CN106573417A - 在第二物体中锚固第一物体的方法 - Google Patents

在第二物体中锚固第一物体的方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106573417A
CN106573417A CN201580035187.1A CN201580035187A CN106573417A CN 106573417 A CN106573417 A CN 106573417A CN 201580035187 A CN201580035187 A CN 201580035187A CN 106573417 A CN106573417 A CN 106573417A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
opening
clamping
insertion section
clamping force
anchors
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Granted
Application number
CN201580035187.1A
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English (en)
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CN106573417B (zh
Inventor
J·迈尔
M·莱曼
H·卡尔
M·桑卡兰
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Woodwelding AG
Ikea Supply AG
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Woodwelding AG
Ikea Supply AG
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Publication of CN106573417A publication Critical patent/CN106573417A/zh
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/72—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by combined operations or combined techniques, e.g. welding and stitching
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/08—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using ultrasonic vibrations
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/4805—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the type of adhesives
    • B29C65/481—Non-reactive adhesives, e.g. physically hardening adhesives
    • B29C65/4815—Hot melt adhesives, e.g. thermoplastic adhesives
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/50—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like
    • B29C65/5057—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like positioned between the surfaces to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/562—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits using extra joining elements, i.e. which are not integral with the parts to be joined
    • B29C65/564—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits using extra joining elements, i.e. which are not integral with the parts to be joined hidden in the joint, e.g. dowels or Z-pins
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
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    • B29C65/565—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits involving interference fits, e.g. force-fits or press-fits
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C65/60—Riveting or staking
    • B29C65/601—Riveting or staking using extra riveting elements, i.e. the rivets being non-integral with the parts to be joined
    • B29C65/603—Riveting or staking using extra riveting elements, i.e. the rivets being non-integral with the parts to be joined the rivets being pushed in blind holes
