CN106516017B - 液化天然气船b型液货舱的绝热***及其构造方法 - Google Patents

液化天然气船b型液货舱的绝热***及其构造方法 Download PDF

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CN106516017B
CN106516017B CN201611193926.2A CN201611193926A CN106516017B CN 106516017 B CN106516017 B CN 106516017B CN 201611193926 A CN201611193926 A CN 201611193926A CN 106516017 B CN106516017 B CN 106516017B
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CN106516017A (zh
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孙小伟
蔡志祥
靳蔷薇
韦越
赵小敏
位元元
张洪斌
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Shanghai Jiaotong University
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种液化天然气船液货舱的绝热***及其构造方法。所述绝热***包括主屏壁、绝热层和保护层，绝热层安装在主屏壁上，保护层覆盖在绝热层的外表面。绝热层由内向外依次包括次屏壁、绝热板及阻水层。绝热板包括泡沫玻璃板和聚氨酯泡沫板，泡沫玻璃板通过粘合剂粘接在次屏壁的表面，聚氨酯泡沫板通过粘合剂粘接在泡沫玻璃板的表面。本发明将泡沫玻璃安装到聚氨酯泡沫和金属的次屏壁之间，避免了在绝热***温度变化时，出现因保温材料膨胀系数差异而导致绝热层损坏的现象；同时减小了聚氨酯泡沫由温差变化导致的热应力变化，使得绝热***更加安全稳定。

Description

液化天然气船B型液货舱的绝热***及其构造方法
技术领域
本发明属于液化天然气船技术领域，特别涉及一种液化天然气船B型液货舱的绝热***及其构造方法。
背景技术
液化天然气(LNG)是通过将常压下气态的天然气冷却至-163℃，凝结而成的低温液体，其主要成分为甲烷。LNG无色、无味、无毒且无腐蚀性，燃烧时氮氧化物和二氧化硫的排出量较少，因此被公认为清洁能源，其需求逐年增大。LNG的体积约为同量气态体积的1/625，重量仅为同体积水的45％左右。天然气液化后可以大大节约储运空间和成本。LNG船为液化天然气的专用运输船舶，是目前世界范围内所有货运船中技术难度最高的船舶，是高技术、高难度、高附加值的"三高"产品。LNG船的核心部分液货舱是独立于船体的特殊构造。独立型液货围护***是自身支持的液货围护***，其中B型独立液货舱具有空间大、LNG日蒸发量小、方便安装与维修等优点。
由于LNG设备在运行过程中温度交变范围很大(温差可达200℃左右)，深冷和常温交变容易造成LNG设备绝热结构的损坏，因此其围护***不仅要选择性能优良的绝热材料，还需采用合适的铺层设计技术，以满足航运安全和减少货物损失。对于航行中LNG船的液货舱，热量的流入一方面会使LNG蒸发，造成LNG的损失；另一方面，LNG的蒸发会使液货舱内的压力升高，当超过货舱承压范围时，会导致货舱的损坏，危及LNG船及航行安全。因此，为保证LNG在储运过程中的安全性和经济性，LNG船液货围护***须采用高性能的绝热材料以控制LNG日蒸发率，最大限度地减少运输过程中LNG的蒸发，以及由于温度变化而引起的热胀冷缩，保证船体结构不受储罐及低温的损害。此外，在装卸货过程中，液货舱温度会在超低温和室温之间变化，由于绝热材料与舱体金属热膨胀系数不同，绝热结构会因膨胀差异和热应力过大而破裂，这经常成为绝热结构损坏的重要原因。因此，如何解决绝热***中材料热膨胀系数差异引起的损坏问题是目前亟待解决的问题之一。
