CN106179237B - 一种萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106179237B CN106179237B CN201610546868.0A CN201610546868A CN106179237B CN 106179237 B CN106179237 B CN 106179237B CN 201610546868 A CN201610546868 A CN 201610546868A CN 106179237 B CN106179237 B CN 106179237B
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- heavy metal
- nanofiber
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
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- 125000002057 carboxymethyl group Chemical group [H]OC(=O)C([H])([H])[*] 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3-diazinane-5-carboximidamide Chemical compound CN1CC(C(N)=N)C(=O)NC1=O IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000002738 chelating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000010041 electrostatic spinning Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
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- ZGTMUACCHSMWAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L EDTA disodium salt (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].OC(=O)CN(CC([O-])=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC([O-])=O ZGTMUACCHSMWAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C02F1/285—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using synthetic organic sorbents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
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- D01F1/00—General methods for the manufacture of artificial filaments or the like
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
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- D01F9/00—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments
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- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
- D06M11/07—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with halogens; with halogen acids or salts thereof; with oxides or oxyacids of halogens or salts thereof
- D06M11/11—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with halogens; with halogen acids or salts thereof; with oxides or oxyacids of halogens or salts thereof with halogen acids or salts thereof
- D06M11/155—Halides of elements of Groups 2 or 12 of the Periodic Table
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- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
- D06M11/58—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with nitrogen or compounds thereof, e.g. with nitrides
- D06M11/64—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with nitrogen or compounds thereof, e.g. with nitrides with nitrogen oxides; with oxyacids of nitrogen or their salts
- D06M11/65—Salts of oxyacids of nitrogen
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- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
- D06M11/68—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with phosphorus or compounds thereof, e.g. with chlorophosphonic acid or salts thereof
- D06M11/70—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with phosphorus or compounds thereof, e.g. with chlorophosphonic acid or salts thereof with oxides of phosphorus; with hypophosphorous, phosphorous or phosphoric acids or their salts
- D06M11/71—Salts of phosphoric acids
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
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- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
- D06M11/73—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with carbon or compounds thereof
- D06M11/76—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with carbon or compounds thereof with carbon oxides or carbonates