    • B29C65/604—Riveting or staking using extra riveting elements, i.e. the rivets being non-integral with the parts to be joined the rivets being pushed in blind holes in both parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C65/60—Riveting or staking
    • B29C65/606—Riveting or staking the rivets being integral with one of the parts to be joined, i.e. staking
    • B29C65/608—Riveting or staking the rivets being integral with one of the parts to be joined, i.e. staking the integral rivets being pushed in blind holes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/64—Joining a non-plastics element to a plastics element, e.g. by force
    • B29C65/645—Joining a non-plastics element to a plastics element, e.g. by force using friction or ultrasonic vibrations
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/78—Means for handling the parts to be joined, e.g. for making containers or hollow articles, e.g. means for handling sheets, plates, web-like materials, tubular articles, hollow articles or elements to be joined therewith; Means for discharging the joined articles from the joining apparatus
    • B29C65/7841—Holding or clamping means for handling purposes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/006—Preventing damaging, e.g. of the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/02—Preparation of the material, in the area to be joined, prior to joining or welding
    • B29C66/022—Mechanical pre-treatments, e.g. reshaping
    • B29C66/0224—Mechanical pre-treatments, e.g. reshaping with removal of material
    • B29C66/02241—Cutting, e.g. by using waterjets, or sawing
    • B29C66/02242—Perforating or boring
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
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    • B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/112—Single lapped joints
    • B29C66/1122—Single lap to lap joints, i.e. overlap joints
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/3022—Particular design of joint configurations the area to be joined comprising melt initiators said melt initiators being integral with at least one of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/30221—Particular design of joint configurations the area to be joined comprising melt initiators said melt initiators being integral with at least one of the parts to be joined said melt initiators being point-like
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/30223—Particular design of joint configurations the area to be joined comprising melt initiators said melt initiators being integral with at least one of the parts to be joined said melt initiators being rib-like
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
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    • B29C66/3032—Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protrusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
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    • B29C66/303—Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect
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    • B29C66/30326—Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protrusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined making use of cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined in the form of porosity
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41—Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Abstract

一种用于通过将设置在第一物体(6)上的***部(6)锚固到设置在第二物体(1)上的开口(2)中接合两个物体(1,5)的方法和机器。通过热塑性材料的液化和液化材料与可渗透材料的相互渗透实现锚固，两种材料布置在***部(6)和开口(2)壁的对置表面(18,19)上。在将***部(6)***开口中和/或在锚固期间，将夹紧力施加到第二物体的对置表面(3)以防止第二物体破裂或鼓起。

Description

在第二物体中锚固第一物体的方法
技术领域
本发明处于机械工程和建筑领域，涉及接合两个物体的方法。第一个物体包括***部，另一个物体包括开口，而且对于要接合的两个物体，所述***部被锚固在该开口中，其中，在锚固区域，物体中的一个包括具有热塑性能的固体材料，另一个物体包括能够被液化的、具有热塑性能的材料所渗透的固体材料。第二物体的可渗透材料是例如纤维的或多孔的。尤其是这可能是木质材料如木材、刨花板等。第二物体可以是板，并且开口可以是在板的窄面的开口。
背景技术
例如从出版物WO96/01377(Createc)、WO98/042988(Woodwelding)和WO2006/002569(Woodwelding)或WO2008/080239中知道了锚固***件的第一种方法，该***件包括是纤维或多孔材料的具有热塑性能的材料如刨花板或木材。对于这样的锚固，***件相对于该开口定位，然后机械振动且特别是超声波振动和用于将***件压入所述开口的定向力被同时施加于***件。在***件定位步骤中没有使用相关的力，即在振动能量应用中，已定位的***件将自由振动，或将由于将其压靠在纤维或多孔材料上的所述力而将振动能量传递给后者。在施加振动和力的步骤中，由于摩擦热，具有热塑性能的材料的至少与纤维或多孔材料接触的部位被液化并将渗透到开口壁的纤维或多孔材料中，且当再凝固时与多孔材料或纤维材料形成形状配合连接。
根据第二种替代方法，第二物体(包括可被热塑性材料渗透的第二材料)可被选择为包括具有深度的开口，第一物体(包括是具有热塑性能的固体材料的第一材料)可被选择为包括具有长度的***部，其中所述开口和***部彼此适配，***部以干涉配合定位在开口中。在此，第一材料和第二材料构成以干涉配合彼此压靠的***部和开口的对置表面区域的至少一部分。接着，可通过将***部置于开口中并施加干涉力来形成干涉配合，并仅在此后，通过将一定量的适于液化第一材料的能量传递至所述对置表面区域附近并保持一段充足时间以使所述***部被锚固在开口中，以便第一材料液化并使在所述相反的表面区域附近的第一材料和第二材料相互渗透，并停止传递能量足够的时间以使在锚固步骤期间液化的第一材料再凝固。该能量可以是机械振动能，尤其是超声波振动。
特别是在第二种替代方法(在锚固步骤前形成干涉配合)中，也在第一种方法的此时在施加振动和力的步骤中例如如WO2008/080239所描述地***件的稍大尺寸部分被压入开口中的某些实施例中，第二物体可能由于干涉力而承受相当大的机械载荷。取决于可渗透材料的组成或砧物体的可能的其它材料的组成，在锚固步骤之前将***部引入开口可能导致开裂或其它损坏风险(例如部分剥落)。如果第二物体是至少分段成型的板且如果开口是在板的窄面上的开口，特别是如果开口尺寸与板(板段)厚度是相同数量级以致在开口与板表面之间没有太多的可渗透材料，这种损坏风险特别高。如果开口和侧面之间的距离相对较小，例如不大于开口直径的一倍或两倍，那么同样情况也适用于不一定呈板形的物体。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种基于上述第一方法或第二方法接合两个物体的方法，其中如果***部具有稍大的横截面，则由将***部***开口所导致的对第二物体造成的损害被最小化。
根据本发明的一个方面，提供一种将第一物体锚固在第二物体中的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
提供包括第一材料的第一物体和提供包括第二材料的第二物体，其中所述第一材料是固体并具有热塑性能，且所述第二材料是固体并可被处于液化状态的第一材料渗透，第二物体具有带有开口的端面，所述开口具有开口轴线，且所述第一物体还包括***部，
其中所述开口和***部彼此适配，以使所述***部定位在所述开口中，并且所述第一材料和第二材料构成彼此压靠的***部和开口的对置表面区域的至少一部分，
当所述***部被至少部分***所述开口时，夹紧力被施加至所述第二物体，作用在两个相对的夹紧元件之间的夹紧力被布置成当施加夹紧力时所述开口位于所述夹紧元件作用的表面之间，沿与开口轴线不平行的方向施加夹紧力，
通过将一定量的适于液化第一材料的能量传递至所述对置表面区域附近并保持一段充足的时间，以将第一物体的***部锚固在开口中，以使第一材料至少部分液化并使在所述对置表面区域附近的第一材料和第二材料相互渗透；
停止传递能量足够的时间以使在锚固步骤期间液化的第一材料再凝固。
这样，可以在锚固步骤期间或在锚固步骤之前(如在建立干涉配合的步骤期间尤其通过将***部***开口)施加夹紧力，或者在两个步骤中均施加夹紧力。
施加夹紧力降低了在第二物体中形成裂纹的风险，因为在干涉配合在第二物体上施加机械载荷的至少一部分时间内，第二物体由夹紧力支撑。此外，夹紧力减小第二物体的可见凸起的风险。
但在现有技术中，夹紧被用于保持物体如用于物体运输，因此本发明建议，例如在局部，施加夹紧力尤其用于保持物体完整。由此，尤其可以在时间和空间上与***部在开口中的锚固和/或***相关地施加夹紧力。
在实施例中，所述开口和***部彼此适配以使***部干涉配合***。