公开号为CN104802937A的中国专利申请公开了一种液化天然气船独立液货舱绝热层***及其构建方法，其绝热***中是将聚氨酯泡沫(PUR)绝热板通过粘合剂直接粘接在不锈钢材质的次屏壁板表面。次屏壁不锈钢金属的热膨胀系数在16×10-6K-1左右(以304不锈钢在-50℃为例)且随温度变化不大，而PUR的热膨胀系数如图1所示，在-165℃、-150℃、-100℃、-50℃、0℃和25℃时的热膨胀系数分别为43×10-6K-1、51×10-6K-1、53×10-6K-1、62×10-6K-1、125×10-6K-1和195×10-6K-1，其在-165℃～25℃温度范围内的平均热膨胀系数为76×10-6K-1。可见，PUR与金属的热膨胀系数差异很大，在温度变化时可能会发生绝热板的脱落，损坏绝热***的现象。并且，PUR的热膨胀系数随温度变化大，因此在超低温和常温交变时，材料因所受热应力过大而可能会产生裂纹，从而损坏绝热板，使保温性能大大劣化。此外，一般的PUR耐低温性较差，国家标准GB50264《工业设备及管道绝热工程设计规范》中将PUR推荐使用温度限定为-65～80℃。上述结构中PUR所处环境温度在-163℃到室温或者更高温度之间，温差很大，会造成PUR热应力过大，在温度变化或者船舶晃动时，PUR容易因热胀冷缩而出现裂纹，这将大大减弱其绝热性能。而上述专利述及的结构并没有考虑到绝热板热应力较大可能导致的PUR损坏的问题，因此需要对上述绝热层结构进行改进。GB50264《工业设备及管道绝热工程设计规范》推荐的方法是在绝热结构中设置伸缩缝，伸缩缝填充物采用玻璃纤维毡，并使用热固性树脂在四周各个方向上牢固粘结。但是此方法无法解决PUR热应力过大和PUR工作温度范围窄的问题，因此也需要对上述方法进行改进。
发明内容
有鉴于现有技术的上述缺陷，本发明所要解决的是LNG船绝热***中存在的因材料热膨胀系数差异可能导致的绝热层损坏问题和绝热板内外温差较大引起的PUR热应力过大的问题，提供了一种用于LNG船液货舱的绝热***及其构造方法。
根据本发明的第一个方面，本发明提供了一种LNG船液货舱的绝热***，所述绝热***包括主屏壁、绝热层和保护层，所述绝热层安装在所述主屏壁上，所述保护层覆盖在所述绝热层的外表面。其中，所述绝热层由内向外依次包括次屏壁、绝热板及阻水层。
优选地，所述次屏壁安装在所述主屏壁上，所述主屏壁为9％镍钢材质，所述次屏壁为不锈钢材质，所述不锈钢的热膨胀系数在16×10-6K-1左右。优选地，所述次屏壁与所述主屏壁之间具有间隙，所述间隙的距离优选为5～10mm。所述间隙形成的通道为连通的，这样当主屏壁发生泄漏时，泄漏的液化天然气可以通过间隙空间流到收集容器里。所述间隙内充有惰性气体，所述惰性气体优选为氮气或氩气。
优选地，所述绝热板夹装在所述次屏壁和所述阻水层之间，所述保护层覆盖在所述阻水层的外表面。
优选地，所述绝热板包括泡沫玻璃板和聚氨酯泡沫板，所述泡沫玻璃板通过粘合剂粘接在所述次屏壁的表面，所述聚氨酯泡沫板通过粘合剂粘接在所述泡沫玻璃板的表面。优选地，所述泡沫玻璃板可为单层，两层或两层以上叠加而成，各层之间通过粘合剂粘接。所述聚氨酯泡沫板亦可为单层，两层或两层以上叠加而成，当其为两层或两层以上叠加而成时，各层之间优选地还夹装有阻水层。所述泡沫玻璃板和所述聚氨酯泡沫板的总厚度相当，例如均为200mm。
优选地，所述保护层为玻璃纤维增强的环氧树脂涂层，通过粘合剂粘接在最外层的阻水层的表面，以保护整个绝热层，所述保护层的厚度优选在1mm左右。所述阻水层优选为玻璃布夹铝箔三合一薄膜，作用是增加气密性，减弱水蒸气渗透。
优选地，所述绝热层由多个较小的绝热层板块组成，并且由于具有多层结构的绝热层很难整体地、完整地覆盖所述主屏壁。这种情况下，各相邻的绝热层板块之间通过粘合剂固定填充有填充绝热材料，以保证绝热***的隔热性能。所述填充绝热材料优选为玻璃棉类软性绝热材料。