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2220/00—Aspects relating to sorbent materials
- B01J2220/40—Aspects relating to the composition of sorbent or filter aid materials
- B01J2220/48—Sorbents characterised by the starting material used for their preparation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
Abstract
针对普通材料对重金属离子吸附量低、吸附时间长、吸附后难以洗脱造成萃取困难等问题，本发明以海藻酸钠和羧甲基壳聚糖为主要原料，将其与辅助纺丝的高分子、和致孔剂一起溶解于水中，配制成纺丝液，采用静电纺丝技术得到纳米纤维，经过钙离子交联成型，得到一种萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维。将吸附重金属离子后的纳米纤维放入金属离子络合剂中，利用金属络合剂较强结合力使海藻酸盐/羧甲基壳聚糖复合水凝胶溶解，重金属离子均匀分散在溶液中。通过测试纳米纤维吸附前后重金属离子的浓度变化计算吸附量，根据吸附前溶液和金属离子络合剂溶液的体积比计算纳米纤维对重金属的富集倍率。本发明在重金属离子富集检测中有良好应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维的制备及重金属富集方法，属于功能材料、环境材料和化工领域。
背景技术
随着中国快速工业化和城市化，大量重金属通过各种途径排放到环境中，增加了环境的重金属负担，造成了严重的重金属污染。重金属主要通过人为污染以及地质侵蚀、风化等形式进入水体，在生物链内不易被代谢、易被生物富集，严重威胁人类和水生生物的生存。
重金属的分析检测方法主要有原子吸附光谱法，、原子发射光谱法、原子荧光光谱法、ICP-OES、ICP-MS、离子色谱法、电化学分析方法等。然而这些方法需要技术员去现场取样，然后回到实验室进行检测。此过程检测步骤繁琐，时间较长，价格昂贵，分析工作只能在室内实验室进行，而且在样品运输过程中容易出现错误，限制了现场检测的应用，许多大型仪器的应用还仅限于研究领域，在一般的区县类的中小型企业及小型实验室都无法普及，尤其是在偏远地区的应用。近年来许多便携式设备已应用于重金属的检测如紫外分光光度法、电化学方法和金属传感器等【Electrochimica Acta，2011，56(9)：3139-3146】。而且由于样品的复杂性，存在大量的干扰因素，痕量及微量重金属的直接测定还存在一定困难，需要对样品进行预富集，去除基质效应，提高检测灵敏度。
目前，金属离子常用的分离富集方法有共沉淀法、吸附和离子交换法、超临界流体萃取法、液膜萃取法、浊点萃取法、固相萃取法、固相微萃取法、液相萃取法、液相微萃取法等。吸附和离子交换法的关键在于吸附离子交换剂的选择，可用于元素形态分离和分析，分离效率较高，可用于微量组分富集和高纯物质的制备，但操作过程繁琐，再生过程耗时长。
固相萃取(SPE)技术采用高效吸附的固定相，利用固定相对水体中的污染物加富集，然后再用洗脱液洗脱或加热解吸附的方法，由于具有操作简单、回收率高、富集倍率大、溶剂用量小等优点而被广泛地应用于分离富集痕量元素。固相微萃取(SPME)是1990年由加拿大pawliszyn研究小组【Analytical chemistry，1990，62(19)：2145-2148】提出的一种新型的集萃取、浓缩、解吸于一体的样品前处理技术，是通过物理或化学方法，将具有吸附萃取功能的涂层材料负载在基质表面，将目标分析物富集浓缩，解吸后进样或者和自动进样装置直接联用，从而对目标物分析物进行准确检测。到1993年，美国Supelco公司首先推出了商品化的便携式固相微萃取手柄，实现了SPME的商品化，拓展了它的应用范围。管内固相微萃取是由Pawliszyn等人发展起来的一种可以与HPLC、GC联用的可实现自动化操作的固相微萃取技术【Analytical Chemistry，1997，69(16)：3140-3147】。该方法是将萃取固定相涂在一段毛细管(如石英毛细管)内，样品流经管内时，组分被萃取在管内固定相上。管内固相微萃取法根据待测物是处于静态还是由外力驱动通过纤维管分为两种：静态法和动态法。管内固相微萃取具有更薄的萃取固定相和更大的萃取表面积，可以快速达到萃取平衡，脱附也较容易。
针对普通材料对重金属离子吸附量低、吸附时间长、吸附后难以洗脱造成萃取困难等问题，本发明以海藻酸钠和羧甲基壳聚糖为主要原料，将其与辅助纺丝的高分子、和致孔剂一起溶解于水中，配制成纺丝液，采用静电纺丝技术得到纳米纤维，经过钙离子交联成型，得到一种萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维。将吸附重金属离子后的纳米纤维放入离子络合剂中，利用金属络合剂较强结合力使海藻酸盐/羧甲基壳聚糖复合水凝胶溶解，重金属离子均匀分散在溶液中。通过测试纳米纤维吸附前后重金属离子的浓度变化计算吸附量，根据吸附前溶液和离子络合剂溶液的体积比计算纳米纤维对重金属的富集倍率。本发明的多孔纳米纤维在重金属离子吸附检测领域有良好的应用前景。
发明内容
针对普通材料对重金属离子吸附量低、吸附时间长、吸附后难以洗脱造成萃取困难等问题，本发明开发了一种萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维。
本发明提供了一种萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维及其制备方法，其特征是组份和质量百分含量如下：
一种萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维的制备及重金属富集方法，其特征是包括以下步骤：
a)将海藻酸钠、羧甲基壳聚糖、辅助纺丝的高分子和致孔剂先后溶解于去离子水中，超声分散均匀，脱泡后得到纺丝液；将纺丝液注入到针管中，通过高压静电纺丝技术得到纳米纤维，控制纺丝时间使纳米纤维膜的厚度为50-300微米；
b)配制金属离子质量百分比为2％-30％的金属盐水溶液，作为离子交联剂；
c)将步骤a)得到的纳米纤维膜浸泡到步骤b)得到的金属盐水溶液中交联0.5-24h，用去离子水洗去表面金属盐，经过冷冻干燥得到大孔结构，然后将冷冻干燥后的纳米纤维膜再次浸泡到去离子水中2-24h，洗脱掉致孔剂得到微孔结构，从而得到一种萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维；
d)将步骤c)得到的萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维放入萃取管中，使重金属离子溶液流过，将吸附重金属离子后的纳米纤维放入离子络合剂中搅拌1-24h，利用金属络合剂较强结合力使海藻酸盐/羧甲基壳聚糖复合水凝胶溶解，重金属离子均匀分散在溶液中；通过测试纳米纤维吸附前后重金属离子的浓度变化计算吸附量，根据吸附前溶液和离子络合剂溶液的体积比计算纳米纤维对重金属的富集倍率。
本发明所述的辅助纺丝的高分子为聚氧乙烯醚、聚乙烯醇、水溶性纤维素、丝胶中的任意一种或两种以上混合物；所述的金属盐水溶液为氯化钙、磷酸二氢钙、硝酸钙、碳酸氢钙水溶液中的任意一种或两种以上混合物；所述的致孔剂为聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚乙二醇、聚丙烯酰胺、尿素中的任意一种；所述的离子络合剂为乙二胺、柠檬酸钠、乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐、硫脲中的任意一种。所述的重金属离子为铜离子、镉离子、铅离子、锌离子、镍离子中的任意一种或两种以上混合物，其富集倍率为5-50倍。
具体实施方式
下面介绍本发明的具体实施例，但本发明不受实施例的限制。
实施例1.