所述开口和***部在尺寸上彼此适配以便干涉配合(压配合)的事实意味着***部与开口相比至少局部尺寸过大，造成当***件在开口内具有期望位置时在***部和开口壁之间至少有局部压力，即，导致***部和/或开口壁的弹性压缩。在此，所述第一材料和第二材料在这种压缩的至少局部区域中彼此对置。
根据上述第二种方法，所述***部和开口彼此适配以使***部以干涉配合定位在开口中的特征可以但不需要用于在锚固步骤之前建立干涉配合。然后，该方法还包括通过将***部放置在开口中并施加干涉力来建立干涉配合的步骤，并且在建立干涉配合步骤之后进行***部锚固步骤。
在这种首先建立干涉配合的可选方法步骤中，***部被定位在开口内的期望位置，在那里，***部通过上述干涉配合被保持。为了实现干涉配合，即为了在***部和开口壁之间产生压缩，需要干涉力以迫使***部进入尺寸较小的开口，或者将开口壁部夹紧在***部上。干涉力的大小基本上与干涉配合的强度和面积对应，且它主要取决于***部和开口的相对尺寸并受其限制，并且取决于两种材料中的一种或两种的可压缩性。
在替代实施例中，在锚固步骤之前不建立干涉配合，但***部和开口彼此适配以使***部以干涉配合定位在开口中的事实仅意味着如果***部被进一步压入开口则形成干涉。在这些实施例中，在锚固步骤之前，***部相对于开口仅安置到不需要大力的程度。在锚固步骤期间，***部例如通过进一步压入开口而相对于开口进一步移动，直到***部和开口的对置表面区域彼此接触，同时部分第一材料液化。这些替代实施例基于上述第一方法。
在另一组实施例中，***部与开口相比不大，即***部和开口不适于彼此干涉配合。在这些实施例中，通过将***部的面向远端的端面压靠在开口的底部和/或肩部和/或锥形部上而实施锚固，即相对的表面区域是开口的底部/肩部/锥形部和***部的与其相抵的相应部分。
同样，在所述另一组实施例中，本发明的方法可能是有利的，因为由于将***部压入开口并同时液化，故可在开口中形成流体静压力，且夹紧力可以抵消该静压力对第一物体的不利影响。
在实施例中，第二物体具有限定两个宽面和宽面之间窄面的板形部分，其中上述具有开口的端面是板形部分的窄面。特别是，第二物体可以是木质材料的板如硬纸板、纤维板如高密度纤维板(HDF)和中密度纤维板(MDF)或木材。在本文中，“刨花板”是指通过将任何形状的木材颗粒与粘合剂混合而制造的与产品形状无关的任何复合材料，包括例如定向刨花板。
在实施例中，夹紧力垂直于开口轴线，即开口沿垂直于夹紧力的平面延伸。开口轴线所延伸的平面尤其可以平行于板的宽面，即平行于板平面。
夹紧力可以是恒定的或者遵循受控的(预定的或依赖于测量的参数)时间相关分布的力，例如通过由适当的压缩机且可能是调节器(包括阀等)驱动的基于加压空气的机构施加。这些实施例的特征在于可进行精确控制且易于适应变化例如由于改变材料成分或元件尺寸的需求的优点。
在实施例中，施加夹紧力与传递能量和/或与***相协调。在许多实施例中，保持夹紧力直到能量输入足以液化***部的至少一部分，使得由干涉配合(如果有的话)产生的压力基本上被释放。
或者，可通过在夹紧步骤期间将夹紧元件保持在彼此相对固定位置来施加夹紧力，如通过机械锁定机构。合适的机械锁定机构的实施例包括肘杆等。
以将夹紧元件保持在彼此相对固定位置为特点的实施例具有的优点是，可以特别简单地设置它们而不需要为所需的夹紧力额外输入能量，且夹紧力自动适应环境。在第二物体上具有较大膨胀力(例如与开口相比***部尺寸特别大)的构造中，凸起的趋势将更大，但由于夹紧元件处于固定距离，故夹紧力将自动更高，如果需要的话。
夹紧元件可以是夹具的相对的夹爪。或者，夹紧元件中的一个可以是支撑件(如制造机器的板/台)且另一个可配置成相对于该支撑件被压紧/保持。
在一组实施例中，至少一个夹紧元件的夹紧表面面积(即，相应的夹紧元件和在夹紧期间抵靠其的表面部分之间的界面的面积)可以相对小，例如比抵靠其的表面(在板形第二物体的情况下的宽面)小至少5倍或10倍。
已经发现，夹紧表面仅需要大致覆盖***部，即在沿夹紧力方向的突出部中，夹紧表面的尺寸不需要远大于***部的相应尺寸。在实施例中，夹紧表面稍大于***部的相应尺寸，例如横向延伸(垂直于开口轴线延伸)尺寸可以是***部直径的1.5至8倍或2至5倍，而纵向延伸(平行于开口轴线延伸)尺寸可对应于***部长度的约1.2至3倍或1.5至2.5倍。该条件可适用于至少其中一个所述夹紧元件，夹紧表面积对应于在垂直于夹紧力方向的平面上的投影中看到的***部面积的至多40倍、优选至多20倍且例如至多15倍，并且至少1.5倍或至少2.5倍。
发明人已发现按压力不一定必须是对防止损坏而言决定性的定性量，而是机械压力。因保持夹紧表面积相当小，故维持一定机械压力所需的压力保持相对较小。在具有作为第二物体的刨花板(面板)和直径为约10mm的***部的实施例中，已经发现压力应优选为至少约0.3或0.4N/mm2。
此外，相对小的夹紧表面面积使得夹紧元件的可移动质量相对小，这可能是高速过程中的另一个优点。可以加速处理，同时由于太高的夹紧元件动量，板保持免受过高的冲击。
特别是，第二物体可以在用于将多个第一物体锚固在其中的多个位置处(例如如果第二物体具有板形截面，则在窄面上彼此间隔开)设有多个开口，其中，对于每个位置单独施加夹紧力，而不是通过在多于一个位置上延伸的大夹具。特别是，用于施加夹紧力的装置可包括用于宽面中的至少一个的多个并排布置的夹紧元件。用于进行该方法的机器可以具有调节夹紧元件之间距离的可能性。
在根据本发明的方法中，第一材料是固体(在环境温度下)且包括热塑性(即其可借助于热能液化；在下文中，该材料被称为“热塑性材料”)。
第二材料也是固体，并且当第一材料处于液化状态时它可被第一材料渗透(即第二材料是纤维的或多孔的，它包括可渗透的表面结构或在压力下不能抵抗这种渗透)。可渗透材料尤其是刚性的，基本上不是弹性挠性的(没有弹性体特性)且基本不可塑性变形。可渗透材料还包括(实际的或潜在的)空间，液化材料可以流入其中或被压入其中以锚固。可渗透材料例如是纤维的或多孔的或包括可渗透的表面结构，该可渗透的表面结构通过适当的机械加工或涂布(用于渗透的实际空间)制造。或者，可渗透材料能够在液化的热塑性材料的流体静压力下形成这样的空间，这意味着当在环境条件下时其不可渗透或仅被渗透非常小的程度。这种性能(具有用于渗透的潜在空间)意味着例如在机械阻力方面不均匀。具有这种性质的材料的例子是其孔隙填充有可从孔中挤出的材料的多孔材料、软材料和硬材料的复合材料或异质材料(如木材)，其中组分之间的界面粘合小于由渗透的液化材料施加的力。因此，一般来说，可渗透材料在结构(“空闲”空间如孔、空腔等)或材料组成(可替换材料或可分离材料)方面包括不均匀性。
特别是第二材料不仅在环境温度下是固体，也使得它在第一材料渗透表面结构时在所施加的条件下不会熔化。例如第二材料可以是不具有热塑特性的材料，即不同于热塑性材料的材料。第二材料可以进一步使其不经历可逆液化过程或者其具有明显高于使第一材料变得可流动的温度的熔化温度。例如，如果第二材料是可熔化的，例如如果其是泡沫金属材料，则其熔化温度或玻璃化转变温度可比第一材料的玻璃化转变温度或熔化温度高至少50℃或至少80℃或至少100℃。
