CN106498898A - A kind of earth and stone material Gradation Optimization method based on fractal theory and physical mechanics test - Google Patents
A kind of earth and stone material Gradation Optimization method based on fractal theory and physical mechanics test Download PDFInfo
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B1/00—Equipment or apparatus for, or methods of, general hydraulic engineering, e.g. protection of constructions against ice-strains
- E02B1/02—Hydraulic models
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B7/00—Barrages or weirs; Layout, construction, methods of, or devices for, making same
- E02B7/02—Fixed barrages
- E02B7/04—Dams across valleys
- E02B7/06—Earth-fill dams; Rock-fill dams
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Abstract
The invention provides a kind of method that earth and stone material grain composition optimization determines, comprises the following steps：For distribution of particles meets the earth and stone material of fractal cloth characteristic, first by the Fractal dimension of change earth and stone material, the graded soil building stones sample of configuration different-grain diameter distribution function, and then extreme value dry density is set up by scene or laboratory test, modulus of compressibility, shear strength and the functional relation of coarseness of grading fractal dimension, realize by adjusting Fractal dimension, obtain filling relation be preferably easier to compacting and the higher earth and stone material level of modulus and intensity match somebody with somebody, can be applicable to the grain composition optimization design of stockpile and natural soft-clay building stones.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of earth and stone material Gradation Optimization method based on fractal theory and physical mechanics test, belongs to water conservancy
The earth and rockfill dam dam construction technique field of hydropower industry.
Background technology
Earth and rockfill dam is dam type that is most ancient in the world and being most widely used.China builds the green mouth 100m level hearts from the seventies
Wall rock-fill dams start, and have built the high earth-rock works of a collection of 200m levels such as Xiao Langdi, Pubugou Project and water cloth a strip of land between hills, have defined
More complete dam work technique of design and construction specification.As earth and rockfill dam has topographic and geologic condition strong adaptability, shock resistance
The a collection of 300m levels core wall rockfill dams such as the advantages of good and economic indicator is good, two river mouths, double Jiangkous, long sill may have been built, such as
U.S., Gu Shui, draw sound of crying or vomiting, a collection of 300m levels rock-fill dams such as Ci Haxia, great Shi gorge be also into can grind the design phase.Although earth and rockfill dam is built
If achieving huge success, dam construction technique also achieves significant progress, still has many technical problems such as earth and stone material level to match somebody with somebody
Determination, only exist《Rolling earth-rock dam design specification (DL/T 5,395 2007)》4.1st clause,《CFRD
Design specification (DL/T 5,016 1999)》6.3rd clause regulation：Granule content less than 5mm is less than no more than 20%
The granule content of 0.075mm remains in the experience stage no more than 5%.For level is with evaluating, be also only suitable at present with
The Stage language of maximum particle diameter coarse-grained soil within 60mm, i.e.,：Nonuniform coefficent Cu is more than 5, curve coefficientCc is in the range of 13
For the standard that good level is matched somebody with somebody, but these indexs mainly describe granular materials level with the dispersion of distribution and continuity, it is impossible to reflection
Thin sight collocation between grain component, even if different grading curves has close index, but compacted density can completely not
With, and then cause enrockment mechanical property to produce greatest differences.
The spatial distribution of earth and stone material granule, by particle during stock ground parent rock characteristic, blasting excavation condition, roller compaction construction
The impact of the factor such as broken, with obvious variability, shows larger uncertainty, mould in its Macroscopic physical mechanical property
Paste property and non-linear.The fine embodiment for seeing structural complexity of the complexity of this macromechanics behavior, exactly earth and stone material, both it
Between relation can be described using fractal theory.
Earth and stone material of building a dam to high dam, it should have tightened up requirement, should reduce oversize material, control particulate again
Material, will also make its grade with good engineering property.On the premise of identical compacting functions, the excellent earth and stone material tool of grain composition
Have higher packing, so as to have higher shearing strength and deformation modulus, high rock-fill dams are had more preferable security with
Economy.Existing research data prove to build a dam earth and stone material level with having good feature of fractal distribution.
For this purpose, the present invention by fractal theory, will analyze the fractal behavior of earth and stone material, in conjunction with indoor and field test, carry
Go out a kind of method of Gradation Optimization.
