CN106633704B - 一种水稻种植用全生物降解地膜及其生产方法 - Google Patents
一种水稻种植用全生物降解地膜及其生产方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种水稻种植用全生物降解地膜及其制备方法,所述水稻种植用全生物降解地膜包括内层、中层和外层,包括PBAT、PLA、PHA、PPC等成分,所述全生物降解地膜的内层、中层和外层由三层共挤出技术制备。本发明的水稻种植用全生物降解地膜及其制备方法至少有以下优点:水稻生长期缩短、出米率增加、水稻品质提高;节省了人工除草费用,减少了农药用量,减少了农药残留;通过厚度减薄来降低用户的使用成本,同时通过三层共挤工艺,添加功能助剂解决了现有全生物降解地膜耐水解性能差,不适合水稻的种植条件的问题。降解性能可控性好,满足作物的生长要求。价格较国外同类产品低5%左右。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于新材料领域,具体涉及一种水稻种植用全生物降解地膜及其生产方法。
背景技术
水稻是我国主要粮食作物,关系国家民生。现有水稻种植技术中,水稻种植存在种植面积受限、水资源短缺、土壤污染严重、除草费用高,虫害重、东北地区低温冷害频发等问题。近年来,水稻种植面临着种植范围受限、水资源短缺、土壤污染严重等问题越来越严重。特别是由于人工费的逐年上涨,据测算,按一个人工80元/天,每亩除草人工费用为200-350元。使得水稻种植中除草剂、杀虫剂、化肥等过量使用,使土壤污染问题越来越严重。
针对这些问题,国内很多进行覆膜种植水稻应用研究,地膜覆盖种植有机水稻可起到除草杀虫作用,提高地温3-5℃,可节约用水30-40%。普通地膜覆盖能够有效解决低温冷害,且节水效果明显,但是带来的另外一个问题就是使用普通地膜存在回收难,白色污染问题。使用可降解地膜种植水稻,是解决水稻种植问题的有效途径。可降解地膜目前有两种,一种是氧化生物降解地膜,此种地膜以聚乙烯为载体原料,添加可生物降解成份淀粉、纤维素等和含铁的可光热氧化敏化降解成份,通过先期光热氧化反应使聚乙烯大分子降解为小分子,进而通过生物降解来达到降解目的。但其在水稻种植特性,使其灌浆前一直生长在水里,没有氧化诱导的条件,使其达不到降解的效果。另一方面氧化生物地膜降解后的成分是否会对作物和土地产生不良影响,也没有验证。
目前的全生物降解地膜,主要以对苯二甲酸-己二酸-1,4丁二醇酯(PBAT)、聚乳酸(PLA)、聚羟基烷酸酯(PHA)一种或者几种共混物,采用共混或填充的方法制备而得。目前还存在以下缺点:一是可降解地膜较厚,一般厚度为0.010mm以上,断裂伸长率、增温保墒能力相对普通聚乙烯地膜较差;二是降解可控性不够,仅在玉米、马铃薯等作物应用较为成熟。全生物降解地膜降解因素有光降解、生物降解、水解,对于水稻种植解决耐水解性是关键;三是价格昂贵,用户难于接受。
发明内容
针对这些问题,国内很多进行覆膜种植水稻应用研究,地膜覆盖种植有机水稻可起到除草杀虫作用,提高低温3-5℃,可节约用水30-40%。普通地膜覆盖能够有效解决低温冷害,且节水效果明显,但是带来的另外一个问题就是使用普通地膜存在回收难,污染环境等问题。本发明提供了一种可堆肥、价格适中、使用成本适中、降解性能可靠、环境友好的适用于水稻种植特性的全生物降解地膜生产技术和种植方法。
即本发明的第一目的在于提供一种水稻种植用全生物降解地膜,包括内层、中层和外层,其中所述内层、外层包括以下重量比的组分:
所述中层包括以下重量比的组分:
其中内层、外层、中层各组分重量比之和分别为100%重量。
优选地,本发明所述的水稻种植用全生物降解地膜中,所述全生物降解地膜的内层、中层和外层由三层共挤出技术制备;所述内层、中层和外层的厚度比为1:1:1。
优选地,本发明所述的水稻种植用全生物降解地膜中,所述相容剂为亚磷酸三苯酯、过氧化二苯甲酰胺BPO或聚己内酯中的任意一种或几种。
优选地,本发明所述的水稻种植用全生物降解地膜中,所述扩链剂为二苯甲基二异氰酸酯(MDI)、叔丁基过氧化氢、甲乙酮过氧化物中的任意一种或几种。
优选地,本发明所述的水稻种植用全生物降解地膜中,所述抗水解剂为聚碳化二亚胺;
优选地,本发明所述的水稻种植用全生物降解地膜中,本发明所述光稳定剂为2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮(UV9)、2-羟基-4-正辛基二苯甲酮(UV531)、癸二酸双(2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-哌啶酯(770)、聚合型光稳定剂362中的任意一种或几种。
优选地,本发明所述的水稻种植用全生物降解地膜中,所述抗氧剂为2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(264)、四[3-(3′5′-二叔丁基-4′-羟基苯基)丙酸]季戊四醇酯(1010)、亚磷酸三(2,4-二叔丁基苯基)酯168中的任意一种或几种。
