CN106165278B - Electrical energy storage system - Google Patents

Electrical energy storage system Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106165278B
CN106165278B CN201580018934.0A CN201580018934A CN106165278B CN 106165278 B CN106165278 B CN 106165278B CN 201580018934 A CN201580018934 A CN 201580018934A CN 106165278 B CN106165278 B CN 106165278B
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electrical
module
electrical energy
voltage
energy storage
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CN106165278A (en
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S·戈茨
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Dr Ing HCF Porsche AG
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Dr Ing HCF Porsche AG
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
    • H02M7/49—Combination of the output voltage waveforms of a plurality of converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0068—Battery or charger load switching, e.g. concurrent charging and load supply
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
    • H02M7/4835—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels comprising two or more cells, each including a switchable capacitor, the capacitors having a nominal charge voltage which corresponds to a given fraction of the input voltage, and the capacitors being selectively connected in series to determine the instantaneous output voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/493—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode the static converters being arranged for operation in parallel

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Inverter Devices (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a device for a current supply and an electrical storage system. While conventional memory systems, such as batteries, provide very limited electrical characteristics, such as a dc voltage having a voltage predetermined by the battery design and state of charge, the present invention is capable of providing almost arbitrary current and voltage profiles within defined limits, such as within the limits of maximum voltage and maximum current, without the need for separate power electronic inverter circuits. At the same time, the invention is not only capable of outputting and receiving energy in virtually any form, but also of charging an electrical energy store, such as a capacitor, a battery, an accumulator and the like, integrated therewith, while complying with predetermined charging characteristics, such as a defined, temporal current profile, voltage profile or power profile (e.g. constant, rising with a defined profile or falling with a defined profile).

Description

Electrical energy storage system
Description
The invention relates to a device for a current supply and an electrical energy storage system. Whereas conventional energy storage systems (e.g. batteries) provide very limited electrical characteristics, such as a direct voltage with a voltage predetermined by the battery design and the state of charge, the invention is able to provide almost arbitrary current and voltage profiles, such as a sinusoidal shape, within defined limits (e.g. within the limits of maximum voltage and maximum current) without the need for a separate, power-electronic inverter circuit. At the same time, the invention is not only capable of outputting and receiving energy in virtually any form, but also of charging an electrical energy store, such as a capacitor, a battery, an accumulator and the like, integrated therewith, while complying with predetermined charging characteristics, such as a defined, temporal current profile, voltage profile or power profile (e.g. constant, rising with a defined profile or falling with a defined profile).
Known systems from the prior art, such as modular multilevel converters M2C (US7,269,037; DE 10103031), modular multilevel converters M2SPC (WO 2012072197; DE 102010052934; WO 2012072168; WO 2012072197; EP 20110179321; DE 20101052934; WO 2013017186; DE 102011108920) and various modifications (e.g. US 13/990,463; US 14/235,812; DE 102010008978; DE 102009057288; US 3,581,212), although, analogously to the invention, individual electrical energy stores can be combined dynamically with one another in order to be able to achieve energy output or energy reception with virtually any current and voltage characteristic at the terminals of the system. However, in these known solutions, each electrical energy store must be implemented as a separate module. The electrical switches of the modules which are electrically connected to one another allow the electrical interconnection of the electrical energy stores integrated into the respective module to be dynamically changed by suitable activation, for example between the electrical series interconnection of the electrical energy stores of different modules, the electrical parallel interconnection of the electrical energy stores of different modules or the detour (so-called bypass) of the electrical energy store of at least one module, whereby a current is conducted by suitable activation of the electrical switches around the electrical energy store, so that the electrical energy store is not switched into the current circuit and is thus at least temporarily neither charged nor discharged. However, for proper operation, each module can only contain one electrical energy store. The combination of a plurality of energy storages in a module does not allow to correct imbalances in the individual energy storages, which occur, for example, as a result of aging processes or as a result of manufacturing tolerances. Furthermore, it is not possible to integrate different electrical energy stores (for example a battery and a capacitor) into one module. The necessity of providing a module for each individual electrical energy store entails high costs due to the necessary additional electronic components (for example transistors and galvanically disconnected, for example optical, transmitters) and requires complex control due to the large number of controllable electrical switching devices. Furthermore, a large number of measurement detectors (for example for module voltages and/or module currents) must be integrated into the system.
