CN106404215A - Design of distributed fiber sensing system based on Brillouin scattering - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a design of distributed fiber sensing system based on Brillouin scattering, belonging to the technical field of fiber sensing. The system relates to strain sensing on the one aspect and the simultaneous temperature strain and sensing on the other aspect. The Rayleigh component in the backscattered light is reinforced by a small beam of light separated from the seed light source, thereby greatly enhancing the heterodyne interference signal. An electric decoupling method is adopted to distinguish the frequency shift and intensity change of the Brillouin signal to decouple the temperature and strain. The invention further relates to a feedback control system of a photoelectric modulator. The noise caused by the instability of Brillouin scattered light polarization is eliminated by a scrambler. The normalization of Brillouin intensity is adopted to eliminate the influence of fiber transmission loss. The signal-to-noise ratio of signals is improved by a wavelet denoising method. Therefore, the whole performance of the system is improved. The system provided is suitable for long distance distributed temperature strain detection.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the design of the distributed optical fiber sensing system based on Brillouin scattering, more particularly, to utilize the two schemes of its detection strain and detection temperature and strain simultaneously.
Background technology
Distributed optical fiber sensing system based on Brillouin scattering（DTSS）Due to its unique advantage, such as sensitivity is high, electromagnetism interference and can distributed measurement temperature and strain etc. simultaneously, deep favored by people, have a wide range of applications.
Light transmits in a fiber, mainly has three kinds of rear orientation lights：Rayleigh, Brillouin and Raman, wherein Rayleigh scattering noenergy are changed, and belong to elastic scattering, no frequency displacement；Brillouin and Raman scattering all have energy conversion, belong to inelastic scattering, and are typically respectively provided with Stokes and become light splitting for two kinds with anti-Stokess.According to definition, the composition that frequency moves down is stokes light, and the composition of frequency upper shift is anti-Stokes light.The difference of Brillouin scattering and Raman scattering is that the former is a kind of scattered light based on optical phonon, had not only been acted upon by temperature changes but also strained impact, and the latter is a kind of scattered light based on optical photons, is only acted upon by temperature changes.Vast researcher has had made intensive studies to these scattering phenomenons and has been applied according to its features at present, such as optical time domain/frequency-domain reflectometer（OT/FDR）, optical time domain/frequency-domain analysiss instrument（OT/FDA）, and distributed fiberoptic sensor etc..Distributed fiberoptic sensor is based particularly on the Fibre Optical Sensor of Brillouin scattering, compared with other sensors, has its unique advantage, but simultaneously because Brillouin's rear orientation light is very little with the frequency difference of Rayleigh beacon light, about 11GHz（It is 88pm corresponding to wavelength difference）, there is very big challenge in its detection means, so remaining study hotspot at present.
Research on Brillouin scattering distributed optic fiber sensing system of the prior art includes spontaneous brillouin scattering distributed optical fiber sensing system and stimulated Brillouin scattering distributed optical fiber sensing system.
Typical spontaneous brillouin scattering distributed optical fiber sensing system is as shown in Figure 1, including light source, its output light is divided into light beam and the second bundle light, light beam enters sensor fibre through ovennodulation, light beam reverse spontaneous brillouin scattering light in a fiber mixes in outer device for detecting difference and interferes with the above-mentioned second bundle light, and detected this interference signal and analyzed by this detection means, thus obtain the change of temperature in sensor fibre and strain.
In this sensor-based system, needs separate light beam from light source and make reference light, then carry out difference interference with brillouin scattering signal, it is good that this is accomplished by performance, Brillouin's rear orientation light is separated from many rear orientation lights or is modulated reference light using the device such as acousto-optic modulator or microwave electrooptic modulator by the high light filter of price, and, wherein also there is a problem of that pulsed light pulsewidth and signal strength are conflicting, improve spatial resolution in conventional methods where or with frequency-domain analysis method, but it cannot be used for long range measurements, or only improve spatial resolution using the pulsed light of narrow spaces, but it makes transducing signal weak, follow-up signal processes more difficult.In addition, in conventional systems, light method is usually used or decouples temperature and strain using software approach, but the former is relatively costly, the latter affects response time.