优选地,本发明所述的水稻种植用全生物降解地膜中,所述润滑剂为液体石蜡、油酸酰胺、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸中的任意一种或几种。
优选地,本发明所述的水稻种植用全生物降解地膜中,所述开口剂为二氧化硅、滑石粉、碳酸钙中的任意一种或几种。
本发明的另一目的在于提供上述水稻种植用全生物降解地膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)按照上述全生物降解地膜的内层、中层和外层中组分重量比,将全生物降解地膜的外层、中层、内层的各组分计量后加入塑料混合机中,分别混合分散均匀;
2)将分散好的全生物降解地膜的外层、中层、内层各组分的混合物加入双螺杆挤出机挤出造粒;3)将外层专用料、中层专用料、内层专用料对应三层共挤挤出机外层、中层、内层经挤出吹塑冷却成型。
优选地,本发明所述的水稻种植用全生物降解地膜的制备方法中,所述步骤2)中双螺杆挤出机的工艺参数为:
1区~5区与机头的温度分别为
主机频率:35—45Hz
喂料频率:25—30Hz
切粒机转速:250—470转/分
冷却水温度:30—50℃。
优选地,本发明所述的水稻种植用全生物降解地膜的制备方法中,所述步骤2)中三层共挤挤出机的工艺参数为:
外层温度:1区~5区分别为140—145℃、145—150℃、150—155℃、155—165℃、160—170℃;
中层温度:1区~5区分别为:155—160℃、160—165℃、165—170℃、170—175℃、175—180℃;
内层温度:1区~5区分别为:140—145℃、145—150℃、150—155℃、155—165℃、160—170℃;
其中,吹胀比为>2.5。
由上及本发明后续实施例可知,本发明的水稻种植用全生物降解地膜及其制备方法至少有以下优点:
1)在本发明的全生物降解地膜覆膜湿润栽培条件下,水稻生长期缩短、出米率增加、水稻品质提高;
2)增加地积温100℃左右,除草效果80%以上,田间杂草和病虫危害明显减轻,节省了人工除草费用,减少了农药用量,减少了农药残留;
3)本发明全生物降解地膜厚度可以达到0.008-0.010mm,,通过厚度减薄来降低用户的使用成本,同时通过三层共挤工艺,添加功能助剂解决了现有全生物降解地膜耐水解性能差,不适合水稻的种植条件的问题。降解性能可控性好,满足作物的生长要求。价格较国外同类产品低5%左右,另外由于薄膜厚度减薄,使用户的使用成本下降。
具体实施方式
以下通过具体实施例进一步对本发明的技术方案进行说明,应理解以下仅为本发明的示例性说明,并不用于限制本发明权利要求的保护范围。
实施例1水稻种植用全生物降解地膜的制备
本实施例通过三层共挤出技术,表层PBAT、PLA、PHA共混改性;中层PPC、PBAT多层复合实现薄膜低厚度、高断裂延伸率,三层厚度比为1:1:1。并通过添加相容剂、扩链剂、抗水解剂、光稳定剂、抗氧化剂等来改进其降解等性能;添加改性滑石粉、润滑剂、开口剂改善加工性能,提高一次合格率,增加薄膜韧性并降低成本。本发明通过降低厚度、功能化提高附加值、提高工艺稳定性来制备功能性可靠,成本可接受的适用于水稻的全降解地膜。各层配方以重量计入下,其中,PBAT购自德国BSF、日本三菱、浙江杭州鑫富药业股份有限公司;PLA购自Nature words LLC、浙江海正生物材料股份有限公司;PHA购自天津国润生物材料有限公司;PPC购自南阳中聚天冠低碳科技有限公司。
具体技术方案如下:
外层及内层配方
其中,以PBAT、PLA与PCL含量之和为100%重量。
中层配方为:
其中,以PPC与PBAT含量之和为100%重量。
工艺路线:
1、专用料
(1)按上述重量比例分外层、中层、内层分别计量,后然后将各材料加入塑料混合机中,冷混温度30℃,高速搅拌,10分钟分散均匀。
(2)将分散好的混合物料用双螺杆挤出机挤出造粒。双螺杆挤出机各工艺参数如下:
工艺温度:
主机频率:35—45Hz
喂料频率:25—30Hz
切粒机转速:250—470转/分
冷却水温度:30—50℃
2、黑色母
(1)按下述比例计量,混合均匀
(2)将分散好的混合物料用双螺杆挤出机挤出造粒,工艺参数同上。
3、全降解地膜
按照外层专用料、中层专用料、内层专用料分别对应三层共挤挤出机外层、中层、内层经挤出吹塑冷却成型。
挤出吹塑机组的各工艺参数如下:
挤出机温度:
外层
中层
内层
制品规格1800×0.009mm挤出机喂料频率50HZ。
吹胀比为>2.5
制得的全生物降解地膜水稻种植应用效果如下:
(一)、试验设计:试验共分3个处理,处理1为覆喜丰公司自产黑色PE地膜,膜宽1.85米,膜厚0.008mm正常地膜水田;处理2为应用黑色全生物降解地膜,膜宽1.85米,膜厚0.010mm。降解地膜水田;处理3为不覆膜水田。
(二)结论