Content of the invention
The technical problem to be solved is the defect for overcoming prior art, there is provided a kind of based on fractal theory most
The test that excellent earth and stone material level is matched somebody with somebody determines method.According to the side such as earth and stone material grain packing relation, compressibility, intensity and deformation characteristic
The engineering mechanics index in face, as variable, (1) sets up soil by relative density test to the Fractal dimension D that is matched somebody with somebody with earth and stone material level
Building stones level finds out the maximum dry density under different relative densities or minimum hole with the relation from dry density under different relative densities
The corresponding level of rate is matched somebody with somebody；(2) by large-scale confined compression test, earth and stone material level is set up with the relation with modulus of compressibility, find out maximum compression
The corresponding level of modulus is matched somebody with somebody；(3) by Large-scale Triaxial Experiments, set up earth and stone material level and match somebody with somebody and failure by shear intensity and cubic deformation spy
The relation of property, finds out the corresponding level of maximal destruction intensity and matches somebody with somebody；(4) referred to according to the porosity of earth and stone material and relative density double control design
Mark, and earth and stone material level primarily determines that the level of earth and stone material with the relation curve from dry density or porosity under different relative densities
Match somebody with somebody scope；(5) according to above-mentioned earth and stone material level with the test result with modulus of compressibility, failure by shear intensity, true according to requirement of engineering
Fixed modulus of compressibility, 3 optimization judging quotas of failure by shear intensity, determine that the target level of earth and stone material is matched somebody with somebody, so as to reach optimization stone
The purpose of material grain composition.
For solving above-mentioned technical problem, the present invention provides a kind of earth and stone material level based on fractal theory and physical mechanics test
Match somebody with somebody optimization method, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：
(1) the earth and stone material level for choosing engineer applied scope different grain size fractal dimension D is matched somebody with somebody, and determines the interval soil stone of different-grain diameter
The configuration weight of material simultaneously carries out dispensing；
(2) relation that sets up between earth and stone material Fractal dimension D and extreme value dry density：Using live density bucket method, now
Field energy method or indoor relative density test method, determine maximum dry density or minimum porosity, are determined most according to loose windrow part
Little dry density, determines the relation between the Fractal dimension D of earth and stone material and extreme value dry density ρ or porosity, and determines extreme value
Dry density or the corresponding Fractal dimension of porosity are critical values of fractal dimension；
(3) relation that sets up between earth and stone material Fractal dimension D and modulus of compressibility：Carry out by identical relative density standard
Sample preparation, carries out scene or indoor large compression test, determines the relation between earth and stone material Fractal dimension D and modulus of compressibility；
(4) relation that sets up between the Fractal dimension D of earth and stone material and breakdown strength：Enter by identical relative density standard
Row sample preparation, choose different confined pressure conditions carries out Large-scale Triaxial Experiments to sample, records the failure by shear stress of earth and stone material sample most
Big compression volume deformation, determines the relation between the Fractal dimension D of earth and stone material and breakdown strength；
(5) using (1st), (2nd) step result of the test, obtain earth and stone material Fractal dimension D corresponding to level fit over not
With the dry density value under relative density conditions, according to the quality dual control index of the porosity and relative density of earth and stone material, and soil
Stone grit size fractal dimension is not more than the condition of critical fractal dimension, primarily determines that the grading limit of earth and stone material；
(6) modulus of compressibility and the breakdown strength index of earth and stone material, on the basis of (5th) step, are set, by (3rd),
(4th) step result of the test, obtains the level corresponding to corresponding earth and stone material Fractal dimension D with modulus of compressibility and breakdown strength
Relation curve, according to the grading limit that (5th) step is primarily determined that, choose
The grading limit of index request, matches somebody with somebody as the target level for meeting engine request optimization.
Further, in above-mentioned steps (1), determine that the formula of different-grain diameter interval earth and stone material counterweight is：
In formulaFor specifying the average grain diameter of grain group,For the maximum control particle diameter that research grade is matched somebody with somebody, W/W0For specifying grain group
Weight and gross weight ratio, δ is particle diameter.