International Application Serial No. PCT/JP2004/009352 discloses a kind of distributed fiberoptic sensor of utilization stimulated Brillouin scattering phenomenon, Fig. 2 is shown in which the schematic diagram being detected by stimulated Brillouin scattering, wherein it is with spontaneous brillouin scattering distributed fiberoptic sensor difference, it includes pulse radiant and continuous radiant, thus inputting detection light and exciting light respectively at the two ends of the optical fiber for detection.Such scheme can strengthen detect light Brillouin scattering in Stokes composition so that anti Stokes components weaker it might even be possible to be ignored, such that it is able to solve the contradiction of input optical pulse width and signal strength.But this system structure is complicated and installs inconvenience so that manufacturing cost increases.
Content of the invention
It is contemplated that establishing the distributed optical fiber sensing system effectively based on Brillouin scattering for the complete set.
An aspect of of the present present invention is related to a kind of distributive fiber optic strain sensor-based system, including：Light source cell, it sends the light being adapted to detect for and processing；Optical circulator, it receives the light from described light source cell, and the optical transport of reception is entered the sensor fibre for detection；And detector unit, it receives, from described optical circulator, the rear orientation light being caused by the light entering described sensor fibre, the interference light that the scattered light of a composition of the Rayleigh scattering light in described rear orientation light and Brillouin is formed is obtained by origin difference interference in described detector unit, and described interference light is converted to the signal of telecommunication, described detector unit also detects to the described signal of telecommunication, to obtain the change of strain in sensor fibre.
Another aspect of the present invention is related to a kind of distributing optical fiber sensing temperature strain sensor-based system, its light path part is consistent with aforementioned system, and circuit part is complex, signal is divided into two main roads, on the premise of eliminating LASER Light Source shakiness and line loss, measure intensity and the frequency displacement change of Brillouin scattering respectively, and then obtain temperature change and strain.
Compared to prior art, this system technically has compared with quantum jump：This system utilizes single ended input to cause Brillouin scattering, which not only simplifies system and easy for installation；This system is strengthened to the Rayleigh composition in rear orientation light so that the signal of difference interference is greatly strengthened using the tuftlet light separating from seed light source, is easy to the process of follow-up signal；This system adds scrambler, thus reducing the noise causing because the polarization state of Brillouin's rear orientation light is unstable；The method that this system employs Wavelet Denoising Method in terms of signal processing, improves the signal to noise ratio of signal；This system to differentiate frequency displacement and the Strength Changes of the deep signal of cloth reason using electrolysis coupling method, and then can decouple temperature and strain, this method reduces cost and does not interfere with response time.
Last the invention further relates to the feedback control system of electrooptic modulator.In its feedback control circuit, the output light of electrooptic modulator is separated 1% by the bonder with 99/1, enter in photodiode and change into the signal of telecommunication, then switch gate, amplifier, micro controller unit and its driving are passed through, bias voltage to adjust supply electrooptic modulator makes photodiode output current minimum, at this moment the leakage luminous power of electrooptic modulator is minimum, it will obtain optimal light pulse.The effect of switch gate is to close during pulse generation, so obtains leak light power minimum truly, improves control accuracy.
Distributed optical fiber sensing system such as Fig. 3 for detection strain.The polarized light that LASER Light Source sends is divided into two parts by polarizing coupler, it is modulated obtaining satisfactory pulsed light in the subsystem of polarized light entrance electrooptic modulator of wherein most, the various parameters of this pulsed light, such as pulsewidth, occurrence frequency etc. are determined by the electric pulse parameter of electrooptic modulator.Then this pulsed light enters in erbium-doped fiber amplifier and is amplified, and the structure of this erbium-doped fiber amplifier adopts bidirectional pumping structure, has both had higher gain, has relatively low noise again.The filtered device of light pulse after amplification enters through optical circulator after filtering the noise of erbium-doped fiber amplifier and causes Brillouin's backscatter signal in sensor fibre, this scattered signal includes Rayleigh scattering light, Brillouin scattering and Raman diffused light, distant due to Raman diffused light and Rayleigh scattering light, about differ 100nm, then Raman diffused light can be filtered by common wave filter, so Rayleigh scattering light and Brillouin scattering are mixed in photo-coupler with the sub-fraction light isolated from LASER Light Source so that Rayleigh scattering light composition is strengthened；Mixed light enters in photodetector and carries out origin difference interference, can obtain the about heterodyne interference signal of 11GHz.This signal of telecommunication, after amplifier and wave filter, carries out power distribution in power splitter, and a road is directly entered in microwave detector, and high-frequency signal is changed into low frequency signal, enters in capture card and carry out data acquisition process after being then passed through low-frequency amplifier；Another road first passes through a frequency-strength converter, the difference of frequency is converted into the difference of intensity, and then enters in microwave detector, and high-frequency signal is converted into low frequency signal, enters in capture card and carry out data acquisition process after being then passed through low-frequency amplifier.Two paths of signals just both can obtain Brillouin shift through certain process and can also eliminate due to the impact of LASER Light Source shakiness or line loss etc..
