CN106311582A - Coating method for lightweight automobile body and lightweight automobile body - Google Patents
Coating method for lightweight automobile body and lightweight automobile body Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN106311582A CN106311582A CN201610847745.0A CN201610847745A CN106311582A CN 106311582 A CN106311582 A CN 106311582A CN 201610847745 A CN201610847745 A CN 201610847745A CN 106311582 A CN106311582 A CN 106311582A
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- white
- coating
- coating process
- aluminium alloy
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D7/14—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials to metal, e.g. car bodies
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D3/10—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by other chemical means
- B05D3/102—Pretreatment of metallic substrates
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D7/50—Multilayers
- B05D7/56—Three layers or more
- B05D7/58—No clear coat specified
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D2202/00—Metallic substrate
- B05D2202/20—Metallic substrate based on light metals
- B05D2202/25—Metallic substrate based on light metals based on Al
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D2350/00—Pretreatment of the substrate
- B05D2350/60—Adding a layer before coating
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to the field of automobiles, in particular to a coating method for a lightweight automobile body. The coating method for the lightweight automobile body comprises the following steps that firstly, an aluminum alloy white automobile body is put into an electrolyte of a sulfuric acid system, and an oxide film is formed; secondly, the aluminum alloy white automobile body with the formed oxide film is put into passivation liquid, and a passivation layer is formed, or the aluminum alloy white automobile body with the formed oxide film is input into water at the temperature of 95 DEG C to 98 DEG C to be sealed; and thirdly, the aluminum alloy white automobile body with the formed passivation layer or the closed aluminum alloy white automobile body is coated with sealing glue, a stone crash resisting coating and a damping material. Coating of paint and high-temperature baking are avoided as much as possible in the whole process, and the emission of VOC and dioxide carbon is greatly reduced. In addition, the method is simple, the technological process of coating is simplified, and the producing cost is reduced.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to automotive field, particularly to coating process and the lightweight vehicle body of a kind of lightweight vehicle body.
Background technology
Painting dressing automobiles refers to the body of a motor car surface of coatings to cleaning, the technique of drying film forming.It is mainly made
With being protection and decoration, make vehicle body UV resistant, corrosion-resistant, scratch resistance, anti-stone hit ability and strengthen, extend the use longevity of vehicle body
Life.
Along with the development of automotive light weight technology technology, aluminium alloy body in white coordinates the vehicle body of nonmetal covering to be increasingly subject to
Favor.For this type of vehicle body, traditional coating process that most auto vendors use:
(1) pretreatment to the coating: body of being hired a car by aluminium alloy carries out prerinse, pre-defat, defat, once spray successively, once soaks
Accumulated water is washed, table is adjusted, phosphatization, secondary spraying are washed, double-steeping is washed, be passivated, three pure water are washed, overturn dewatering.
(2) electrophoresis, forms electrophoretic primer layer, makes automotive coatings obtain durability and corrosion resistance.
(3) being coated with in, form floating coat, floating coat has the well attached adhesion with electrophoretic primer and finish paint film, resistance to
Bursting apart property, against weather, improve finish paint opacifying property functional with high grade appearance.
(4) coating colored paint, i.e. carries coloured finish paint, can be that vehicle body gives color, have decoration function.
(5) varnish coating, provides gloss and protection for vehicle body.
(6) nonmetal covering, such as engine correcting, car door etc. are carried out the process of priming paint and finish paint.
Above-mentioned coating process, method is complicated, needs to be used for multiple times paint vehicle, also needs at 140～180 DEG C after coating paint vehicle
Toast, not only consume energy high but also produce a large amount of benzene class volatile matter.
How to reduce application power consumption, reduce pollution from coatings and become the theme of coating process development.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is to provide the coating process of a kind of lightweight body of a motor car, and method is simple, fall
Low VOC and CO2 emission, reduce production cost.
The invention discloses the coating process of a kind of lightweight vehicle body, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps:
(A) by aluminium alloy body in white in the electrolyte of sulfuric acid system, oxidation film is formed；
(B) the aluminium alloy body in white after forming oxidation film is placed in passivating solution, forms passivation layer；
Or the aluminium alloy body in white after forming oxide-film is placed in the water of 95～98 DEG C to be closed；
(C) to aluminium alloy body in white coating fluid sealant, stone-impact-proof paint and the damping material after forming passivation layer or closing
Material.