Further, in above-mentioned steps (3), determine relation between earth and stone material Fractal dimension D and modulus of compressibility
Concretely comprise the following steps：
(3 1) carry out the counterweight of different-grain diameter interval earth and stone material, and carry out sample preparation by identical relative density standard；
(3 2) carry out large-scale confined compression test, it is desirable to simulate low according to 2006 specifications of DL/T5356 or related regulatory requirements
Working pressure range of the dam to the extra-high dam of 300m levels, test pressure are classified by 0.0MPa and be continuously loaded into 6.4MPa, and per group of level is matched somebody with somebody
Repeat to test 1 time, take two groups of test mean values, calculate modulus of compressibility, to reduce the discreteness of result of the test；
(3 3) according to result of the test, arrange earth and stone material interval with the same stress modulus of compressibility of Fractal dimension D it
Between relation curve.
Further, in above-mentioned steps (4), determine the relation between the Fractal dimension D of earth and stone material and breakdown strength
Concretely comprise the following steps：
(4 1) carry out the counterweight of different-grain diameter interval earth and stone material, and carry out sample preparation by identical relative density standard；
(4-2) different confined pressure conditions are chosen, according to DL/T5356-2006 specifications or related regulatory requirements, sample is carried out
Large-scale Triaxial Experiments, record the failure by shear stress of earth and stone material sample；
(4 3) arrange the bursting stress under the conditions of the Fractal dimension D of earth and stone material and identical confined pressure according to result of the test
Between relation curve.
The beneficial effect reached by the present invention：The engineering that the present invention is matched somebody with somebody with level in the Fractal dimension D for setting up earth and stone material
Between characteristic index (extreme value dry density, modulus of compressibility, breakdown strength and cubic deformation) on the basis of dependency relation, by adjustment
Fractal dimension changes the grain composition of earth and stone material, matches somebody with somebody Engineering Characteristic Evaluation index (extreme value dry density, modulus of compressibility using level
And breakdown strength), selection meets the level of engine request and matches somebody with somebody, and so as to realize the grain composition optimization to earth and stone material, is earth and stone material
The optimization of grain composition is determined there is provided a kind of practicable method.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the relation schematic diagram between the Fractal dimension D that stockpile test grade is matched somebody with somebody and dry density；
Fig. 2 is the Fractal dimension D and compression test modulus schematic diagram that stockpile test grade is matched somebody with somebody, and wherein (a) is stress
Strain curve, (b) is region constriction modulus；
Fig. 3 is the Fractal dimension D and breakdown strength relation schematic diagram that stockpile test grade is matched somebody with somebody；
Fig. 4 is Fractal dimension D, porosity and the relative density curve of stockpile.
Specific embodiment
The invention will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.Following examples are only used for the present invention is clearly described
Technical scheme, and can not be limited the scope of the invention with this.
The test that a kind of optimum earth and stone material level based on fractal theory is matched somebody with somebody determines method, comprises the following steps：
(1) same maximum control particle diameter is taken, and the earth and stone material level for choosing different grain size fractal dimension D is matched somebody with somebody, determined not by formula (I)
With particle size interval earth and stone material counterweight and carry out dispensing.In formulaFor specifying the average grain diameter of grain group,Match somebody with somebody for research grade
Maximum control particle diameter, W/W0For specifying the weight of grain group and the ratio of gross weight, δ is particle diameter；
(2) determine the relation between the Fractal dimension D of earth and stone material and extreme value dry density ρ, specifically include following steps：
(2-1) using loose paving mode, the experimental relationship of specified grading earth and stone material is determined；
(2-2) using live density bucket method (national engineering method：Numbering：GJEJF203-2008), live vibrational energy method
(the patent No.：) or indoor relative density test (specification ZL201110027333.X：DL/T5356-2006), measure earth and stone material
Maximum dry density；
(2-3) according to result of the test, the relation arranged between the Fractal dimension D of earth and stone material and extreme value dry density ρ is bent
Line, and critical values of fractal dimension is determined according to trial curve；
(3) determine the relation between earth and stone material Fractal dimension D and modulus of compressibility, specifically include following steps：