在锚固步骤中，将能量施加到物体中的一个或另一个上，其中能量特别是在区域(锚固区域)中起热作用，在实施例中由于干涉配合，***部的表面和开口壁彼此压靠并且包括热塑性材料和可渗透材料中的各一种。热使得热塑性材料液化，且由于压力引起的干涉配合和/或压力导致两种材料相互渗透，其中，如果适用，干涉配合至少部分地被放松。
在上述方法步骤中的最后一个步骤中，停止能量供应，直到在锚固步骤中液化和移位的热塑性材料再凝固，由此在相互渗透区域中形成复合材料，其将两个物体形状配合连接。
如上所述，在锚固步骤中液化热塑性材料所需的能量可被提供给两个物体之一。在实施例中，这以机械振动、特别是超声波振动的形式进行，以在***部和开口壁之间的界面处转变为摩擦热。振动例如具有平行于***部和开口壁的所述对置表面的主振动方向。因此为了实现侧向锚固而优选基本平行于开口深度的纵向振动或具有基本平行于开口深度的轴线的旋转振动。
在包括在锚固之前建立干涉配合的实施例中，为了克服干涉配合，有必要在***部和开口壁之间施加剪切载荷，其中，剪切载荷可由***部或开口壁之一相对于另一个的足够强的振动引起，或通过振动和作用在两个物体之间的附加剪切力引起。为了防止不期望的运动、特别是两个物体因剪切力而彼此相对的平移运动，可能需要以合适的方式抵消后者。
其它种类的能量例如用电磁能照射，在干涉配合有效的位置处提供合适的吸收装置，或相应的加热(例如感应或电阻加热)也可应用。
参与锚固的热塑性材料和可渗透材料可以仅存在于***部的选定表面和开口壁上。例如，***部可包括非热塑性材料的芯部和由热塑性材料制成的涂层。然而，它们也可以构成两个物体的较大部分，其可以包括不同材料的其它部分，或者可以完全由热塑性材料或可渗透材料构成。
在两个表面中之一被压在一起的所述对置表面区域的区域中可包括用作能量导向器的结构，即从主表面突出的点状或线状元件。
除了或者作为根据本发明的包括施加夹紧力的方法的替代，锚固第一物体的方法可包括使用在锚固步骤期间已流动的第一物体的热塑性材料，用于修复第二物体中可能存在的裂缝。这尤其可以与有利于面内(沿板平面)材料流动的***部设计结合。这样的设计的例子例如在瑞士专利申请01539/14的图28和图29及其说明书中描述。
第二材料(可渗透材料)的例子是木质材料如刨花板(在本文中的“刨花板”包括通过将任何形状的木材颗粒与粘合剂混合制造的与产品形状无关的任何复合材料，包括例如定向刨花板)或木材，或泡沫金属材料或陶瓷泡沫或基于非热塑性(热固性)聚合物的材料的可能开放的多孔结构。可用于本发明方法的可渗透材料的具体例子是固体材料，例如木材、胶合板、刨花板、纸板、混凝土砖材料、多孔玻璃、金属、陶瓷或聚合物材料的泡沫或烧结陶瓷玻璃或金属材料，其中这样的材料包括热塑性材料可以渗透的空间，该空间最初填充有空气或另外的可移位或可压缩材料。其它例子是具有上述性质的复合材料或具有包括合适的粗糙度、合适的机械加工的表面结构或合适表面涂层(例如由颗粒组成)的表面的材料。如果可渗透材料具有热塑性能，则需要通过进一步包括机械稳定的相或通过具有比在锚固步骤中液化的热塑性材料明显更高的熔化温度，在锚固步骤期间保持其机械强度。
适于本发明方法的热塑性材料在建立干涉配合的步骤的条件下在如上针对可渗透材料所述的意义上也是固体。热塑性材料优选包含聚合物相(特别是基于C、P、S或Si的链)，例如通过熔化，其从固体转化为液体或在临界温度范围之上可流动，且当再次冷却至低于临界温度范围，例如通过结晶，重新转化为固体材料，由此，固相的黏度比液相高几个数量级(至少三个数量级)。热塑性材料通常包含不是交联共价的或不以交联键在加热至熔化温度范围或高于熔化温度范围时可逆地打开的方式交联的聚合物组分。聚合物材料可进一步包括填料如纤维或材料颗粒，其不具有热塑性能或具有包括显著高于碱性聚合物的熔化温度范围的熔化温度范围的热塑性能。
可用于本发明方法的热塑性材料的例子是热塑性聚合物、共聚物或填充聚合物，其中，基础聚合物或共聚物例如是乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚酰胺(特别是聚酰胺12、聚酰胺11、聚酰胺6或聚酰胺66)、聚甲醛、聚碳酸酯聚氨酯、聚碳酸酯或聚酯碳酸酯、丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯(ABS)、丙烯酸酯-苯乙烯-丙烯腈(ASA)、聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯或聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)、聚砜(PSU)、聚(对苯硫醚)(PPS)、液晶聚合物(LCP)等。LCP是特别有利的，因为它们在熔化期间的黏度急剧下降，使得它们能够渗入可渗透材料中的非常细小的空隙中。
通常待接合的两个物体中的任一个需要能将振动能量优选以最小能量损失从施加振动工具的邻近物体侧传递到设有***部或开口的远侧。如果该物体完全由热塑性材料制成，则后者将需要至少0.5GPa或优选至少1.0GPa的弹性系数(在环境温度下)。
适合本发明方法的机械振动或振荡优选具有在2和200kHz之间的频率(甚至更优选在10和100kHz之间，或者在20和40kHz之间)和活性表面的每平方毫米0.2到20W的振动能量。振动工具(如超声波发生器)例如设计成使其接触面主要在工具轴线方向(纵向振动)振荡且具有在1和100微米之间、优选在30到60微米之间的振幅。这种优选的振动是例如由超声波装置从例如已知的超声波焊接产生。
本发明还涉及一种用于执行该方法的机器。这种机器包括能将***部至少部分***开口的***机构、能将适于液化第一材料的能量传递到第一物体或第二物体或两者以用于锚固步骤的锚固工具，且还包括能在***或锚固或两者期间向第二物体施加夹紧力的夹紧机构。
该机器可以包括***站和与其分开的锚固站，其中该夹紧机构能够至少在锚固站中施加夹紧力。
或者，该机器可以被配置成用于在同一站进行***和锚固的步骤。在这样的实施例中，机器可以包括适于将第一物体保持在适当位置以便***(例如没有显著的力)的夹持装置，其中锚固工具适于接触邻近夹持装置的第一物体并用于将***部***开口。
为了同时对相同(或可能不同)的第二物体的不同锚固位置处的不同第一物体(例如装配件)进行该过程，机器可包括多个夹紧元件，其限定出对应于锚固位置的相应数量的夹紧位置。为了实施用于不同的第二物体的方法，夹紧位置之间的距离是可调节的。