Distributed optical fiber sensing system such as Fig. 4 for detection temperature simultaneously and strain.The polarized light that LASER Light Source sends is divided into two parts by polarizing coupler, it is modulated obtaining satisfactory pulsed light in the subsystem of polarized light entrance electrooptic modulator of wherein most, the various parameters of this pulsed light, such as pulsewidth, occurrence frequency etc. control decision by the electric pulse of electrooptic modulator.Then this pulsed light enters in erbium-doped fiber amplifier and is amplified, and the structure of this erbium-doped fiber amplifier adopts bidirectional pumping structure, has both had higher gain, has relatively low noise again.The filtered device of light pulse after amplification enters after leaching the noise of erbium-doped fiber amplifier and optical circulator and causes Brillouin's backscatter signal in sensor fibre, this scattered signal includes Rayleigh scattering light, Brillouin scattering and Raman diffused light, distant due to Raman diffused light and Rayleigh scattering light, about differ 100nm, then Raman diffused light can be filtered by common wave filter, then Rayleigh scattering light and Brillouin scattering first pass through photo-coupler and are divided into two-beam, wherein in 1. road, the light of fraction enters in the photodetector of low frequency, enter in data collecting card through low pass filter and amplifier again, processed；In addition most light is mixed in photo-coupler with light out in LASER Light Source so that Rayleigh scattering light composition is strengthened；Mixed light enters in photodetector and carries out origin difference interference, can obtain the about heterodyne interference signal of 11GHz.This signal of telecommunication, after amplifier and wave filter, carries out power distribution, a road in power splitter（2. road）It is directly entered in microwave detector, high-frequency signal is changed into low frequency signal, enter in capture card after being then passed through low-frequency amplifier and carry out data acquisition process；Another road（3. road）First pass through a frequency-strength converter, the difference of frequency is converted into the difference of intensity, and then enter in microwave detector, high-frequency signal is converted into low frequency signal, enter in capture card after being then passed through low-frequency amplifier and carry out（Data acquisition process.1. the light intensity variable quantity that 2. two-way can get Brillouin's rear orientation light through certain process can eliminate due to the impact of LASER Light Source shakiness or line loss etc. simultaneously；And the frequency displacement that 2. 3. two paths of signals just can obtain Brillouin's rear orientation light through certain process can also eliminate due to the impact of LASER Light Source shakiness or line loss etc. simultaneously.In addition need illustratively, the splitting ratio of selected bonder here, it is to obtain brillouin scattering signal good enough, and then obtain stronger subsequent treatment signal.
There is unstable polarization state in Brillouin scattering, thus can reduce the signal to noise ratio of signal, and therefore we add scrambler in systems（As Figure 12）To avoid the unstable polarization state of Brillouin's rear orientation light.The operation principle of scrambler is it is simply that by by the polarized light of scrambler, constantly change its polarization state (SOP) with higher speed, thus in overall time section, its resultant effect loses polarization characteristic.That is, in some moment it or the polarized light that degree of polarization (DOP) is 1, but from average time, it is exactly the non-polarized light that DOP is 0.Flashlight is made to lose polarization effect on the whole using scrambler, system is more stable, and signal to noise ratio is greatly improved.