Preferably, described step (A) particularly as follows:
With aluminium alloy body in white as anode, aluminium sheet or stereotype, as negative electrode, in sulfuric acid system electrolyte, carry out electricity
Solve, form oxidation film；
Sulfuric acid concentration in described electrolyte is 130～220g/L, and aluminium composition is less than 20g/L.
Preferably, the thickness of described oxidation film is 15～25 μm.
Preferably, described passivating solution does not contains chromium ion.
Preferably, described in time of being placed in passivating solution be 1～2 minute, the temperature of described passivating solution is 35～45 DEG C.
Preferably, in described step (C), described close time pH value be 5.5～6.5, the time of described closing be 20～
30 minutes.
Preferably, described damping material is low-temperature setting damping glue, and the solidification temperature of described low-temperature setting damping glue is less than
65℃。
Preferably, the solidification temperature of described fluid sealant and stone-impact-proof paint is 10～40 DEG C.
Preferably, also including processing the nonmetal covering in body of a motor car, the method for described process is:
To nonmetal covering successively primer coating, colored paint and finishing varnish.
The invention also discloses a kind of lightweight body of a motor car, method described in technique scheme process and obtain.
Compared with prior art, the coating process of the present invention comprises the following steps:
(A) by aluminium alloy body in white in the electrolyte of sulfuric acid system, oxidation film is formed；
(B) the aluminium alloy body in white after forming oxidation film is placed in passivating solution, forms passivation layer；
Or the aluminium alloy body in white after forming oxide-film is placed in the water of 95～98 DEG C to be closed；
(C) the aluminium alloy body in white after forming passivation layer or closing is coated fluid sealant, stone-impact-proof paint and resistance successively
Damping material.
Aluminium alloy body in white need not be carried out the early stage process of complexity and the coated of lacquer painting by the coating process of the present invention
Journey, only pass through oxidation, be passivated or close and fluid sealant, stone-impact-proof paint, the coating of damping material can be completed for
The process of aluminium alloy body in white, method is simple, simplifies the technological process of application, reduces manufacturing cost.Aluminum is closed by the present invention
First gold body in white carries out oxidation processes, formation hardness height, corrosion resistance and good insulating, the oxygen that high temperature resistant, chemical stability is high
Compound film, is then passed through passivation, reduces the porosity of oxidation film；Or close through hot water, form hydrated alumina film, make
Oxide-film volumetric expansion, surface apertures diminishes, and closes fenestra, so that metal body part has preferable anticorrosive property and resistance to
Hou Xing.Whole process is avoided coating paint vehicle and high-temperature baking as far as possible, greatly reduces the discharge capacity of VOC and carbon dioxide.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 represents the schematic flow sheet of lightweight car body coating method of the present invention.
Detailed description of the invention
In order to be further appreciated by the present invention, below in conjunction with embodiment, the preferred embodiment of the invention is described, but
Should be appreciated that these describe simply as to further illustrate the features and advantages of the present invention rather than to the claims in the present invention
Limit.
Embodiment of the invention discloses that the coating process of a kind of lightweight vehicle body, comprise the following steps:
(A) by aluminium alloy body in white in the electrolyte of sulfuric acid system, oxidation film is formed；
(B) the aluminium alloy body in white after forming oxidation film is placed in passivating solution, forms passivation layer；
Or the aluminium alloy body in white after forming oxide-film is placed in the water of 95～98 DEG C to be closed；
(C) the aluminium alloy body in white after forming passivation layer or closing is coated fluid sealant, stone-impact-proof paint and resistance successively
Damping material.
The lightweight vehicle body that the present invention is directed to includes aluminium alloy body in white and nonmetal covering.Aluminium alloy body in white refers to
Complete welding but vehicle body before non-application, do not include the movement parts such as car door, bonnet.Described aluminium alloy body in white need not be carried out
Such as the coating of the paint vehicles such as priming paint, finish paint, varnish, i.e. can reach the effect that anti-corrosive properties are good, weatherability is strong.Described aluminium alloy body in white
Preferably through grinding process, the pretreatment to the coatings such as defat, table tune, phosphatization need not be carried out.