a)将海藻酸钠、羧甲基壳聚糖、聚氧乙烯醚和聚丙烯酰胺先后溶解于去离子水中，超声分散均匀，脱泡后得到纺丝液；将纺丝液注入到针管中，通过高压静电纺丝技术得到纳米纤维，控制纺丝时间使纳米纤维膜的厚度为300微米；
b)配制金属离子质量百分比为30％的氯化钙水溶液，作为离子交联剂；
c)将步骤a)得到的纳米纤维膜浸泡到步骤b)得到的氯化钙水溶液中交联24h，用去离子水洗去表面氯化钙，经过冷冻干燥得到大孔结构，然后将冷冻干燥后的纳米纤维膜再次浸泡到去离子水中24h，洗脱掉聚丙烯酰胺得到微孔结构，从而得到一种萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维；
d)将步骤c)得到的萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维放入萃取管中，使镉离子溶液流过，将吸附镉离子后的纳米纤维放入乙二胺中搅拌24h，利用金属络合剂较强结合力使海藻酸盐/羧甲基壳聚糖复合水凝胶溶解，镉离子均匀分散在溶液中；通过测试纳米纤维吸附前后镉离子的浓度变化计算吸附量，根据吸附前溶液和乙二胺溶液的体积比计算纳米纤维对镉的富集倍率，结果对镉离子的富集倍率为10倍。
实施例2.
a)将海藻酸钠、羧甲基壳聚糖、聚乙烯醇和聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮先后溶解于去离子水中，超声分散均匀，脱泡后得到纺丝液；将纺丝液注入到针管中，通过高压静电纺丝技术得到纳米纤维，控制纺丝时间使纳米纤维膜的厚度为50微米；
b)配制金属离子质量百分比为2％的硝酸钙水溶液，作为离子交联剂；
c)将步骤a)得到的纳米纤维膜浸泡到步骤b)得到的硝酸钙水溶液中交联24h，用去离子水洗去表面硝酸钙，经过冷冻干燥得到大孔结构，然后将冷冻干燥后的纳米纤维膜再次浸泡到去离子水中2h，洗脱掉聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮得到微孔结构，从而得到一种萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维；
d)将步骤c)得到的萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维放入萃取管中，使铅离子溶液流过，将吸附铅离子后的纳米纤维放入柠檬酸钠中搅拌1h，利用金属络合剂较强结合力使海藻酸盐/羧甲基壳聚糖复合水凝胶溶解，铅离子均匀分散在溶液中；通过测试纳米纤维吸附前后铅离子的浓度变化计算吸附量，根据吸附前溶液和柠檬酸钠溶液的体积比计算纳米纤维对铅的富集倍率，结果对铅的富集倍率为50倍。
实施例3.
a)将海藻酸钠、羧甲基壳聚糖、聚乙烯醇和聚乙二醇先后溶解于去离子水中，超声分散均匀，脱泡后得到纺丝液；将纺丝液注入到针管中，通过高压静电纺丝技术得到纳米纤维，控制纺丝时间使纳米纤维膜的厚度为200微米；
b)配制金属离子质量百分比为10％的磷酸二氢钙水溶液，作为离子交联剂；
c)将步骤a)得到的纳米纤维膜浸泡到步骤b)得到的磷酸二氢钙水溶液中交联5h，用去离子水洗去表面磷酸二氢钙，经过冷冻干燥得到大孔结构，然后将冷冻干燥后的纳米纤维膜再次浸泡到去离子水中8h，洗脱掉聚乙二醇得到微孔结构，从而得到一种萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维；
d)将步骤c)得到的萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维放入萃取管中，使铜离子溶液流过，将吸附铜离子后的纳米纤维放入乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐中搅拌8h，利用金属络合剂较强结合力使海藻酸盐/羧甲基壳聚糖复合水凝胶溶解，铜离子均匀分散在溶液中；通过测试纳米纤维吸附前后铜离子的浓度变化计算吸附量，根据吸附前溶液和乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐溶液的体积比计算纳米纤维对铜的富集倍率，结果对铜的富集倍率为20倍。
实施例4.