The present invention eliminates this drawback by suitable circuitry that can be used as a micro-topology for M2C, M2SPC, and similar circuits.
Drawings
Fig. 1 shows the macro topology of M2SPC in the prior art. The macro topology of the M2SPC describes the interconnection of a plurality of individual modules, which in turn are defined by a micro topology.
Fig. 2 shows three exemplary micro topologies, thus illustrating the module topology from the prior art M2C technology. A plurality of electrical energy stores or module memories (202, 204, 206) are connected in one of the electrical switches to two module terminals (207, 208), (209, 210) and (211, 212) in such a way that the module memory (202, 204, 206) can be electrically conductively connected to the two module terminals (207, 208), (209, 210) and (211, 212) in various states in different ways. All three modules shown have at least a bypass state and a series state. In the bypass state, current is conducted from one module terminal (207, 209, 211) to the second module terminal (208, 210, 212) at the electrical module memory (202, 204, 206) by the electrical switches as follows: only at most one of the two terminals of the electrical module memory is electrically conductively connected to any of the module terminals, while the other terminal of the electrical module memory (202, 204, 206) is disconnected from the module terminals by an electrical switch, so that the electrical module memory does not participate in a current circuit with the module terminals and is neither discharged nor charged. In the series state, one of the two terminals of the electrical module memory (202, 204, 206) is electrically conductively coupled to one of the two module terminals (207, 208), (209, 210) and (211, 212) via the electrical switches; furthermore, the other of the two terminals of the electrical module memory (202, 204, 206) is electrically conductively connected to the other of the two module terminals (207, 208), (209, 210) and (211, 212). In this way, the electrical module memory is electrically conductively connected in series between the two module terminals and is charged or discharged by the flowing current. The voltage between the two module terminals corresponds here to the voltage of the electrical module memory. In addition to the electrical module memory, the modules may contain further electrical components, for example as indicated here by black boxes (201, 202, 203).
Fig. 3 shows three exemplary micro topologies of M2SPC techniques. In addition to the states already described, the modules have at least one parallel state which makes it possible to: the electrical module memories of two different modules are connected electrically in parallel with one another by suitable activation of the electrical switches of the modules.
Fig. 4 shows an exemplary interconnection of a plurality of M2SPC modules with one Converter Arm (Converter-Arm).
Fig. 5 shows an embodiment of the present invention. Illustratively, one of these M2SPC modules in fig. 3 is selected as a starting point. The electrical energy store (302) is replaced by an electrical memory unit (1817) which is composed of at least two individual memories (1806, 1807, 1808) and associated correction elements (1809, 1810, 1811). The electrical memory unit (1817) can be integrated in another modular topology, such as US7,269,037; DE 10103031; WO 2012072197; DE 102010052934; WO 2012072168; WO 2012072197; EP 20110179321; DE 20101052934; WO 2013017186; DE 102011108920; US 13/990,463; US 14/235,812; DE 102010008978; DE 102009057288; those of US 3,581,212.
Fig. 6 shows an implementation of these correction elements (1809, 1810, 1811, 1901). One correction unit comprises at least two electrical terminals (1902, 1903) and allows a controlled current flow if certain conditions are met.
Fig. 7 shows further implementations of the correction element (1809, 1810, 1811, 1901, 2001, 2005, 2010, 2016, 2022).
Fig. 8 shows a special embodiment of the invention with at least one correction unit (2116) comprising at least two correction elements.
Fig. 9 shows a further special embodiment of the invention with at least one correction unit (2216) comprising at least two correction elements and at least two voltage sensors, wherein at least two of the correction elements are each connected electrically in parallel to different electrical energy stores.
Fig. 10 shows a module of a particular embodiment of the invention with an alternative correction unit (2336).
FIG. 11 shows the module of a particular embodiment of the present invention with multiple alternative correction units (2431 and 2442) that provide maximum flexibility.
Fig. 12 shows a module of another particular embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 13 shows a module of a particular embodiment of the invention with a reduced number of alternative correction units (2631, 2636, 2639).
Figure 14 shows a module of a particular embodiment of the invention with a plurality of bidirectional electrical switches.