In order to obtain better signal, the primary signal that we collect to capture card has carried out Wavelet Denoising Method process.Continuous wavelet transform is defined as
, wherein:Ψ (x) is wavelet mother function, WTx(a, b) corresponds to f（x）In family of functions Ψa,bDecomposition on (x)；A, b are respectively contraction-expansion factor and shift factor；Ψ* a,bX () is Ψa,bThe conjugate function of (x).Afterwards by f（x）Discrete chemical conversion discrete serieses, a, b are also carried out discretization, become wavelet transform.Signals and associated noises can be represented with following formula：s(k)=f(k)+ε*e（k）, wherein f (k) is actual signal, e（k）For noise signal, s (k) is signals and associated noises.Generally, useful signal is low frequency signal or relatively stationary signal, and noise is usually expressed as high-frequency signal, and Wavelet Denoising Method is exactly by the process of the high-frequency signal suppression in signal.The present invention selects sym5 small echo, the low frequency coefficient under each yardstick obtaining after wavelet transform function wavedec carries out the wavelet decomposition that yardstick is 5 and high frequency coefficient.Then the threshold value quantizing of wavelet decomposition high frequency coefficient：Select thselect function to realize signal threshold value to obtain, the selection of threshold value meets, wherein σnIt is noise criteria variance, N is the length of signal.Wden function is selected to realize the threshold denoising of signal.Finally carry out wavelet reconstruction：Waverec function is selected to realize the reconstruct of signal.Through wavelet analysises, the noise of signal substantially reduces, and signal to noise ratio is obviously improved, as shown in figure 13.
Brief description
Fig. 1 shows the structural representation of spontaneous brillouin scattering distributed fiberoptic sensor in prior art.
Fig. 2 shows the structural representation of stimulated Brillouin scattering distributed fiberoptic sensor in prior art.
Fig. 3 shows the structural representation of the Brillouin scattering distributive fiber optic strain sensor-based system according to the present invention.
Fig. 4 shows the Brillouin scattering distributed fiber optic temperature strain sensing system schematic according to the present invention.
Fig. 5 is the schematic diagram of a subsystem of electrooptic modulator control of the distributed optical fiber sensing system according to the present invention.
Fig. 6 is the difference interference high-frequency signal obtaining on spectrum analyzer.
On the sensor fibre that Fig. 7 assumes that along fiber-optic transfer back scattering intensity variation curve chart.
Fig. 8 is along the curve chart after the back scattering intensity variation normalization of fiber-optic transfer on sensor fibre.
Fig. 9 is the back scattering intensity variation normalized gain curve chart on sensor fibre along fiber-optic transfer.
Figure 10 allows for straining the rear orientation light intensity variation curve figure along fiber-optic transfer on the sensor fibre affecting.
Figure 11 be eliminate the impact of fiber transmission attenuation etc. and only because the change curve of back scattering light intensity that causes of strain.
Figure 12 is the system light path schematic diagram adding around inclined device.
Figure 13 is the signal comparison curvess before and after Wavelet Denoising Method.
Specific embodiment
1. distributive fiber optic strain sensor-based system（Fig. 3）
Assume electromagnetic field and the Brillouin of Reyleith scanttering light（Stokes composition）The electromagnetic field of light is as follows：
(1)
Wherein R represents Reyleith scanttering light, and B represents Brillouin light.
So output light electric current is
(2)
In formula（2）In, there are four subitems, correspond to four frequency contents respectively.Due to the physical process of high frequency photo-detector, first two is dc power item, depending on the spectral response characteristic of detector, two are different from first two afterwards, it is time change item, is not dependent on the spectral response characteristic of detector, and depends on the frequency response characteristic of detector.Because ωR+ωBToo high, photo-detector can not respond thereto.The spectral response characteristic of the high frequency photo-detector for 10KHz-12GHz and frequency response characteristic therefore due to frequency band, we can obtain relationship below：
(3)
So we can obtain the heterodyne interference signal with Rayleigh scattering and Brillouin scattering from the output of high frequency photo-detector（We term it origin difference interference）Corresponding AC signal, the frequency of this AC signal is determined by Brillouin shift.Fig. 6 is the output signal of the high frequency photo-detector obtaining on spectrum analyzer.Then through overfrequency-strength converter, the change of frequency is converted into the change of intensity again, afterwards through microwave detector, is converted into low frequency signal, enters in data collecting card and processed.Within the system, the path fluctuations functioning as reference, eliminating the light intensity causing due to factors such as flashing or line losses 1..According to the path 1. signal with path 2. two-way, we just can obtain only because the intensity variation that causes of Brillouin shift change.Then, we, in the case of supposing known to temperature, can get, by detecting the change of Brillouin shift, the strain that sensor fibre is perceived.