a)将海藻酸钠、羧甲基壳聚糖、丝胶和尿素先后溶解于去离子水中，超声分散均匀，脱泡后得到纺丝液；将纺丝液注入到针管中，通过高压静电纺丝技术得到纳米纤维，控制纺丝时间使纳米纤维膜的厚度为100微米；
b)配制金属离子质量百分比为5％的碳酸氢钙水溶液，作为离子交联剂；
c)将步骤a)得到的纳米纤维膜浸泡到步骤b)得到的碳酸氢钙水溶液中交联4h，用去离子水洗去表面碳酸氢钙，经过冷冻干燥得到大孔结构，然后将冷冻干燥后的纳米纤维膜再次浸泡到去离子水中12h，洗脱掉尿素得到微孔结构，从而得到一种萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维；
d)将步骤c)得到的萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维放入萃取管中，使锌离子溶液流过，将吸附锌离子后的纳米纤维放入硫脲中搅拌8h，利用金属络合剂较强结合力使海藻酸盐/羧甲基壳聚糖复合水凝胶溶解，锌离子均匀分散在溶液中；通过测试纳米纤维吸附前后锌离子的浓度变化计算吸附量，根据吸附前溶液和硫脲溶液的体积比计算纳米纤维对锌的富集倍率，结果对锌的富集倍率为5倍。
Claims (6)
1.一种萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维的制备方法，其特征是包括以下步骤：
a)将质量百分比20％-40％的海藻酸钠、质量百分比10％-40％的羧甲基壳聚糖、质量百分比5％-30％的辅助纺丝的高分子和质量百分比5％-20％的致孔剂先后溶解于去离子水中，超声分散均匀，脱泡后得到纺丝液；将纺丝液注入到针管中，通过高压静电纺丝技术得到纳米纤维，控制纺丝时间使纳米纤维膜的厚度为50-300微米；
b)配制金属离子质量百分比为2％-30％的金属盐水溶液，作为离子交联剂，离子交联剂在原料组份中的质量百分比浓度为5％-15％；
c)将步骤a)得到的纳米纤维膜浸泡到步骤b)得到的金属盐水溶液中交联0.5-24h，用去离子水洗去表面金属盐，经过冷冻干燥得到大孔结构，然后将冷冻干燥后的纳米纤维膜再次浸泡到去离子水中2-24h，洗脱掉致孔剂得到微孔结构，从而得到一种萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维；
d)将步骤c)得到的萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维放入萃取管中，使重金属离子溶液流过，将吸附重金属离子后的纳米纤维放入离子络合剂中搅拌1-24h，利用金属络合剂较强结合力使海藻酸盐/羧甲基壳聚糖复合水凝胶溶解，重金属离子均匀分散在溶液中；通过测试纳米纤维吸附前后重金属离子的浓度变化计算吸附量，根据吸附前溶液和离子络合剂溶液的体积比计算纳米纤维对重金属的富集倍率。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维的制备方法，其特征是所述的辅助纺丝的高分子为聚氧乙烯醚、聚乙烯醇、水溶性纤维素、丝胶中的任意一种或两种以上混合物。
3.如权利要求1所述的一种萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维的制备方法，其特征是所述的金属盐水溶液为氯化钙、磷酸二氢钙、硝酸钙、碳酸氢钙水溶液中的任意一种或两种以上混合物。
4.如权利要求1所述的一种萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维的制备方法，其特征是所述的致孔剂为聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚乙二醇、聚丙烯酰胺、尿素中的任意一种。
5.如权利要求1所述的一种萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维的制备方法，其特征是所述的离子络合剂为乙二胺、柠檬酸钠、乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐、硫脲中的任意一种。
6.如权利要求1所述的一种萃取富集重金属离子的纳米纤维的制备方法，其特征是所述的重金属离子为铜离子、镉离子、铅离子、锌离子、镍离子中的任意一种或两种以上混合物，其富集倍率为5-50倍。
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN109267240B (zh) * | 2018-11-20 | 2021-08-31 | 大连工业大学 | 一种医用敷料用壳聚糖/海藻酸钙无针静电纺纳米纤维膜及其制备方法 |
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| CN114288989B (zh) * | 2021-12-28 | 2023-12-01 | 西南大学 | 一种丝胶基水凝胶及其碳化产物的制备方法和应用 |
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