Detailed Description
The invention consists of a combined circuit of a plurality of modules whose electrical connections are described by means of a so-called micro-topology. In a macro topology these modules are combined to form a larger unit. Examples of macro topologies are the so-called Marquardt (Marquardt) topologies (see for example US7,269,037 and s.goetz, a.petechv, t.weyh (2015.) Modular Multilevel converters With Series and Parallel Module connections Topology and Control (Modular Multilevel Converter With Series and Parallel Module Connectivity: Topology and Control), IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,30(1):203 @ 215.), which are formed in fig. 1 for M2SPC circuits; or a simple, so-called converter arm, which results from the combined connection of at least two modules. Here, a plurality of modules are generally connected in series as follows: a portion of the module terminals of one module are conductively connected with a portion of the module terminals of another module (see, e.g., fig. 4). FIG. 4 illustrates, without limiting the concept, a macro topology in which a plurality of modulesBy connecting the module terminals to form a chain, thereby eliminating the two abutting edges
Figure BDA0001127573970000051
Each module other than (a) is connected to exactly two other modules. The modules are capable of generating any form of voltage between the ends of the chain, while also generating any, other macroscopic topology by suitable electrical connection of the module terminals. A macroscopic topology is advantageous in which all possible pairs of two modules are either directly electrically connected to one another or are each electrically connected to the same component of a plurality of modules and thus indirectly. In a macro topology, it is also possible to combine different module types (i.e. modules of different micro topologies). However, the combined modules should have at least two states in common. The state of these modules determines, for example, how the associated electrical energy storages or electrical energy storage units of the different modules are electrically connected to each other by appropriately activating the associated electrical switches of these modules.
The electrical interconnection of a plurality of electrical energy storages or electrical energy storage units (by means of appropriately activating electrical switches in these associated modules, electrical series, electrical parallel or electrical bypass, etc.) is called connectivity. The connectivity can be changed dynamically and very quickly by using fast electrical switches. The dynamic change of connectivity is preferably enabled faster than milliseconds, and the invention is particularly advantageous when the dynamic change of connectivity is less than 5 mus.
The term electrical energy storage hereinafter also includes electrical energy storage units.
The voltage at the terminals (125, 126, 129, 130, 131, 132 in fig. 1) can be adjusted dynamically, arbitrarily, by changing the connectivity of modules or a simple string (often called converter arm, where the terminals for external electrical systems such as loads, power sources or grids are mostly located at both ends of the string), for example electrically interconnected to each other in a marquardt topology (see fig. 1). The adjustment of the voltage may be carried out in stages, these stages corresponding to the module voltage (i.e. the voltage supplied by the electrical energy storage of these modules); furthermore, subdivided intermediate levels may also be produced in the voltages at the terminals by rapid transitions between such levels.
As already indicated, the system can exchange charge between the electrical energy storage units of the different modules, in order to be able to achieve, for example, charge balancing, energy inversion (energy conversion) or energy conversion (energy transformation) and a defined load distribution within all electrical energy storage units and/or electrical energy storage. The invention also provides the following possibilities: for dynamically reconfiguring the energy storage cells and/or energy storage into a hybrid circuit consisting of series circuits and (depending on the micro-topology used) into a parallel circuit. Due to the relatively high internal resistance of many electrical energy storages and their limited power, the series state is a particularly advantageous property for: for distributing the electrical load to a plurality of modules or electrical energy storages and for balancing the state of charge of individual battery cells in order to increase the overall efficiency of the system.
The parallel state (and thus the possible parallel connectivity between the energy storages and/or energy storage cells) may further have two advantages. This parallel state improves the current carrying capability of the system by reducing the effective internal resistance. Furthermore, the parallel state provides a method for balancing the charge of a plurality of individual modules without having to measure and monitor electrical parameters (e.g., module voltages). Since the invention does not require exact information about the charge inflow and charge outflow in these modules, a balanced state of the system can be provided even without a closed control loop in an open-loop control system and, for example, charge monitoring in the entire system can be simplified.
In particular cases, it is advantageous to integrate more than one electrical energy store into a single module. Advantageously, the plurality of electrical energy stores can be connected electrically in series in order to generate a common higher voltage than the individual electrical energy stores. It may also be advantageous: the individual electrical energy stores combined in a module are not of the same type or deviate from one another at least slightly with regard to their operating behavior or their characteristics (voltage, capacitance, maximum voltage that can be tolerated, temperature). Already a slight deviation from each other is given by a deviation of at least 5% in one of the parameters by the individual electrical energy storages combined in one module.