根据本发明的第二个方面，本发明提供了一种上述LNG船液货舱的绝热***的构造方法，所述构造方法包括如下步骤：
第一步，在主屏壁上焊接用于固定绝热层的长螺栓；
第二步，将对应于所述长螺栓位置而开有螺栓孔的次屏壁安装到所述主屏壁上；
第三步，将同样开有螺栓孔的泡沫玻璃板粘接于所述次屏壁上，然后将同样开有螺栓孔的聚氨酯泡沫板粘接于所述泡沫玻璃板的表面，形成泡沫玻璃板/聚氨酯泡沫板的复合层；或直接将已粘附好的开有螺栓孔的泡沫玻璃板/聚氨酯泡沫板的复合层粘接于所述次屏壁上，所述泡沫玻璃板一面朝向所述次屏壁；
第四步，将所述泡沫玻璃板/聚氨酯泡沫板的复合层通过与所述长螺栓配合的密封垫圈及螺母固定于所述次屏壁上；
第五步，在所述聚氨酯泡沫板的外表面粘接阻水层；
第六步，将填充绝热材料填充进相邻的绝热层板块之间的空间，并用粘合剂固定所述填充绝热材料；
第七步，在所述阻水层的上表面覆盖一层保护层。
优选地，在第三步中，当所述聚氨酯泡沫板由两层或两层以上叠加而成时，各层之间优选地夹装有阻水层。
与现有的LNG船的绝热***相比，本发明至少具有如下的有益效果：
1、本发明提供的LNG船液货舱绝热***及其构造方法，将泡沫玻璃安装到聚氨酯泡沫和金属的次屏壁之间，由于泡沫玻璃与金属的线膨胀系数接近，因而在绝热***温度变化时，不会出现因膨胀差异导致绝热层损坏的现象。
泡沫玻璃(CG)的热膨胀系数如图2所示，在-165℃、-150℃、-100℃、-50℃、0℃和20℃时分别为3.7×10-6K-1、4.6×10-6K-1、6.35×10-6K-1、6.8×10-6K-1、8.72×10-6K-1和8.0×10-6K-1，其在-165℃～25℃温度范围内的平均热膨胀系数为6.6×10-6K-1，热膨胀系数随温度变化很小，且与金属的热膨胀系数相差小。因此，当泡沫玻璃作为邻近金属舱壁的绝热保温材料时，所处环境温度尽管在超低温和室温交变相差大时，由于本身的热膨胀系数变化不大、与液货舱金属材料的线膨胀系数差异小，从而会避免出现直接采用PUR作为舱壁邻近绝热层时易产生的脱落和结构损坏现象。因此，采用以发泡玻璃作为内层、PUR作为外层的复合绝热层，有利于防止保温材料绝热性能的劣化，可大大增加绝热层的长期服役寿命。
2、本发明提供的新型LNG船液货舱绝热***将泡沫玻璃安装到接近-163℃的低温处，将聚氨酯泡沫安装到接近常温处。经测量，本发明的***中泡沫玻璃板两边的温度分别为约-163℃和约-80℃，而聚氨酯泡沫板两边的温度分别为约-80℃和室温。聚氨酯泡沫板所处环境温差从约200℃减小到约100℃，极大减小了由温差变化导致的热应力变化，使得绝热***更加稳定。并且泡沫玻璃安全使用温度范围大，线膨胀系数随温度变化很小，在低温下不会开裂，不会引起冷脆点。针对泡沫玻璃绝热性差的问题，采用在外层安装聚氨酯泡沫的方法来提高绝热性能，达到保冷效果，充分发挥了两种材料的优点。
附图说明
图1是聚氨酯泡沫的热膨胀系数随温度变化图；
图2是泡沫玻璃的热膨胀系数随温度变化图；
图3是本发明一个较佳实施例的绝热***的示意图；
图4是本发明一个较佳实施例的绝热***的立体分解示意图。
其中，各附图标记分别表示：1-主屏壁；2-长螺栓；3-次屏壁；4-泡沫玻璃板；5-聚氨酯泡沫板；6-阻水层；7-保护层；8-螺母及密封垫圈。
具体实施方式
下面对本发明的实施例作详细说明，下述的实施例在以本发明技术方案为前提下进行实施，给出了详细的实施方式和具体的操作过程，但本发明的保护范围不限于下述的实施例。
如图3和图4所示，在本发明的一个较佳实施例中，LNG船液货舱的绝热***包括主屏壁1、绝热层和保护层7，绝热层包括次屏壁3、绝热板及阻水层6。绝热板夹装在次屏壁3和保护层7之间，保护层7覆盖在阻水层4的外表面。
主屏壁1为9％镍钢材质，次屏壁3为不锈钢材质，次屏壁3安装在主屏壁1上。次屏壁3与主屏壁1之间的间隙距离为5～10mm，间隙内充有惰性气体，所述惰性气体优选为氮气。所述不锈钢的热膨胀系数在16×10-6K-1左右。