该机器的至少一个夹紧元件可以包括非粘附装置，该非粘附装置适于在释放夹紧力后便于从第二物体释放夹紧元件。在实施例中，所述非粘附装置包括例如由低摩擦材料制成的不粘垫和/或用于将释放气体供应到夹紧元件和第二物体之间的位置的气体源。
在一组实施例中，该机器还包括用于对夹紧元件施加夹紧力的加压流体缸，如加压气体(如压缩空气)缸或液压缸。
尤其在具有机械锁定装置情况下，如果预期有因太高压力而导致的对第二物体表面的其它损坏，则可以设有加压气缸以用于衰减/调平夹紧力。
在本文中所述和在附图中所示的概念的应用包括家具业，特别是设计用于客户自组装的家具。在此，第一物体可以是装配件并且第二物体可以是具有板形截面的家具部件。
其它应用包括机械工程和建筑的其它分支，包括汽车、航空和造船工业、建筑工业等，其中在航空和造船工业中，该方法可能适于将锚固件锚固在任何复合物的轻质板中。
附图说明
结合所有示意性附图更详细地描述本发明及其实施例。相同的附图标记表示相同或类似的元件。在附图中：
图1示出根据本发明的方法的实施例；
图2示出夹紧力同时施加到两个锚固位置的例子；
图3a和图3b示出夹紧力同时施加到两个锚固位置的另一个例子；
图4示出具有不粘垫的夹紧元件；
图5示出使用加压空气防止任何粘附；
图6和图7示出夹紧表面区域；
图8和图9示出与时间相关的压力、振动和夹紧力的应用的例子；
图10示出通过肘杆机构施加夹紧力的原理；
图11示出通过具有可变距离的夹紧元件的机器将夹紧力同时施加到两个锚固位置的原理；
图12示出在同一站***第一物体并随后锚固第一物体的原理；
图13示出在随后的站***第一物体并随后锚固第一物体的原理；和
图14示出具有阶梯状横截面的第二物体。
具体实施方式
图1描绘了例如作为本发明方法中的第二物体的刨花板的板1。该板具有两个相对的宽面3和具有盲孔2的窄侧面4。具有头部8和***部6的装配件5用作该方法中的第一物体。所示实施例中的装配件5包括热塑性材料如聚酰胺，并且根据实施例，其完全或几乎完全由该热塑性材料制成，而在替代实施例中，其可包括具有热塑性材料涂层的非热塑性材料的芯。
***部6与开口2相比具有略微过大的横截面，使得在***部6例如通过在开口轴线20方向作用的压力已经被引入之后，***部以干涉配合保持在开口2中。由于干涉配合，***部6和开口2的对置表面区域18、19彼此压靠。在随后的锚固步骤中，振动工具即超声波发生器11用于将机械振动能量耦合输入装配元5以液化装配件5的、优选***部6的热塑性材料部分，该部分随后渗透入板1结构中且在能量输入停止后产生上述锚固。
在***步骤期间和/或在锚固步骤期间，将夹紧力施加到发生锚固的位置。在所示构造中，夹紧力被施加在可移动的夹紧元件21和用作第二夹紧元件的支撑件22之间。
在包括建立干涉配合且在两个步骤期间施加夹紧力的实施例中，夹紧力用于加强包括开口2(或多个开口)和可渗透材料的第二物体1，以更好承受干涉配合和锚固步骤的建立。此外，在不包括在锚固步骤之前建立干涉配合但仅在施加机械振动期间引入***部的过大部分的步骤的实施例中，产生类似的强化。
待施加的夹紧力例如可通过将可移动的夹紧元件21连接到例如示意性所示的加压气缸或气缸16、液压缸或机械螺钉来实现。特别是，气缸和液压缸的方便之处在于可通过控制空气或液压来控制夹紧压力。
图2示出加强包括开口2(或多个开口)和可渗透材料的第一物体1的例子，以更好承受干涉配合和锚固步骤的建立。物体1又例如是刨花板且开口从其窄侧延伸。图2示出在其窄侧4方向上观察的板1并示出：在左手侧是在建立干涉配合的步骤之前，在中间是在建立干涉配合步骤和锚固步骤之间，在右手侧是在锚固步骤之后。在建立干涉配合步骤之前，板通过被一对夹爪21、22夹紧在一起而被加强。该夹紧防止板的宽面3在建立干涉配合时向外凸出并弱化后者。这意味着夹紧允许建立比没有它的情况下更强的干涉配合，因此具有更强的锚固。因为在锚固步骤中该装配件5的热塑性材料至少部分液化，故干涉配合应力在锚固步骤期间基本得以释放，从而在锚固步骤后可以解除所述夹紧。
图2所示的构造是覆盖多个锚固位置的夹紧元件的例子，即多个开口位于两个夹紧元件21、22之间。但也可能且通常有利的是，用独立的夹紧元件同时或相继向多个夹紧位置施加夹紧力。图3a示出板1的沿其宽面3方向看的例子，其包括四个锚固位置26、27、28、29。对于建立干涉配合(如果有)的步骤和/或锚固步骤，使用多个可移动的第一夹紧元件21。在所示构造中，锚固位置26、27、28、29布置在两个相对的窄面处。在此，可同时完成至少用于同一窄侧面4的(两个)锚固位置26、27；28、29的夹紧和干涉配合/锚固步骤，此时可同时对所有四个位置26、27、28、29实行相应步骤。
如从其窄侧面4之一看到板1的图3b所示，各相对的夹紧元件可以是在支撑件24上的第二夹紧元件25。也可将板1直接安置在这样的支撑件24上(其然后用作夹紧元件)，或者也可使用可移动的且例如属于夹爪的第二夹紧元件。
由于夹紧元件在板1上施加相当大的压力(在具有作为可渗透材料的刨花板和具有直径为约7毫米的***部6的装配件5的例子中，已发现所需的夹紧压力应超过0.4N/mm2)，取决于板1的表面性质，当夹紧压力被取消时，夹紧元件21、25可能有粘附于宽面的一定风险。为此，夹紧元件21、25可设有不粘垫32或表面涂层，如图4示意所示。这种不粘垫32或表面涂层例如可包括例如以商标Teflon销售的PTFE。不粘垫32或表面涂层可由例如不锈钢的常规机械材料的夹持元件主体31保持。
处理粘附风险的另一可能性如图5所示，其中夹紧元件21设有朝向板1的宽面3开口的空气通道35，且在夹紧过程之后，通过该空气通道吹送加压空气，以从板1的宽面3移除夹具21。
图6示出对于该过程优化的夹紧表面面积的原理。在热塑性材料液化时在其中形成一种复合材料的相互渗透区域41在垂直于宽侧平面的投影中具有略超过***部6尺寸的区域。根据需要，可能有利的是，夹紧表面42覆盖相互渗透区域41并稍微延伸超过它。在这种情况下，如果夹紧表面42(与图1的示意图所示的相反)延伸到宽面3和窄面4之间的边缘是有利的，因为在一些材料中该边缘特别易受损。夹紧表面42的面积优选小于宽面3的面向夹紧元件21且夹紧元件21抵靠其压紧的总面积至少5倍。
然而夹紧表面42在图6中被示出为矩形，但其它形状的夹紧表面42也是可能的，包括如图7所示的梯形。在图7中，假定板边缘在右手侧(与图6相同的取向)。
图8和图9还示出协调夹紧压力与***和/或机械能量输入的可能性(在图8中，U表示超声波振动的输入功率，P表示压力；在图9中Fi是干涉力，Fc为夹紧力，在两个图中x轴线都对应于时间)。
如图8所示，夹紧压力51可以在机械能输入52前设定。这在例如下文进一步描述的情况下可能是有利的，即***和(如果适用)建立干涉配合在同一站进行。在这种情况下，夹紧力可在***部开始被压入开口时或恰好在其之前设定。如果在锚固前未建立干涉配合，则夹紧力可在最初降低或仅在锚固步骤开始时设定。能量输入可在取消夹紧力(52a)之前停止、与取消夹紧力同时停止或在取消夹紧力之后(52b)停止。在后者情况下，在夹紧力被取消(52b)之后，能量输入停止，有利的是在液化之前夹紧力不被取消，且渗透已引起干涉力显著减小。