Advantageously, the individual electrical energy stores combined in a module give a slight deviation at a deviation of 10% in one of the parameters. Compared to the solutions of the prior art, the invention saves a plurality of elements and modules, simplifies the control and reduces losses which occur when controlling the modules and when transmitting signals from and to the modules galvanically disconnected, with a large number of individual modules.
An exemplary module according to the present invention is shown in fig. 5. The module comprises a plurality of energy stores (1806, 1807, 1808) which are each connected electrically in parallel to an associated correction element (1809, 1810, 1811). A plurality of pairs of cells consisting of electrical energy storage cells and associated correction elements are electrically connected in series and form one electrical storage cell (1817). In one power storage unit (1817), the individual power storages need not be exclusively connected in series. Each individual electrical energy store may also be enhanced by first connecting other electrical energy stores electrically in parallel. As already indicated, the energy storage unit (1817) can also be combined with other microtoposities according to the invention, such as those in fig. 2 and 3. Here, the energy storage unit replaces or supplements the energy storage in the micro-topology (e.g. (202, 204, 206, 302, 304, 306)).
Furthermore, it is also possible to connect a plurality of electrical energy storage units of the same type or of different types electrically in parallel or electrically in series with one another and then integrate them into one module. The resulting combination of a plurality of energy storage cells is then an energy storage cell in the sense of the present invention.
A typical arrangement of the correction element is to discharge charge (also referred to as discharge) from the electrical energy store connected in parallel therewith in order to reduce the voltage stress on the electrical energy store, for example in such a way that the peak voltage generated at each of the terminals of the electrical energy store remains below a predetermined limit; and/or to limit the electrical load of the electrical energy store and/or to limit the temperature of the electrical energy store. The control and regulation of the correction element can be done by a separate electronic control unit, which provides signals for one or more electrical switches in the correction element and/or for controllable impedance in the correction element; furthermore, the control or adjustment of the correction element can also take place passively, that is to say without a separate electrical control unit, but rather with the physical or chemical properties of one or more elements of the correction element (for example a resistor, an impedance or a determined temperature or voltage dependence of a semiconductor) leading to the control or adjustment of the correction element.
These correction elements (1809, 1810, 1811) may be implemented, for example, as shown in fig. 6 and 7. The correction element may be an electrode having electrical terminals (1902) and (1903). For voltage limitation while charge extraction (ladungsentname) is taking place, the following electrical elements can be used, for example:
(a) a zener diode (1908) and an electrically similar element having a low resistance for voltages within certain limits;
(b) a suppressor diode (1904);
(c) a complex impedance (i.e., with resistive and/or reactive components) that is voltage dependent (typically nonlinear) (1905);
(d) an arrester (Arrestoren) (1909) or other voltage or temperature dependent impedance, which may contain resistive and/or reactive components;
(e) electrical switches or controllable impedances (in particular, relays, field effect transistors, bipolar transistors and other controllable resistors) (1911);
(f) electrical switchers or controllable impedances (1912, 1913) in combination with complex impedances, which may have resistive and/or reactive components and may be non-linear.
Examples of controllable impedances are: electrical switches and semiconductor elements which are not operated as switches (i.e. having only two states: a closed, well-conducting state [ effective resistance less than 1 Ω, advantageously effective resistance less than 0.1 Ω ] and an open, poorly-conducting state [ effective resistance greater than 1000 Ω, advantageously effective resistance greater than 1000000 Ω ]) but are operated in between in their resistance range; or a switch that switches between a plurality of resistors or impedances; and controllable Zener diodes (so-called adjustable Zener diodes).
For solutions comprising an electrical switch or a controllable impedance (1911, 1912/1913), the control unit may provide control signals and/or implement closed-loop regulation or open-loop control.
Passive solutions, i.e. in particular solutions which do not require separate measuring, monitoring and/or control units, have significant advantages, reducing costs and limiting complexity. Fig. 7 shows several embodiments which enable the switching means or the controllable impedances to interact with devices which are able to control these switching means or controllable impedances and which, for example, can limit the voltage of one or more defined energy stores which are part of an energy store unit. The voltage limiter (2001) can be implemented as a switch or a controllable impedance, here formed as a field effect transistor (2002), a resistor (2004) and a zener diode (alternatively, a voltage suppressor, a discharger or the like) (2003). The gate voltage of the transistor is defined by the voltage VsControl, the voltage is lower than the voltage of the energy store associated with the correction element by a determined voltage level, which is determined by element (2003). By appropriately selecting the threshold voltage V of the transistortAnd breakdown voltage V of element (2003)sThe maximum voltage of the energy store may be limited to about Vt+Vs. A freewheeling diode connected in anti-parallel with the switch or controllable impedance (20029) may prevent voltage peaks based on reactive current.