The normalization of Brillouin's intensity
1) from path 1. light intensity relation such as Fig. 7 over time of obtaining；
2) normalization（Fig. 8）；
3) normalized gain（Fig. 9）, correct curve to compensate the optical fiber transmission loss or to bend equal loss；
4) from path 2. the relevant signal message that obtains, as shown in Figure 10；
5）According to 3）With 4）, we can obtain due to straining the change of the Brillouin's intensity causing not affected by fiber transmission attenuation etc..As shown in figure 11.
2. distributed fiber optic temperature strain sensing system（Fig. 4）
Obtaining of Brillouin shift change is consistent with the description of above-mentioned distributive fiber optic strain sensor-based system, within the system simultaneously, by increasing the analysis of a road signal of telecommunication, we just can obtain the change of Brillouin shift and the change of intensity simultaneously, and then can obtain temperature change and the strain of sensor fibre perception.
The Brillouin shift set up in 1998 according to Toshio Kurashima et al., Strength Changes and temperature, the relational expression of strain and its utilize the Brillouin intensity that the incident illumination of 1550nm causes in single-mode fiber, frequency displacement and temperature, strain between coefficient of relationship：
Understand, the change of the caused Brillouin scattering light intensity of strain is very faint, little 3 orders of magnitude of change of the Brillouin scattering light intensity causing than temperature, so the change of Brillouin scattering light intensity that negligible strain causes.So in actual applications, the changing value of temperature can be obtained by Brillouin scattering light intensity, the then change of the change further according to Brillouin shift and temperature obtains the strain that sensor fibre is experienced.
During test Brillouin scattering intensity variation, have a problem that, that is, identify that the change of this scattered light intensity is caused by measurand change, or unstable or caused due to welding or the micro-bend fiber transmission attenuation causing by laser instrument.Fortunately, Rayleigh scattering light is insensitive for the change of temperature, but it can reflect the fibre loss causing due to other reasonses.So, in view of the ratio of Brillouin scattering and Rayleigh scattering light intensity, you can to eliminate fibre loss.This ratio, referred to as Landau
Placzek ratio（LPR）, solve the problems, such as the temperature survey of DTSS.Rayleigh scattering light intensity and Brillouin two composition（Stokes light and anti-Stokes light）The ratio of intensity summation is initially to be directed to fluid by Landau and Placzek to propose in 1934.Give LPR in Schroeder in 1973 et al. for the glass of single component,, wherein ρ is density, VAIt is sound wave, βrIt is to suppose temperature（Tf）Lower melting isothermal compressibility, T is temperature.It is assumed that temperature TfIt is that hot dynamic density fluctuation in the molten state is frozen into vitreous temperature.Above formula shows that LPR is inversely proportional to temperature, and even Rayleigh scattering light intensity is certain, and Brillouin scattering light intensity is directly proportional to temperature.For multicomponent glass, such as optical fiber, above-mentioned equation must be made and being correspondingly improved, to explain the localised waving of composition.Schroeder
Corresponding explanation is made that for binary system, it to represent, by increased other one, the scattering causing due to composition fluctuation,, whereinIt is the scattering being caused due to density fluctuation, andIt is the scattering being caused due to composition fluctuation.But it is important that LRP is still set up with the inversely prroportional relationship of temperature.
Because the variable density that temperature causes is very little, can be ignored.The velocity of sound, wherein E, k, ρ are Young's moduluss, Poisson's ratio and Media density respectively, E and k has relation with temperature, lead to the velocity of sound to have little positive temperature coefficient.But the inverse proportion temperature coefficient of LPR is the principal element determining temperature, Bansal and Doremus confirms this relation.
In spontaneous brillouin scattering, Brillouin scattering 20dB weaker than Rayleigh scattering light, thereforeIn Brillouin's composition fainter it is possible to be ignored, then direct current component is changed into, the peak value of AC portion is, then pseudo- Landau Placzek ratio is（Why it is referred to as pseudo- Landau Placzek ratio, be because that it is not on all four with the LPR of Landau and Placzek definition.