图9示出干涉力54可因液化过程而松弛且夹紧力55可在这种松弛之后停止。各个力的开始被示出为是同步的。同步可被优化以最小化滞后时间。
如图所示，干涉力最初可以高于夹紧力，只要两条曲线的交叉都低于板材损坏阈值。
此外，由于板材具有一定的初始抗裂性，夹紧力不需要高于干涉力，实际上，仅夹紧力、损坏阈值和一些安全裕度的总和必须高于干涉力。
代替施加恒定压力或压力/压紧力分布，可以在夹持步骤期间通过将夹持元件彼此相对保持在固定位置来施加夹持力。然后，夹紧力可以为零或很小，直到***部的***开始对板施加扩张力为止。
图10非常示意性示出采用上述固定位置的相应机构。夹紧元件21由包括第一杠杆臂61.1和第二杠杆臂61.2的肘杆保持，第二杠杆臂连接到对面元件64，对面元件64例如与支撑件22一起形成负载框架且可保持在与支撑件22相距固定距离处。在过程开始时，例如通过在箭头方向上移动(借助任何合适的装置)，使肘关节进入其正确的位置。止动件65被示出在肘杆稍微移动超过中点的位置处，使得肘杆自锁且不需要施加用于夹紧的外力。
锁定两个夹紧元件之间距离的其它锁定机构也是可能的。
图11还示意性示出提供具有带有可变可调节的距离D的夹紧元件21的机器的可能性。因而，机器变得非常灵活，以不同的相互距离D***平行的装配件5，并且仍然通过夹紧元件21实现夹紧在相关位置，即在装配件5的当前位置。
如前所述，用于执行该方法的机器可包括用于将***部***开口的装置和用于在同一站或不同的站进行锚固步骤的装置。图12示出用于进行***步骤和锚固步骤两者的站。
夹具71用于将第一物体(装配件5)保持在适当位置以便***，基本上不施加压力。超声波发生器11施加用于***步骤的推力，直到***部6***开口2足够深以将装配件5保持在其中。如果适用，施加压力直到形成干涉配合。
然后移除夹具71，且对于锚固步骤，超声波发生器11开始将机械能量耦合输入装配件5，同时仍然或再次施加压力。在锚固步骤期间和/或在***步骤期间，优选在***步骤和锚固步骤两者期间，通过夹紧元件21和支撑件22施加夹紧力。
图13示出具有两个站即***站81和锚固站82的机器，在所述***站，第一物体(在此为装配件5)被***第二物体(在此为板1)的开口2，在所述锚固站，超声波发生器11向装配件5施加机械振动能。在装配件5在***站81被***板1中后，板1被移动到锚固站82，在那里进行锚固过程。通常，对于具有用于***和锚固的不同站的实施例(不仅在所示的构造中)，以下可能性适用：
-根据第一可能性(如图13所示)，在***站81处没有夹紧元件。通过例如夹紧元件21施加的夹紧力仅应用在锚固站82的锚固过程中。
-根据第二可能性，在***站81进行的***步骤期间施加夹紧力，然后取消夹紧力，且再次施加夹紧力用于在锚固站82处进行的锚固步骤。
-根据第三可能性，在锚固站82没有夹紧元件。夹紧力仅被应用在***站81中的***过程。
-根据第四可能性，在***站81处施加夹紧力，并且在移动期间且至少最初在锚固站82处进行的锚固步骤期间保持夹紧力。这例如可通过在***站81安装到板上并随后与板1一起移动的机械夹具完成，其中在***部6被液化至少一部分之后，在锚固站82移除机械夹持。或者，可以设置与板1一起移动的夹紧机构。在这种情况下，夹紧机构可以可选地同时保持板1并进行或促进从***站81到锚固站82的相对运动。
图14还示出具有装配件5的***部6的阶梯形横截面的第二物体。第一横截面(直径d1)大致对应于板1中的开口2的横截面或者比其稍小，使得相应的第一***部段6.1可被引入开口2中，而基本上没有干扰力施加在板1上。第二横截面(直径d2)过大，意味着第二横截面是第二***部段6.2的横截面，大于板1中的开口2的横截面，使得第二***部段6.2的***提供干涉配合。在根据上述第一可能性的机器中，***站可仅将***部引入图14所示的程度，即不存在大量干涉力。这使得阶梯形横截面(或者在更近侧位置处比在更远侧位置处至少局部更大的其它横截面)与在***站处没有夹紧的方法/机器结合是有吸引力的，因为将存在当第二***部段6.2借助于超声波发生器被迫进入开口2时需要首先在随后的锚固站处夹紧。

Claims (31)

1.一种在第二物体中锚固第一物体的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
提供包括第一材料的所述第一物体(5)以及提供包括第二材料的所述第二物体(1)，其中所述第一材料是固体且具有热塑性能，并且所述第二材料是固体并能被处于液化状态的第一材料渗透，所述第二物体具有端面；
其中所述第二物体还包括在所述端面中具有嘴部的开口(2)，所述开口具有开口轴线和深度，并且所述第一物体(1)还包括具有长度的***部(6)，
其中所述开口(2)和所述***部(6)彼此适配，以使所述***部(6)定位在所述开口(2)中，并且其中所述第一材料和第二材料构成能够彼此压靠的所述***部(6)和所述开口(2)的对置表面区域(18,19)的至少一部分，
当所述***部被至少部分***所述开口时对所述第二物体施加夹紧力，在作用于对置表面(3)的夹紧元件(21,22,25)之间作用的夹紧力被布置成当施加夹紧力时所述开口处于对置表面之间，所述夹紧力在与所述开口轴线不平行的方向上作用，
通过将一定量的适于将所述第一材料至少部分液化的能量传递到所述对置表面区域附近并保持一段充足时间，将所述第一物体的***部(6)锚固在所述开口(2)中，以便液化第一材料并在所述对置表面区域附近使所述第一材料和第二材料相互渗透；