The element (2003) may also be replaced by a conventional resistor. As also shown in (2005), an impedance (2006) can be added to the current path of the electrical switch or controllable impedance (2007). In (2010) and (2016), the electrical switch or controllable impedance is implemented as a bipolar transistor (2012, 2018); in (2022), the electrical switch or controllable impedance is implemented as a controllable zener diode (also referred to as adjustable zener diode) (2024) which allows its breakdown voltage to be varied by at least one control input and is commercially available from a number of manufacturers.
The impedance (2006, 2011, 2017, 2023) is optional and may be near or equal to zero. The gate resistance, base resistance, and similar input resistances (2013, 2019, 2025) may also be near or equal to zero.
The correction elements of at least two energy storages (2113, 2114, 2115; 2213, 2214, 2215) of the same module, which correction elements each comprise, for example, at least one transistor and preferably also at least one impedance, may together form a correction unit (2116; 2216) (see, for example, fig. 8 and 9). Preferably, one correction unit further includes at least two voltage sensors (see fig. 9). One such voltage sensor can measure both the voltage of a single energy store and also an electrical combination of a plurality of energy stores, for example, connected in series or in parallel. Furthermore, the at least two voltage sensors may also be formed as separate voltage sensors with a multiplexer. In the sense of the present invention, such a combination of multiplexer and sensor is interpreted as a plurality of sensors due to similar behavior. In a particular embodiment of the invention, at least one respective correction unit and at least one respective voltage sensor are each connected electrically in parallel to at least two electrical energy stores of at least two modules. In a further embodiment of the invention, a correction unit comprises at least one current sensor which measures the current flowing into or out of the at least one electrical energy store of the associated module.
As shown in fig. 10, the correction element may alternatively comprise an electrical switch (2336) which is conductively connected to the module terminal (2310) when the connection node (2324) of the at least two electrical energy stores (2314, 2315) is activated. In this way, the electrical energy store between the connection node (2324) and the positive module busbar (2361) and the electrical energy store between the connection node (2324) and the negative module busbar (2362) can be discharged or charged with different intensities in that: the current flowing through the module terminal or terminals, which current originates for example from a further module or electrical load, is partly or completely led into or out of the connection node (2324) via an electrical switch (2336). In this way, different charge states can be balanced and the physical and/or chemical differences described at the outset of the electrical energy store integrated into a module can likewise be balanced.
As is shown in fig. 11 for a module having four module terminals (2409, 2410, 2411, 2412), these correction elements can be implemented as follows: each connection node (2423, 2424, 2425) of the at least two electrical energy stores, which is not directly identical to the positive module bus (2461) or the negative module bus (2462), is at least temporarily electrically conductively connected to each of the module terminals (2409-. As can be seen by those skilled in the art: for a module (as shown in fig. 12) with only two module terminals (2509, 2511) for this case, correspondingly fewer electrical switches (2531, 2533, 2535, 2537, 2539, 2541) are required; for a greater number of module terminals, the number is correspondingly increased.
The inventors have also seen that providing a dedicated electrical switch between each connection node of at least two electrical energy stores (which connection node does not correspond to a bus bar at the same time) and each module terminal, while providing extensive flexibility, is not necessary to ensure independent charging and discharging of the electrical energy stores of the modules. More than half of all electrical switches may be partially omitted from the variants described above, which provide extensive, switchable electrical connections between the connection nodes and the module terminals.
An embodiment is preferred in which each connection node of at least two electrical energy stores (which at the same time does not correspond to a bus bar, which itself can already be connected at least temporarily electrically conductively to a module terminal by means of an electrical switch) can be connected at least temporarily electrically conductively to at least one arbitrary module terminal by means of at least one electrical switch.
In order to avoid a large number of switches, it is also possible to electrically conductively connect only a part of the connection nodes of the at least two electrical energy stores to the at least one module terminal via the electrical switches.