If in order to strengthen origin heterodyne interference signal, the light extracting 2% at LASER Light Source out to strengthen signal, then the E in AC portionRIncluding two parts, a part be release from light source 2% light, be set to Eo, another part is Rayleigh scattering light, and this two parts compares, and its Rayleigh scattering is just quite faint, can approximately ignore, so the peak value of AC portion is, direct current component remains, then pseudo- Landau Placzek ratio is, EoFor constant, then RRBDetermined by the ratio of Rayleigh and Brillouin scattering, thus eliminating the need transmission, welding or the micro-bend scattering light loss causing.
By the improvement of the system hardware and software, improve the performance of system on the whole, being capable of the effectively temperature of monitoring of environmental and strain in real time.
Claims (9)
1. a kind of completely effective distributed optical fiber sensing system based on Brillouin scattering, its feature includes：Realize optical fiber single ended input non-excited Brillouin temperature strain online real-time synchronization sensing using the technology that brand-new seed light source beam splitting method strengthens heterodyne interference signal it is characterised in that：Narrow-band light source output light is divided into two-way, entrance sensor fibre is amplified through ovennodulation in one tunnel, the Brillouin light returning from sensor fibre is mixed outer device for detecting difference with another road signal and interferes, interference signal eventually passes capture card gathered data through amplification filtering and carries out data processing, solution decoupling temperature and strain in host computer；Electrooptic modulator adopts feedback control system；The noise eliminating the unstable of Brillouin scattering polarization state using scrambler and causing；Normalization method using Brillouin's intensity eliminates the impact of fiber transmission attenuation；Method using Wavelet Denoising Method improves the signal to noise ratio of signal；Thus improve the overall performance of system.
2. according to described in claim 1 completely effectively the distributed optical fiber sensing system based on Brillouin scattering it is characterised in that：By electrical signal detection is carried out to the interference signal of Brillouin's rear orientation light, it is possible to obtain the change of strain in sensor fibre, Brillouin scattering light intensity is recorded by circuit and the change of frequency displacement can obtain sensor fibre temperature and the change of strain simultaneously.
3. according to described in claim 1 completely effectively the distributed optical fiber sensing system based on Brillouin scattering it is characterised in that：Seed light source is narrow linewidth light source.
4. according to described in claim 1 completely effectively the distributed optical fiber sensing system based on Brillouin scattering it is characterised in that：System is strengthened so that heterodyne interference signal is greatly strengthened to the Ruili composition in rear orientation light using the tuftlet light separating from light source.
5. according to described in claim 1 completely effectively the distributed optical fiber sensing system based on Brillouin scattering it is characterised in that：Method using electrolysis coupling differentiates Brillouin shift and Strength Changes, the AC signal corresponding with the heterodyne interference signal of Rayleigh scattering and Brillouin scattering is obtained from the output of high frequency photo-detector, the frequency of this AC signal is determined by Brillouin shift, devises hypotenuse wave filter to demodulate temperature strain parameter.
6. according to described in claim 1 completely effectively the distributed optical fiber sensing system based on Brillouin scattering it is characterised in that：The polarization state unstability of Brillouin's rear orientation light is to rely on to be added in scrambler after circulator to eliminate.
7. according to described in claim 1 completely effectively the distributed optical fiber sensing system based on Brillouin scattering it is characterised in that：The feedback control system of electrooptic modulator is entered into and is changed into the signal of telecommunication in photodiode using 1% light that manipulator branches away, thus adjusting the bias voltage of electrooptic modulator to obtain optimal light pulse.
8. according to described in claim 1 completely effectively the distributed optical fiber sensing system based on Brillouin scattering it is characterised in that：Because the change of strain or Brillouin's intensity of causing of temperature is not finally subject to the normalization method that the impact of fiber transmission attenuation is due to employing Brillouin's intensity.
9. according to described in claim 1 completely effectively the distributed optical fiber sensing system based on Brillouin scattering it is characterised in that：Wavelet Denoising Method have selected wden wavelet basis function, has carried out 5 layers of decomposition.
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