(3 1) carry out the counterweight of different-grain diameter interval earth and stone material, and enter by identical relative density standard according to (1st) step
Row sample preparation；
(3 2) carry out large-scale confined compression test according to 2006 specifications of DL/T5356 or related regulatory requirements.It is required that simulation is low
Working pressure range of the dam to the extra-high dam of 300m levels, test pressure can be classified by 0.0MPa and be continuously loaded into 6.4MPa.Per group of level
Counterweight retrial is tested 1 time, takes two groups of test mean values, calculates modulus of compressibility, to reduce the discreteness of result of the test；
(3 3) according to result of the test, arrange earth and stone material interval with the same stress modulus of compressibility of Fractal dimension D it
Between relation curve；
(4), determine the relation between the Fractal dimension D of earth and stone material and breakdown strength, cubic deformation characteristic, concrete bag
Include following steps：
(4 1) carry out the counterweight of different-grain diameter interval earth and stone material, and enter by identical relative density standard according to (1st) step
Row sample preparation；
(4-2) different confined pressure conditions are chosen, according to DL/T5356-2006 specifications or related regulatory requirements, sample is carried out
Large-scale Triaxial Experiments, record the failure by shear stress of earth and stone material sample；
(4-3) according to result of the test, the bursting stress under the conditions of Fractal dimension D and the identical confined pressure of earth and stone material is arranged
Between relation curve；
(5) using (1st), the result of the test of (2nd) step, obtain earth and stone material Fractal dimension D corresponding to level fit over
Dry density value under the conditions of different relative densities, double according to the porosity (dry density) of earth and stone material and the filled soils of relative density
Control index, and the condition of earth and stone material Fractal dimension no more than critical fractal dimension, primarily determine that the level of earth and stone material matches somebody with somebody model
Enclose；
(6) modulus of compressibility and the breakdown strength index of earth and stone material, on the basis of (5th) step, are set, by (3rd),
(4th) step result of the test, obtains the level corresponding to corresponding earth and stone material Fractal dimension D with modulus of compressibility and breakdown strength
Relation curve, according to the grading limit that (5th) step is primarily determined that, choose
The grading limit of index request, matches somebody with somebody as the target level for meeting engine request optimization.
Instance analysis
With certain engineering stockpile, as example, the present invention is further illustrated below, but protection scope of the present invention is simultaneously
Not limited to these examples.
Dacite stockpile takes from the dam shell material of certain 300m level high-tech zones domestic, carries out level by above-mentioned Optimization Steps
With optimization.
1. the relation trial curve of earth and stone material dry density and Fractal dimension D
The level for choosing 16 groups of different grain size fractal dimension Ds is matched somebody with somebody, and calculates gradation composition by formula (1) and is shown in Table 1, carries out indoor phase
To density test, test measures the extreme value dry density value of earth and stone material and the particle diameter distribution of grain composition, is also shown in Table 1 below.
1 dacite stockpile relative density test achievement of table
The dacite stockpile Fractal dimension obtained in table 1 and extreme value dry density measured value are plotted in Fig. 1.Can send out
Now as Fractal dimension increases to 2.7 by 2.1, either maximum dry density or experimental relationship, present first by
Step increases to maximum and then reduces, and there is obvious flex point, and such as maximum dry density is by 1.923g/cm3First increase to
2.311g/cm3Then 2.2.256g/cm is reduced to3；Experimental relationship is by 1.537g/cm3Increase to 1.761g/cm3Then subtract
Little to 1.67g/cm3, the level that there is optimum filling relation (maximum dry density) matches somebody with somebody, i.e., critical fractal dimension is 2.61.Analysis is former
Cause, is primarily due to the increase with Fractal dimension, and fine grained is stepped up, and grain packing relation obtains improving and causes to do
Density is improved；But when fine grained is excessively multistage with " sand " occurs, cause to fill worsening of relations, dry density declines, and causes extreme value
There is flex point in dry density curve.
2. the modulus of compressibility of earth and stone material is tested with the relation of Fractal dimension D
This compression test is carried out in the large-scale k0 testers of 800 types of TYY.Fig. 2 is compressed for dacite stockpile indoor large
Result of the test.Test takes 11 levels altogether and matches somebody with somebody, by 1.0 sample preparation of relative density.Investigate Fig. 2 (a) result of the test, its ess-strain with
Load increases the obvious nonlinear characteristic of presentation, for ease of comparative analysis, arranges moduluss of compressibility by different loading Concourse Divisions
Value.