Fig. 13 shows a randomly selected embodiment, in which at least three connection nodes, preferably each connection node, of at least two electrical energy stores (2613, 2614, 2615) can be at least temporarily conductively connected to at least one module terminal (2609, 2610) by at least one electrical switch (2631, 2636, 2639). In fig. 13, these electrical switches are illustratively connected with different module terminals (2609, 2610) to demonstrate flexibility in possible combinations of two of the three connection nodes shown. Furthermore, the at least one electrical energy store (2613, 2614, 2615) may each have at least one voltage sensor (2651, 2652, 2653). Preferably, at least one voltage sensor is connected electrically in parallel with each electrical energy store of a module. One such voltage sensor can measure both the voltage of a single energy store and also an electrical combination of a plurality of energy stores, for example, connected in series or in parallel. These electrical switches can be implemented very cost-effectively, since only a very small balancing current has to flow between the at least two electrical energy storages and the at least one module terminal via the electrical switch. The current-carrying capacity of the electrical switch can be further reduced as the switching speed increases and, associated therewith, a rapid balancing of the uneven discharge or charging of the electrical energy store. Depending on the connection position of the switching device at the connection node of the at least two electrical energy stores, the electrical switching device has a required voltage tolerance which is less than the module voltage. The maximum voltage, which is an electrical switch between the intermediate connection node of the series circuit of four electrical memories of equal voltage and the module terminal, is, for example, only approximately half of the module voltage. The electrical switches between the connection nodes of the at least two electrical energy stores and the module terminals may be implemented as mechanical electrical switches. The switches are preferably semiconductor switches which, in addition to simply activating and deactivating the electrical conductors, are able to implement switching modulation, for example Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), in order to regulate the voltage or current flow; and thus, even in the case of high load currents at the module terminals, a small balancing current can still be achieved in order to balance the different charging or discharging of the electrical energy stores. In particular, the semiconductor switch may be implemented as a switch that switches current only in a single direction, or may be implemented as a switch that can also switch current in two directions. Fig. 14 exemplarily shows three electrical switches (2731, 2736, 2739) capable of switching current bi-directionally. The bidirectional switch provides the following advantages: the current can be controlled in both directions and thus in the supply operation and the charging operation of the electrical energy store of the module.
A combination of a correction element comprising a plurality of electrical switches (which can temporarily electrically conductively connect a connection node of at least two electrical energy stores to at least one module terminal, see fig. 10 to 14) with a correction element arranged in parallel with a single electrical energy store or in combination with a plurality of electrical energy stores, for example in series or in parallel (see fig. 5 to 9), can have particular advantages. These previous correction elements, for example, enable the individual energy stores to be charged more strongly than the other energy stores, but may result in higher production costs depending on the construction elements used; these correction elements can then be first of all discharged forcibly and can be produced inexpensively. The combination of which can combine the advantages of both.
One embodiment of the invention comprises a plurality of similar modules (101, 124) which are electrically connected to one another and each comprise at least one electrical energy store (202, 204, 206, 302, 304, 306) or at least one electrical energy store cell (1817) and at least one electrical switch (213, 317, 318, 328; 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1815), which are arranged in such a way that they are electrically connected to one another
At least one module (101) has a power storage unit (1817) with at least two power storages (1806, 1807, 1808) connected electrically in series, wherein each of the power storages (1806, 1807, 1808) has a correction element (1809, 1810, 1811) connected electrically in parallel, which correction element is able to conduct charge out of and/or into the energy storages (1806, 1807, 1808) connected electrically in parallel,
wherein the plurality of modules are considered similar when the plurality of modules are capable of forming at least two of the following three states by respectively appropriately activating at least one electrical switch (213-:
the at least one electrical energy store (202, 204, 206, 302, 304, 306) or the at least one electrical energy storage unit (1817) of one module is connected in series with the at least one electrical energy store (202, 204, 206, 302, 304, 306) or the at least one electrical energy storage unit (1817) of another module;
the at least one electrical energy store (202, 204, 206, 302, 304, 306) or the at least one electrical energy storage unit (1817) of one module is connected in parallel with the at least one electrical energy store (202, 204, 206, 302, 304, 306) or the at least one electrical energy storage unit (1817) of another module;
the at least one energy storage (202, 204, 206, 302, 304, 306) or the at least one energy storage unit (1817) of a module is bypassed in the following manner: the at least one electrical energy store (202, 204, 206, 302, 304, 306) or the at least one electrical energy store unit (1817) of one module is electrically conductively connected to the at least one electrical energy store (202, 204, 206, 302, 304, 306) or the at least one electrical energy store unit (1817) of the other module only with at most one of the at least two electrical contacts of the module and there is no closed electrical circuit with the at least one electrical energy store (202, 204, 206, 302, 304, 306) or the at least one electrical energy store unit (1817) of the other module.
