.一种机动车辆尾气中颗粒污染物粒径分布的测定方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：
（1）机动车辆尾气颗粒污染物样品的采集：采用烟尘采样器进行等速采样，抽取机动车排气筒内的气体，进入采样器的聚四氟乙烯滤筒内，尾气中的颗粒污染物被聚四氟乙烯滤筒捕集到内表面上，15分钟后，将滤筒取出，置于干燥器中恒重；
（2）滤筒颗粒物的洗脱：将恒重后的滤筒剪开成2半，再剪成4截，置于盛有50mL无水酒精的量杯中，进行超声波洗脱，5分钟后，用量杯取出40mL溶液准备进入激光粒度仪测定；
（3）机动车颗粒污染物粒径分布测定：将盛有40mL溶液的量杯放入激光粒度仪的样品池中，屏幕显示遮光比指标值介于10%~25%之间，即可开始选择数据模式测定颗粒物粒径分布，并从测试报告中获得粒径分布图形和分布数据表，即得到以颗粒直径为横坐标，以不同直径粒子数占总粒子数的百分数为纵坐标的分布曲线，粒径分布最大的粒子粒径称为众径，粒径分布为50%的粒子粒径称为中位径；若遮光比指标值不在10%~25%范围，则需要添加质量百分数1%~5%的六偏硅酸钠分散剂，进行超声波震荡5分钟，再进行测定，得到粒径分布数据表和粒径分布图，作为评价机动车尾气排放的重要指标。
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108507814A (zh) * | 2018-03-06 | 2018-09-07 | 冯悦然 | 一种碎屑的取样及运输方法 |
| CN108844794A (zh) * | 2018-06-21 | 2018-11-20 | 天津索克汽车试验有限公司 | 汽油车颗粒捕集器等效全寿命灰分劣化样件的制备方法 |
| WO2021073351A1 (zh) * | 2019-10-18 | 2021-04-22 | 江苏大学 | 一种柴油机分级颗粒热解活化能定量评价方法 |
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| CN102866087A (zh) * | 2012-10-04 | 2013-01-09 | 桂林理工大学 | 城市餐饮厨房外排油烟颗粒污染物粒径分布测定的方法 |
| CN103257095A (zh) * | 2013-05-14 | 2013-08-21 | 中国环境科学研究院 | 排放源中细颗粒物的分级检测方法和装置 |
| CN103411860A (zh) * | 2013-08-13 | 2013-11-27 | 中国检验检疫科学研究院 | 粉末平均粒径的测定方法 |
| CN105571998A (zh) * | 2015-12-21 | 2016-05-11 | 晶格码（青岛）智能科技有限公司 | 实时测量颗粒粒径分布的成像检测方法及*** |
| CN106248535A (zh) * | 2016-07-06 | 2016-12-21 | 中国科学院生态环境研究中心 | 一种利用激光粒度分析仪测定水溶性固体颗粒物粒径分布的进样装置 |
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| CN102866087A (zh) * | 2012-10-04 | 2013-01-09 | 桂林理工大学 | 城市餐饮厨房外排油烟颗粒污染物粒径分布测定的方法 |
| CN103257095A (zh) * | 2013-05-14 | 2013-08-21 | 中国环境科学研究院 | 排放源中细颗粒物的分级检测方法和装置 |
| CN103411860A (zh) * | 2013-08-13 | 2013-11-27 | 中国检验检疫科学研究院 | 粉末平均粒径的测定方法 |
| CN105571998A (zh) * | 2015-12-21 | 2016-05-11 | 晶格码（青岛）智能科技有限公司 | 实时测量颗粒粒径分布的成像检测方法及*** |
| CN106248535A (zh) * | 2016-07-06 | 2016-12-21 | 中国科学院生态环境研究中心 | 一种利用激光粒度分析仪测定水溶性固体颗粒物粒径分布的进样装置 |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108507814A (zh) * | 2018-03-06 | 2018-09-07 | 冯悦然 | 一种碎屑的取样及运输方法 |
| CN108844794A (zh) * | 2018-06-21 | 2018-11-20 | 天津索克汽车试验有限公司 | 汽油车颗粒捕集器等效全寿命灰分劣化样件的制备方法 |
| CN108844794B (zh) * | 2018-06-21 | 2020-09-15 | 天津索克汽车试验有限公司 | 汽油车颗粒捕集器等效全寿命灰分劣化样件的制备方法 |
| WO2021073351A1 (zh) * | 2019-10-18 | 2021-04-22 | 江苏大学 | 一种柴油机分级颗粒热解活化能定量评价方法 |
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