停止能量传递足够的时间以使在锚固步骤期间液化的所述第一材料再凝固。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，施加夹紧力步骤至少在锚固步骤的初始阶段期间进行。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，所述开口(2)和***部(6)彼此适配，以使所述***部(6)以干涉配合定位在所述开口(2)中，并且所述***部(6)和开口(2)的对置表面区域在所述干涉配合中彼此压靠。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法，还包括通过将所述***部(6)放置在所述开口(2)中并在所述锚固步骤之前施加干涉力来建立所述干涉配合的步骤。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其中，施加夹紧力步骤至少在建立干涉配合步骤的初始阶段期间进行。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其中，在建立干涉配合步骤的期间内连续进行施加夹紧力步骤，并且还在锚固步骤的至少初始阶段期间继续。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其中，所述第二物体(1)具有板形部分，所述板形部分限定两个宽面(3)和在所述宽面之间的窄面(4)，其中所述端面是所述板形部分的窄面。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其中，所述夹紧力的方向垂直于所述开口轴线。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其中，通过控制将压力施加在所述夹紧元件(21)上的气体压力或流体压力来控制所述夹紧力。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其中，夹紧压力超过0.4N/mm2。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其中，在锚固步骤中，所传递的能量是机械振动能量。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其中，所述夹紧力是恒定的或者遵循受控的时间相关分布，其中优选控制所述夹持力(Fc)以便在干涉力(Fi)减小时去除夹紧力。
13.根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的方法，其中，通过将所述夹紧元件(21,22)彼此相对保持在固定位置来施加夹紧力。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法，包括通过控制包括第一杠杆臂(61.1)和第二杠杆臂(61.2)的肘杆将夹紧元件(21,22)彼此相对保持在固定位置，所述第一杠杆臂(61.1)和第二杠杆臂(61.2)连接到至少其中一个夹紧元件(21)。
15.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其中，对于所述夹紧元件(21,25)中的至少一个，夹紧表面区域(42)，即在所述夹紧元件与在夹紧时与之抵靠的第二物体的表面部分之间的相互作用区域，小于其所抵靠的表面(3)至少5倍，优选至少10倍。
16.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其中，对于至少其中一个所述夹紧元件(21,25)，夹紧表面区域(42)对应于在垂直于夹紧力方向的平面上的投影中看到的***部的至多20倍，优选至多15倍，并且优选是在垂直于夹紧力方向的平面上的投影中看到的***部的至少1.5倍或至少2.5倍。
17.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其中，所述第二物体具有多个开口(2)，提供所述第一物体(5)的步骤包括提供相应数量的第一物体(5)，其中施加夹紧力步骤包括对每个开口(2)单独地、同时地或依序地施加夹紧力。
18.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，包括在锚固步骤之前将所述***部(6)至少部分***所述开口(2)的步骤，其中在锚固所述第二物体(1)期间，所述***部位于与***步骤期间基本相同的位置。
19.根据权利要求1至17中任一项所述的方法，包括将所述***部(6)至少部分***所述开口(2)的步骤，并且还包括在***步骤之后且在锚固步骤之前将所述第二物体从***站移动到锚固站的步骤。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法，包括在至少部分***所述***部(6)的期间施加夹紧力和保持所施加的夹紧力，至少直到开始所述锚固步骤，优选至少在部分锚固步骤中保持所施加的夹紧力。
21.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其中，在施加夹紧力步骤中，所述夹紧力、两个夹紧元件(21,22,25)相对并且布置成使所述开口在所述夹紧元件之间。
22.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其中，所述第二材料是纤维的、多孔的、包含可渗透表面结构的且在施加压力时不能抵抗渗透中的一种材料。
23.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其中，所述第二材料是刨花板、木材、纤维板、胶合板和纸板中的一种。
24.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其中，所述第一材料包括弹性系数为至少0.5GPa的热塑性聚合物。
25.一种用于进行根据前述权利要求中任一项所述方法的机器，包括能将所述***部(6)至少部分***所述开口(2)的***机构、能将适于液化所述第一材料的能量传递至所述第一物体(5)或第二物体(1)或两者以实施锚固步骤的锚固工具(11)，并且还包括能在***或锚固或两者期间将夹紧力施加到所述第二物体(1)的夹紧机构(21,22,25)。
26.根据权利要求25所述的机器，包括***站(81)和与其分离的锚固站(82)，其中所述夹紧机构能够至少在所述锚固站施加夹紧力。
27.根据权利要求26所述的机器，其被配备用于在同一站进行***和锚固的步骤。
28.根据权利要求27所述的机器，还包括适于将所述第一物体(5)保持在适当位置以便***的夹持装置(71)，其中所述锚固工具(11)适于接触邻近夹持装置(71)的所述第一物体(1)并适于将所述***部(6)***所述开口(2)。
29.根据权利要求25至28中任一项所述的机器，包括限定相应数量的夹紧位置的多个夹紧元件，其中所述夹紧位置之间的距离是可调节的。
30.根据权利要求25至29中任一项所述的机器，其中，至少其中一个所述夹紧元件(21)设有非粘附装置(32,35)，所述非粘附装置有助于在释放夹紧力之后从所述第二物体(1)移除所述夹紧元件(21)，优选所述非粘附装置包括例如由低摩擦材料制成的不粘垫(32)和/或用于向所述夹紧件(21)与所述第二物体(1)之间的位置提供释放气体的气体源(35)。
31.根据权利要求25至30中任一项所述的机器，其中，所述机器还包括用于使所述夹紧元件(21)减弱的加压流体缸，例如加压气缸(16)或液压缸。
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