According to the present invention, first by aluminium alloy body in white in the electrolyte of sulfuric acid system, form oxidation film.Preferably
, method particularly includes:
With aluminium alloy body in white as anode, aluminium sheet or stereotype, as negative electrode, in sulfuric acid system electrolyte, carry out electricity
Solve, form oxidation film；
Sulfuric acid concentration in described electrolyte is 130～220g/L (with pH-meters), and aluminium composition is less than
20g/L。
In described electrolytic process, temperature is preferably 13～26 DEG C, and voltage is preferably 12～28V, and electric current density is preferably 0.8
～2.5A/dm2, the time of electrolysis is preferably 10～60 minutes.The area ratio of anode and cathode is preferably 1～1.5:1.At electrolytic process
In, it is also possible to it is preferably added compressed air stirring.
The thickness of the described oxidation film formed is preferably 15～25 μm, more preferably 20 μm.Described oxidation film hardness
High, corrosion resistance and good insulating, high temperature resistant, chemical stability is higher.
According to the present invention, after forming oxidation film, the aluminium alloy body in white after forming oxidation film is placed in passivating solution,
Form passivation layer.Currently preferred employing is without the passivating solution of chromium ion, it is to avoid pollute.Described passivating solution is preferably
The aqueous solution of Alodine2040, the weight/mass percentage composition of Alodine2040 is 1～2wt%.Described be placed in passivating solution time
Between be 1～2 minute, the temperature of described passivating solution is 35～45 DEG C, preferably 38～42 DEG C.Through this process, through oxide-film
Hole further aluminium oxide alloy body in white matrix, form finer and close passivating film, reduce porosity.
According to the present invention, after forming oxidation film, it is also possible to the aluminium alloy body in white after oxide-film being formed be placed in 95～
The water of 98 DEG C is closed.PH value during described closing is preferably 5.5～6.5, and the time of described closing is preferably 20～30
Minute.The described water used when closing is preferably deionized water or distilled water, affects sealing effect with avoid other ions.
Through described sealing treatment, make the oxide-film on surface generate hydration reaction, generate hydrated alumina, be oxide-film volumetric expansion,
Surface apertures diminishes, thus closes pore membrane.
According to the present invention, after completing to close, aluminium alloy body in white is coated successively fluid sealant, stone-impact-proof paint and damping material
Material, i.e. completes to process for the application of aluminium alloy body in white.
Fluid sealant is coated on bodywork parts lap gap part, particularly has the welding position of seal request, plays sealing
Effect.Can coat fluid sealant to use craft or mechanically spraying mode, the thickness of fluid sealant is preferably 3～5 millimeters.The present invention
The fluid sealant that preferably uses solidification temperature to be 10～40 DEG C, described fluid sealant achieves low-temperature setting, it is to avoid high-temperature baking
Process, Simplified flowsheet, reduces production cost.Silicone rubber kinds fluid sealant elected as by described fluid sealant, including following components:
Described stone-impact-proof paint is coated on car floor lower surface, longeron, suspension swing arm bottom etc. and is highly prone to stone and hits and damage
The position of wound.The stone-impact-proof paint that described stone-impact-proof paint preferably uses solidification temperature to be 10～40 DEG C, more preferably Lord
The anti-stone of Fusor 802～806HD hits silanes coating.Described stone-impact-proof paint achieves low-temperature setting, it is to avoid high-temperature baking
Process, Simplified flowsheet, reduces production cost.
Described damping material is coated on the positions such as car floor, front-back wall, in order to damping noise abatement.Described damping material is preferred
Using solidification temperature is the damping material of 10～40 DEG C, it achieves low-temperature setting, it is to avoid high-temperature baking process, simplifies work
Skill, reduces production cost.Described damping material preferably includes following components:
The coating process of lightweight vehicle body of the present invention, except the aluminium alloy body in white included described in technique scheme
Application outside, the most also include the application of nonmetal covering.The application of nonmetal covering ensure that lightweight vehicle body
Aesthetic property.
Described nonmetal covering includes the non bearing structures such as bonnet, car door, covering for roofs, luggage-boot lid.Described non-gold
The processing method belonging to covering is preferably:
To nonmetal covering successively primer coating, colored paint and finishing varnish.
The coating method of described nonmetal covering preferably uses powder coating.Described priming paint and finishing varnish are preferably
Infrared melted, the powdery paints of ultra-violet curing.
Described priming paint preferably includes following components:
The method of primer coating is preferably: use the method for powder spray that priming paint is coated in nonmetal covering material surface, and 2
～4 the infrared medium wave of μm process 3～5 minutes, 3000～4600mJ/cm2Ultra-violet curing 3～10min.
Coating for colored paint can be carried out according to existing method.