From Fig. 2 (b), dacite stockpile shows following rule：One is which compresses with the increase of fractal dimension
The rule that modulus reduces after first increasing to a certain peak value again, the level that there is optimal compression modulus are matched somebody with somebody；Such as in the pressure of 1.6～3.2MPa
In the range of power, modulus of compressibility 62.5MPa of the stockpile as D=2.0, as the increase of D is incrementally increased, D=2.59 is to maximum
Value 213.65MPa, increases 2.41 times；When D is more than 2.6, modulus of compressibility starts to be gradually lowered, may be thin with what test grade was matched somebody with somebody
Grain content increases, particle be intended to evenly and " sand " phenomenon occur relevant；Two is that test pressure is higher, level pairing compression mould
The impact of amount is bigger.D=2.2 and 2.62 two group of level such as dacite stockpile is matched somebody with somebody, in the pressure limit of 0.8～1.6MPa
Modulus of compressibility is respectively 113.22MPa and 154.57MPa, 1.49 times for the former of the latter；3.2 are increased to when test pressure～
In the range of 6.4MPa, modulus of compressibility is respectively 130.18MPa and 321.26MPa, and the latter drastically increases to the former 2.47 times, says
Bright dam is higher, conducts oneself with dignity bigger with loads such as water pressures, and the bulk solid characteristic performance of rockfill is more abundant, level pairing modulus of compressibility
Impact is bigger, and for the high rock-fill dams for emphasizing Deformation control, the importance of its Gradation Optimization is more prominent！Three is in condition of high ground stress
Under, Fractal dimension that maximum compression modulus respective stages are matched somebody with somebody is near 2.60.
3. the failure by shear intensity of earth and stone material is tested with the relation of Fractal dimension D
In order to determine the relation between stockpile failure by shear intensity Fractal dimension D, 7 groups of dacite stockpiles are drafted
Level is matched somebody with somebody, and by 0.8 sample preparation of relative density, carries out triaxial test on the large-scale rheology triaxial shear test machine of 1000 types of LSW, tests
Confined pressure takes 0.4MPa, 0.8MPa, 1.6MPa and 3.1MPa respectively, and Fig. 3 illustrates threeaxis test results.
2 dacite stockpile level of table is matched somebody with somebody and bursting stress (kPa) relation
Table 2 and Fig. 4 are respectively the relation of Fractal dimension D and failure by shear intensity.It can be seen that, with granularity FRACTAL DIMENSION
Several increases, the failure by shear intensity of stockpile show as first increasing the trend for reducing afterwards, and maximum is located at the position of D=2.56
Put.I.e. for the stockpile sample, when grain composition meets fractal cloth, Fractal dimension is 2.56 or so, stockpile
Failure by shear maximum intensity.
4. the optimization of stockpile grain composition determines
This engineering rockfill is designed with porosity and relative density dual control index, takes design porosity 22%, designs phase
To density 0.8, according to Fig. 4, minimum particle size fractal dimension D a=2.48 is taken as level with lower envelope curve, take critical fractal dimension Dl=
2.61 envelope curve is mixed as level；The corresponding granularity point shape in position that flex point is occurred according to modulus of compressibility and failure by shear intensity curve
Dimension D is interval 2.56 2.60, and the change in the range of 2.48～2.61 is comparatively gentle, it is not necessary to adjust level with bag
The scope of line, realizes that the optimization to stockpile grain composition determines.
For envelope curve under stockpile, if considering that fine particle content is higher makes the actual blasting excavation high cost of stockpile, can adopt
It is modified with formula (II)：
D in formulak、Particle diameter and corresponding percentage composition are respectively specified.
This suboptimization takes dk=5mm,When revised level match somebody with somebody, be shown in Table 3.
3 revised level of table is matched somebody with somebody
The above is only the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is noted that for the ordinary skill people of the art
For member, on the premise of without departing from the technology of the present invention principle, some improvement and deformation can also be made, these improve and deform
Also protection scope of the present invention should be regarded as.