An alternative embodiment of the invention comprises a plurality of similar modules (101) and 124) which are electrically connected to one another and each comprise at least one electrical energy store (202, 204, 206, 302, 304, 306) or at least one electrical energy storage unit (1817) and at least two electrical switches (213, 317, 318, 328; 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1815) which enable a switching of the connectivity of the at least one electrical energy store (202, 204, 206, 302, 304, 306) or the at least one energy storage unit (1817) relative to the energy stores (202, 204, 206, 302, 304, 306) or energy storage units (1817) of the other modules, which are arranged in the following manner: at least one module (101) comprises a power storage unit (1817) comprising at least two power storages (1806, 1807, 1808) connected electrically in series, wherein each of the power storages (1806, 1807, 1808) has a correction element (1809, 1810, 1811; 2336; 2431; 2442; 2531, 2535, 2539; 2631, 2636, 2639) which is able to conduct electrical charge out of the power storage unit (1817) and/or into the power storage unit (1817) in such a way that a part of the power storages of the power storage unit (1817) is loaded with a current which is smaller than the currents with which the other power storages of the power storage unit (1817) are loaded,
wherein the modules are considered similar when they are capable of forming at least the following switching states by appropriately activating at least two electrical switches (213-:
the at least one electrical energy store (202, 204, 206, 302, 304, 306) or the at least one electrical energy storage unit (1817) of one module is connected in series with the at least one electrical energy store (202, 204, 206, 302, 304, 306) or the at least one electrical energy storage unit (1817) of another module;
the at least one energy storage (202, 204, 206, 302, 304, 306) or the at least one energy storage unit (1817) of a module is bypassed in the following manner: the at least one electrical energy store (202, 204, 206, 302, 304, 306) or the at least one electrical energy store unit (1817) of the module is electrically conductively connected to the at least one electrical energy store (202, 204, 206, 302, 304, 306) or the at least one electrical energy store unit (1817) of the other module only with at most one of the at least two electrical contacts of the module and there is no closed electrical circuit with the at least one electrical energy store (202, 204, 206, 302, 304, 306) or the at least one electrical energy store unit (1817) of the other module.
Preferably, at least two modules additionally allow a switching state, wherein the at least one electrical energy store (202, 204, 206, 302, 304, 306) or the at least one electrical energy store unit (1817) of one module is connected in parallel with the at least one electrical energy store (202, 204, 206, 302, 304, 306) or the at least one electrical energy store unit (1817) of another module.
In a preferred embodiment, the at least one correction element (1809, 1810, 1811) is embodied electrically in parallel with the at least one electrical energy store (1806, 1807, 1808).
In a further preferred embodiment, at least one correction element has at least one electrical switch which can temporarily electrically conductively connect at least one connection node of at least two electrical energy stores to at least one module terminal.
In a further preferred embodiment, at least one of the correction elements (1809, 1810, 1811) limits the voltage of at least one energy store (1806, 1807, 1808) connected electrically in parallel therewith to a predetermined range. The invention may for example comprise a voltage-dependent and/or temperature-dependent impedance with respect to said voltage limit.
In a further preferred embodiment, at least one of the correction elements has at least one electrically controllable element (1907, 1911, 1913, 2002, 2007, 2011, 2018, 2024) and at least one impedance (1905, 1912, 2006, 2011, 2017), wherein the at least one electrically controllable element (1907, 1911, 1913, 2002, 2007, 2011, 2018, 2024) is implemented as an electrical switch having at least two states: a state of good electrical conduction and a state of poor electrical conduction.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the at least one electrically controllable element (1907, 1911, 1913, 2002, 2007, 2011, 2018, 2024) is embodied as an electrically controllable impedance.