Described finishing varnish preferably includes following components:
The method of coating finishing varnish is preferably: uses the method for powder spray to be coated in by finishing varnish and is coated with the non-of colored paint
Metallic cover surface, 2～4 μm infrared medium waves process 3～5 minutes, 1000～2000mJ/cm2Ultra-violet curing 3～10min.
Embodiments of the invention also disclose a kind of lightweight body of a motor car, method described in technique scheme process
Arrive.
In order to be further appreciated by the present invention, below in conjunction with the coating process of the lightweight vehicle body that the present invention is provided by embodiment
Describing in detail with row, protection scope of the present invention is not limited by the following examples.
Embodiment 1
(1) for the application of aluminium alloy body in white:
With aluminium alloy body in white as anode, aluminium sheet or stereotype, as negative electrode, in sulfuric acid system electrolyte, carry out electricity
Solve, form oxidation film；
Sulfuric acid concentration in described electrolyte is 150g/L (with pH-meter), and aluminium composition is less than 20g/L.
To form the aluminium alloy body in white after oxidation film and be placed in temperature is in 40 DEG C of passivating solutions 1 minute, forms passivation layer,
Passivating solution is the aqueous solution of Alodine2040, and the weight/mass percentage composition of Alodine2040 is 1wt%.
Mechanically spraying fluid sealant, after room temperature (10～40 DEG C) solidification, sprays stone-impact-proof paint, and room temperature (10～40 DEG C) solidifies
After, spray damping material, the 65 DEG C of implemented below solidifications of described damping material.
(2) for the application of nonmetal covering:
Priming paint is coated in nonmetal covering material surface by the method using powder spray, and the 2～4 infrared medium waves of μm process 5 points
Clock, 3000～4600mJ/cm2Ultra-violet curing 3min.
Coating colored paint, and baking-curing.
Finishing varnish is coated in the nonmetal covering material surface being coated with colored paint by the method using powder spray, and 2～4 μm are red
Outer medium wave process 5 minutes, 1000～2000mJ/cm2Ultra-violet curing 3min.
Embodiment 2
(1) for the application of aluminium alloy body in white:
With aluminium alloy body in white as anode, aluminium sheet or stereotype, as negative electrode, in sulfuric acid system electrolyte, carry out electricity
Solve, form oxidation film；
Sulfuric acid concentration in described electrolyte is 150g/L (with pH-meter), and aluminium composition is less than 20g/L.
Aluminium alloy body in white after forming oxidation film is placed in 95～98 DEG C, carries out closing 20 points in the water of pH value 5.5
Clock.
Mechanically spraying fluid sealant, after room temperature (10～40 DEG C) solidification, sprays stone-impact-proof paint, and room temperature (10～40 DEG C) solidifies
After, spray damping material, the 65 DEG C of implemented below solidifications of described damping material.
(2) for the application of nonmetal covering:
Priming paint is coated in nonmetal covering material surface by the method using powder spray, and the 2～4 infrared medium waves of μm process 5 points
Clock, 3000～4600mJ/cm2Ultra-violet curing 3min.
Coating colored paint, and baking-curing.
Finishing varnish is coated in the nonmetal covering material surface being coated with colored paint by the method using powder spray, and 2～4 μm are red
Outer medium wave process 5 minutes, 1000～2000mJ/cm2Ultra-violet curing 3min.Test data
According to QC-T732-2005 passenger car strengthening corrosion tests, the lightweight vehicle body after processing is carried out anticorrosive
Property test.
The corrosion class of the lightweight vehicle body after embodiment 1 and embodiment 2 process is respectively 0 grade and 1 grade, according to existing skill
The corrosion class of the vehicle body after art process is 1 grade.
Therefore, the lightweight vehicle body that the coating process of the application processes is compared with the vehicle body after prior art process, anti-
Basic simlarity in corrosive nature, even better.
The explanation of above example is only intended to help to understand method and the core concept thereof of the present invention.It is right to it should be pointed out that,
For those skilled in the art, under the premise without departing from the principles of the invention, it is also possible to the present invention is carried out
Some improvement and modification, these improve and modify in the protection domain also falling into the claims in the present invention.
Described above to the disclosed embodiments, makes professional and technical personnel in the field be capable of or uses the present invention.
Multiple amendment to these embodiments will be apparent from for those skilled in the art, as defined herein
General Principle can realize without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention in other embodiments.Therefore, the present invention
It is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, and is to fit to and principles disclosed herein and features of novelty phase one
The widest scope caused.