(1)、在覆膜湿润栽培条件下,缓苗期提前2天,分蘖期提前2天,茎秆粗壮。
(2)、覆PE膜湿润栽培可节水30-50%,增加地积温300℃左右,除草效果90%以上。黑色生物降解膜栽培增加地积温100℃左右,除草效果80%以上。
(3)、经测定水稻地膜栽培公顷产量为9165㎏,降解膜栽培公顷产量为9630㎏,常规栽培产量为7275㎏,水稻覆PE膜较常规增产26%。水稻覆PE膜能提早成熟6天左右,降解膜能提早成熟4天左右。
(4)、籽粒饱满,瘪粒少,提高了水稻稻米品质,出米率提高6%-8%(水稻覆膜出米率为78%,降解膜栽培出米率为76%,常规栽培出米率为70%)。
(5)、水稻覆膜田间杂草和病虫危害明显减轻,负泥虫每平方米减少3.5头,杂草得到有效抑制,节省了人工除草费用,减少了农药用量,减少了农药残留。
(6)128天水稻收割后,普通PE地膜拉力较好,膜完整。全降解地膜地表残留<10%,无拉力,成碎纸状。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (9)
1.一种水稻种植用全生物降解地膜,包括内层、中层和外层,其特征在于,所述内层、外层包括以下重量比的组分:
以PBAT、PLA以及PHA组分含量之和为100%重量计:
所述中层包括以下重量比的组分:
以PPC与PBAT组分含量之和为100%重量计:
2.根据权利要求1所述的水稻种植用全生物降解地膜,其特征在于,所述全生物降解地膜的内层、中层和外层由三层共挤出技术制备;所述内层、中层和外层的厚度比为1:1:1。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的水稻种植用全生物降解地膜,其特征在于,所述抗水解剂为聚碳化二亚胺;
所述光稳定剂为2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮、2-羟基-4-正辛基二苯甲酮、癸二酸双(2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-哌啶酯)、聚合型光稳定剂362中的任意一种或几种。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的水稻种植用全生物降解地膜,其特征在于,所述抗氧剂为2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚、四[3-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸]季戊四醇酯、亚磷酸三(2,4-二叔丁基苯基)酯中的任意一种或几种。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的水稻种植用全生物降解地膜,其特征在于,所述润滑剂为液体石蜡、油酸酰胺、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸中的任意一种或几种。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的水稻种植用全生物降解地膜,其特征在于,所述开口剂为二氧化硅、滑石粉、碳酸钙中的任意一种或几种。
7.一种水稻种植用全生物降解地膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)按照如权利要求1~6任意一项所述的全生物降解地膜的内层、中层和外层中组分重量比,将全生物降解地膜的外层、中层、内层的各组分计量后加入塑料混合机中,分别混合分散均匀;
2)将分散好的全生物降解地膜的外层、中层、内层各组分的混合物分别加入双螺杆挤出机挤出造粒,得到外层专用料、中层专用料、内层专用料;
3)将外层专用料、中层专用料、内层专用料对应三层共挤挤出机外层、中层、内层经挤出吹塑冷却成型。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤2)中双螺杆挤出机的工艺参数为:
1区~5区与机头的温度分别为:150—155℃、150—155℃、155—160℃、155—160℃、160—165℃和165—170℃;
9.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤3)中三层共挤挤出机的工艺参数为:
外层温度:1区~5区分别为140—145℃、145—150℃、150—155℃、155—165℃、160—170℃;
中层温度:1区~5区分别为:155—160℃、160—165℃、165—170℃、170—175℃、175—180℃;
内层温度:1区~5区分别为:140—145℃、145—150℃、150—155℃、155—165℃、160—170℃;
吹胀比为>2.5。
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