绝热板包括泡沫玻璃板4和聚氨酯泡沫板5，泡沫玻璃板4由粘合剂粘接在次屏壁3的表面，聚氨酯泡沫板5由粘合剂粘接在泡沫玻璃板4的表面。泡沫玻璃板4和聚氨酯泡沫板5的单层厚度均为200mm。
保护层7为玻璃纤维增强的环氧树脂涂层，通过粘合剂粘接在最外层的阻水层4的表面，厚度为1mm。阻水层4为玻璃布夹铝箔三合一薄膜。
本实施例提供的LNG船液货舱的绝热***的构造方法，包括以下步骤：
第一步，在主屏壁1上焊接用于固定绝热层的长螺栓2；
第二步，将次屏壁3安装到主屏壁1上；
第三步，将两层大块泡沫玻璃板4粘接到次屏壁3上；
第四步，将中间粘接有一层阻水层6的两层大块聚氨酯泡沫板5粘接到泡沫玻璃板4的表面，并用螺母及密封垫圈8固定；
第五步，在聚氨酯泡沫板5的外表面粘接阻水层6；
第六步，将玻璃棉类软性绝热材料填充进相邻的绝热层板块之间的空间，并用粘合剂固定；
第七步，在阻水层6的上表面覆盖一层保护层7。
以上详细描述了本发明的较佳具体实施例。应当理解，本领域的普通技术无需创造性劳动就可以根据本发明的构思作出诸多修改和变化。因此，凡本技术领域中技术人员依本发明的构思在现有技术的基础上通过逻辑分析、推理或者有限的试验可以得到的技术方案，皆应在由权利要求书所确定的保护范围内。

Claims (9)

1.一种液化天然气船液货舱的绝热***，所述绝热***包括主屏壁、绝热层和保护层，所述绝热层安装在所述主屏壁上，所述保护层覆盖在所述绝热层的外表面，其特征在于，所述绝热层由内向外依次包括次屏壁、绝热板及阻水层，所述绝热板包括泡沫玻璃板和聚氨酯泡沫板，所述泡沫玻璃板通过粘合剂粘接在所述次屏壁的表面，所述聚氨酯泡沫板通过粘合剂粘接在所述泡沫玻璃板的表面；所述主屏壁为9％镍钢材质，所述次屏壁为不锈钢材质，所述不锈钢的热膨胀系数为16×10-6K-1。
2.如权利要求1所述的绝热***，其中所述次屏壁与所述主屏壁之间具有间隙，所述间隙的距离为5～10mm，所述间隙内充有惰性气体，所述惰性气体为氮气或氩气。
3.如权利要求1所述的绝热***，其中所述绝热板中靠近次屏壁侧第一层绝热材料是泡沫玻璃，所述泡沫玻璃层数为1层以上，当为两层或两层以上叠加而成时，各层之间通过粘合剂粘接。
4.如权利要求1所述的绝热***，其中所述绝热板中靠近次屏壁侧第二层绝热材料是聚氨酯泡沫，所述聚氨酯泡沫层数为1层以上，当为两层或两层以上叠加而成时，各层之间夹有阻水层。
5.如权利要求1所述的绝热***，其中所述保护层为玻璃纤维增强的环氧树脂涂层，所述保护层的厚度为1mm。
6.如权利要求1所述的绝热***，其中所述阻水层为玻璃布夹铝箔三合一薄膜。
7.如权利要求1所述的绝热***，其中所述绝热层由多个较小的绝热层板块组成，各相邻的所述绝热层板块之间通过粘合剂固定填充有填充绝热材料，所述填充绝热材料为玻璃棉。
8.一种如权利要求1-7中任一项所述的液化天然气船液货舱的绝热***的构造方法，所述构造方法包括如下步骤：
第一步，在主屏壁上焊接用于固定绝热层的长螺栓；
第二步，将对应于所述长螺栓位置而开有螺栓孔的次屏壁安装到所述主屏壁上；
第三步，将同样开有螺栓孔的泡沫玻璃板粘接于所述次屏壁上，然后将同样开有螺栓孔的聚氨酯泡沫板粘接于所述泡沫玻璃板的表面，形成泡沫玻璃板/聚氨酯泡沫板的复合层；或直接将己粘附好的开有螺栓孔的泡沫玻璃板/聚氨酯泡沫板的复合层粘接于所述次屏壁上，所述泡沫玻璃板一面朝向所述次屏壁；
第四步，将所述泡沫玻璃板/聚氨酯泡沫板的复合层通过与所述长螺栓配合的密封垫圈及螺母固定于所述次屏壁上；
第五步，在所述聚氨酯泡沫板的外表面粘接阻水层；
第六步，将填充绝热材料填充进相邻的绝热层板块之间的空间，并用粘合剂固定所述填充绝热材料；
第七步，在所述阻水层的上表面覆盖一层保护层。
9.如权利要求8所述的构造方法，其中在第三步中，所述聚氨酯泡沫板由两层叠加而成时，所述两层之间还夹有阻水层。
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