Claims (4)
1. a kind of earth and stone material Gradation Optimization method based on fractal theory and physical mechanics test, it is characterised in that including following
The step of：
(1) the earth and stone material level for choosing engineer applied scope different grain size fractal dimension D is matched somebody with somebody, and determines different-grain diameter interval earth and stone material
Configuration weight simultaneously carries out dispensing；
(2) relation that sets up between earth and stone material Fractal dimension D and extreme value dry density：Using live density bucket method, live energy
Amount method or indoor relative density test method, determine maximum dry density or minimum porosity, determine minimum dry according to loose windrow part
Density, determines the relation between the Fractal dimension D of earth and stone material and extreme value dry density ρ or porosity, and it is close to determine that extreme value is done
Degree or the corresponding Fractal dimension of porosity are critical values of fractal dimension；
(3) relation that sets up between earth and stone material Fractal dimension D and modulus of compressibility：By identical relative density standard system
Sample, carries out scene or indoor large compression test, determines the relation between earth and stone material Fractal dimension D and modulus of compressibility；
(4) relation that sets up between the Fractal dimension D of earth and stone material and breakdown strength：By identical relative density standard system
Sample, choose different confined pressure conditions carries out Large-scale Triaxial Experiments to sample, records the failure by shear stress maximum pressure of earth and stone material sample
Contracting cubic deformation, determines the relation between the Fractal dimension D of earth and stone material and breakdown strength；
(5) using (1st), (2nd) step result of the test, obtain earth and stone material Fractal dimension D corresponding to level fit over not homophase
To the dry density value under density conditions, according to the filled soils dual control index of the porosity and relative density of earth and stone material, and soil
Stone grit size fractal dimension is not more than the condition of critical fractal dimension, primarily determines that the grading limit of earth and stone material；
(6) modulus of compressibility and the breakdown strength index of earth and stone material, on the basis of (5th) step, are set, by (3rd), (4th)
Step result of the test, obtains pass of the level corresponding to corresponding earth and stone material Fractal dimension D with modulus of compressibility and breakdown strength
It is curve, according to the grading limit that (5th) step is primarily determined that, chooses
The grading limit of requirement, matches somebody with somebody as the target level for meeting engine request optimization.
2. a kind of earth and stone material Gradation Optimization method based on fractal theory and physical mechanics test according to claim 1,
It is characterized in that, in above-mentioned steps (1), determine that the formula of different-grain diameter interval earth and stone material counterweight is：
In formulaFor specifying the average grain diameter of grain group,For the maximum control particle diameter that research grade is matched somebody with somebody, W/W0For specifying the weight of grain group
The ratio with gross weight is measured, δ is particle diameter.
3. a kind of earth and stone material Gradation Optimization method based on fractal theory and physical mechanics test according to claim 1,
It is characterized in that, in above-mentioned steps (3), determine the concrete steps of the relation between earth and stone material Fractal dimension D and modulus of compressibility
For：
(3 1) carry out the counterweight of different-grain diameter interval earth and stone material, and carry out sample preparation by identical relative density standard；
(3 2) carry out large-scale confined compression test, it is desirable to simulate weir and arrive according to 2006 specifications of DL/T5356 or related regulatory requirements
The working pressure range on the extra-high dam of 300m levels, test pressure are classified by 0.0MPa and be continuously loaded into 6.4MPa, and per group of level is with repetition
Test 1 time, takes two groups of test mean values, calculates modulus of compressibility, to reduce the discreteness of result of the test；
(3 3) are closed between the modulus of compressibility in the Fractal dimension D and same stress interval for arranging earth and stone material according to result of the test
It is curve.
4. a kind of earth and stone material Gradation Optimization method based on fractal theory and physical mechanics test according to claim 1,
It is characterized in that, in above-mentioned steps (4), determine the concrete step of the relation between the Fractal dimension D of earth and stone material and breakdown strength
Suddenly it is：
(4 1) carry out the counterweight of different-grain diameter interval earth and stone material, and carry out sample preparation by identical relative density standard；
(4-2) different confined pressure conditions are chosen, according to DL/T5356-2006 specifications or related regulatory requirements, sample is carried out large-scale
Triaxial test, records the failure by shear stress of earth and stone material sample；
(4 3) according to result of the test, arrange earth and stone material Fractal dimension D and identical confined pressure under the conditions of bursting stress between
Relation curve.
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