In a further preferred embodiment, the at least one electrically controllable element (1907, 1911, 1913, 2002, 2007, 2011, 2018, 2024) is controlled by an electronic control unit.
In an alternative embodiment, the at least one electrically controllable element (1907, 1911, 1913, 2002, 2007, 2011, 2018, 2024) is controlled by an electrical circuit that contains at least one impedance element that changes its impedance as a result of an external physical or chemical action.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the at least one impedance element, which changes its impedance due to an external physical or chemical action, has a voltage-dependent or temperature-dependent impedance.
In a further preferred embodiment, the electronic control unit is connected to at least one output line of at least one voltage sensor, which controls or regulates at least one correction element (1809, 1810, 1811) of an energy storage unit (1817), which detects the voltage of at least one energy store (1806, 1807, 1808) of the associated energy storage unit (1817).
In a further preferred embodiment, the electronic control unit is connected to at least one output line of at least one temperature sensor, which controls or regulates at least one correction element (1809, 1810, 1811) of an energy storage unit (1817), which detects the temperature of at least one energy store (1806, 1807, 1808) of the associated energy storage unit (1817).

Claims (7)

1. A circuit comprising a plurality of similar modules (101) and 124 electrically connected to one another, each of which has at least one electrical energy storage cell (1817) and at least two electrical switches (213 and 317, 318 and 328; 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1815) which enable the at least one electrical energy storage cell (1817) to be connected with respect to the electrical energy storage cells (1817) of the other modules, the circuit being arranged in the following manner:
at least one module (101) comprises a power storage unit (1817) having at least two power storages (1806, 1807, 1808) connected electrically in series, wherein each of the power storages (1806, 1807, 1808) has a correction element (1809, 1810, 1811; 2336; 2431; 2442; 2531, 2535, 2539; 2631, 2636, 2639) which is able to conduct charge out of the power storage unit (1817) or into the power storage unit (1817) such that the current through a part of the power storages of the power storage unit (1817) is smaller than the current through the other power storages of the power storage unit (1817),
wherein the plurality of modules are capable of forming the following three states by appropriately activating at least two electrical switches (213-:
the at least one energy storage cell (1817) of one module is connected in series with the at least one energy storage cell (1817) of another module;
the at least one power storage unit (1817) of one module is connected in parallel with the at least one power storage unit (1817) of another module;
the at least one energy storage cell (1817) of a module is bypassed as follows: the at least one electrical energy storage cell (1817) of one module is conductively connected with the at least one electrical energy storage cell (1817) of the other module only with at most one of the at least two electrical contacts of the module and there is no closed electrical loop with the at least one electrical energy storage cell (1817) of the other module; wherein at least one of the correction elements has at least one electrical switch which temporarily conductively connects at least one connection node of at least two electrical energy stores to at least one module terminal;
wherein at least one of the correction elements (1809, 1810, 1811) limits the voltage of at least one electrical energy store (1806, 1807, 1808) connected electrically in parallel therewith to within a predetermined range;
the correction element is arranged to discharge charge from the energy store connected in parallel therewith in order to reduce the voltage stress on the energy store in such a way that the peak voltage generated at each of the terminals of the energy store remains below a predetermined limit.
2. The circuit according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the correction elements has a voltage-dependent or a temperature-dependent impedance.
3. The circuit according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the correction elements has at least one electrically controllable element (1907, 1911, 1913, 2002, 2007, 2011, 2018, 2024) and at least one impedance (1905, 1912, 2006, 2011, 2017), wherein the at least one electrically controllable element (1907, 1911, 1913, 2002, 2007, 2011, 2018, 2024) is implemented as an electrical switch having at least two states: a state of good electrical conduction and a state of poor electrical conduction.
4. The circuit of claim 2, wherein the circuit further has at least one electronic control unit.
5. The circuit according to claim 4, wherein the at least one electronic control unit controls at least one correction element.
6. The circuit according to claim 5, wherein the circuit further comprises at least two voltage sensors which detect the voltage of the electrical energy storages and transmit it to at least one electronic control unit.
7. A circuit according to claim 4, wherein the electronic control unit is connected to at least one output line of at least one temperature sensor, the electronic control unit controlling at least one correction element (1809, 1810, 1811) of one power storage unit (1817), the temperature sensor detecting the temperature of at least one power storage (1806, 1807, 1808) of the associated power storage unit (1817).
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