Claims (10)
1. the coating process of a lightweight vehicle body, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps:
(A) by aluminium alloy body in white in the electrolyte of sulfuric acid system, oxidation film is formed；
(B) the aluminium alloy body in white after forming oxidation film is placed in passivating solution, forms passivation layer；
Or the aluminium alloy body in white after forming oxide-film is placed in the water of 95～98 DEG C to be closed；
(C) to aluminium alloy body in white coating fluid sealant, stone-impact-proof paint and the damping material after forming passivation layer or closing.
Coating process the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described step (A) particularly as follows:
With aluminium alloy body in white as anode, aluminium sheet or stereotype, as negative electrode, in sulfuric acid system electrolyte, are electrolysed, shape
Become oxidation film；
Sulfuric acid concentration in described electrolyte is 130～220g/L, and aluminium composition is less than 20g/L.
Coating process the most according to claim 2, it is characterised in that the thickness of described oxidation film is 15～25 μm.
Coating process the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described passivating solution does not contains chromium ion.
Coating process the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described in time of being placed in passivating solution be 1～2 point
Clock, the temperature of described passivating solution is 35～45 DEG C.
Coating process the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that in described step (C), pH value during described closing is
5.5～6.5, the time of described closing is 20～30 minutes.
Coating process the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described damping material is low-temperature setting damping glue, institute
State the solidification temperature of low-temperature setting damping glue less than 65 DEG C.
Coating process the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the solidification temperature of described fluid sealant and stone-impact-proof paint
Degree is 10～40 DEG C.
9. according to the coating process described in claim 1～8 any one, it is characterised in that also include in body of a motor car
Nonmetal covering processes, and the method for described process is:
To nonmetal covering successively primer coating, colored paint and finishing varnish.
10. a lightweight body of a motor car, is processed by method described in claim 1～9 any one and obtains.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201610847745.0A CN106311582A (en) | 2016-09-23 | 2016-09-23 | Coating method for lightweight automobile body and lightweight automobile body |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201610847745.0A CN106311582A (en) | 2016-09-23 | 2016-09-23 | Coating method for lightweight automobile body and lightweight automobile body |
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| CN201610847745.0A Pending CN106311582A (en) | 2016-09-23 | 2016-09-23 | Coating method for lightweight automobile body and lightweight automobile body |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109284582A (en) * | 2018-11-23 | 2019-01-29 | 重庆长安汽车股份有限公司 | A kind of vehicle body pitch damping glue lightweight optimizing method for disposing |
| CN109304287A (en) * | 2018-11-30 | 2019-02-05 | 沈阳帕卡濑精有限总公司 | A kind of pre-treating technology suitable for vehicle factor high alumina mixing vehicle body |
| CN113320621A (en) * | 2021-07-21 | 2021-08-31 | 湖北航特装备制造股份有限公司 | Assembled low-pressure cast aluminum alloy auxiliary frame and preparation process thereof |
| CN113441375A (en) * | 2021-06-25 | 2021-09-28 | 东风汽车集团股份有限公司 | Coating structure of automobile body and preparation method thereof |
| CN114774903A (en) * | 2022-03-29 | 2022-07-22 | 浙江工业大学 | Zirconium-titanium-based composite passivation solution suitable for chromium-free passivation of aluminum alloy and passivation process |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109284582A (en) * | 2018-11-23 | 2019-01-29 | 重庆长安汽车股份有限公司 | A kind of vehicle body pitch damping glue lightweight optimizing method for disposing |
| CN109304287A (en) * | 2018-11-30 | 2019-02-05 | 沈阳帕卡濑精有限总公司 | A kind of pre-treating technology suitable for vehicle factor high alumina mixing vehicle body |
| CN113441375A (en) * | 2021-06-25 | 2021-09-28 | 东风汽车集团股份有限公司 | Coating structure of automobile body and preparation method thereof |
| CN113320621A (en) * | 2021-07-21 | 2021-08-31 | 湖北航特装备制造股份有限公司 | Assembled low-pressure cast aluminum alloy auxiliary frame and preparation process thereof |
| CN114774903A (en) * | 2022-03-29 | 2022-07-22 | 浙江工业大学 | Zirconium-titanium-based composite passivation solution suitable for chromium-free passivation of aluminum alloy and passivation process |
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Application publication date: 20170111 |