CN106060871B - A kind of low-power consumption micropower wireless networking and data forwarding method - Google Patents
A kind of low-power consumption micropower wireless networking and data forwarding method Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W28/00—Network traffic management; Network resource management
- H04W28/02—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control
- H04W28/0215—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control based on user or device properties, e.g. MTC-capable devices
- H04W28/0221—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control based on user or device properties, e.g. MTC-capable devices power availability or consumption
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W40/00—Communication routing or communication path finding
- H04W40/02—Communication route or path selection, e.g. power-based or shortest path routing
- H04W40/22—Communication route or path selection, e.g. power-based or shortest path routing using selective relaying for reaching a BTS [Base Transceiver Station] or an access point
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/02—Power saving arrangements
- H04W52/0209—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices
- H04W52/0212—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices managed by the network, e.g. network or access point is master and terminal is slave
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/02—Power saving arrangements
- H04W52/0209—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices
- H04W52/0225—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices using monitoring of external events, e.g. the presence of a signal
- H04W52/0248—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices using monitoring of external events, e.g. the presence of a signal dependent on the time of the day, e.g. according to expected transmission activity
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W84/00—Network topologies
- H04W84/18—Self-organising networks, e.g. ad-hoc networks or sensor networks
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
- Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
- Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of networkings and data forwarding method wireless based on low-power consumption micropower, it is characterised in that it includes Low-power-consumptiodormancy dormancy wake-up, the forwarding of networking beacon frame, nodal information collection, network configuration management and the data forwarding copy reading strategy based on dormancy awakening.1) have networking function: the radio-frequency performance being well combined can greatly increase wireless transmission distance, solve the problems, such as wireless meter communication dead angle at present；2) real-time communication is good: can actively initiate to communicate by main website, child node responds in a few seconds, and user experience is good；3) the wake-up scheme described through the invention, meter can be run with super low-power consumption；Comprehensively consider site environment, can be used 8 years or more using water meter in battery powered situation.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the low-power consumption micropower wireless self-networking communications field, specifically a kind of low-power consumption with suspend mode
Micropower wireless meter-reading method.The present invention is for solving in four table centralized meter-reading systems, the power problems and equipment of battery supply set
Remote networking Communication.
Background technique
In recent years, with the rapid development of the technologies such as wireless telecommunications, integrated circuit, control system, so that low cost, low function
Consumption, multi-functional wireless sensor device mass production and use are possibly realized.It copies in four table collection, the neck such as smart home, Internet of Things
The application prospect in domain, the low-power consumption micropower wireless self-networking communication technology relevant to wireless sensor device is also more wide.?
Four table collection destroy field, and low-power consumption micro-power wireless communication ad-hoc network is to realize that water, electricity, gas, heat user data information collect, pass
Defeated and interaction communication network.Stringent limitation of the transmission power by National Radio management, child node position are fixed, communication chain
Road is relatively stable.
Since water, air and heat table can not take electricity, need to carry out data information remittance using low-power consumption micro-power wireless communication technology
Collection and transmission.
Low-power consumption micropower wireless self-organization network includes three kinds of communication equipments, a kind of to be integrated in interface convertor
Heart node module, hereinafter referred to as central node；One is participation networkings, and can carry out the trunking of user data forwarding,
Hereinafter referred to as relay node；Another kind is integrated in the child node module in aqueous vapor hotlist, hereinafter referred to as child node.Central node
It can be communicated between relay node, child node.But direct communication is mutually unable between relay node, child node.Child node is only
It can be carried out data answering.
Field is destroyed in four table collection, water, air and heat table are non-transformer power supplies.The consumed energy such as meter data information transfer
Number, for meter operation persistence have conclusive influence.Therefore the nothing transmitted based on low-power consumption wake-up and data
Line mechanics of communication is emphasis described herein.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is directed to the communication feature of low-power consumption micropower mobile Ad hoc network, proposes a kind of group using wake-up mode
Net and communication mode.
Technical solution: a kind of networking and data forwarding method wireless based on low-power consumption micropower, it includes that low-power consumption is stopped
Dormancy wake-up, the forwarding of networking beacon frame, nodal information collection, network configuration management and the data forwarding copy reading based on dormancy awakening
Strategy.
By Low-power-consumptiodormancy dormancy wake-up, the forwarding of networking beacon frame, nodal information collection, network configuration management and it is based on stopping
The modes such as the data forwarding copy reading that dormancy wakes up, water, air and heat table data information are converged to central node end, then pass through upper professional etiquette
About it is sent to concentrator and main website.
Preferably, the Low-power-consumptiodormancy dormancy wake-up, networking beacon frame forwarding process are as follows:
A. central node sends wake-up packet, sends networking beacon frame later, includes relay node time slot in networking beacon frame
Number and child node number of time slots, the information such as working channel number；
B. relay node wakes up certainly and receives wake-up packet, after waiting N number of wake-up packet period from waking up in sleep interval
Networking beacon frame is received, according to relay node number of time slots or child node number of time slots and itself short address of networking beacon frame
Mould obtains corresponding forwarding time slot, and obtains the working channel in networking beacon frame, is jumped in working channel and maintenance channel
Frequency receives, and the frequency hopping received max-timeout time was 4 wheel beacon round times；Wherein, relay node or the group of child node forwarding
Net beacon frame is referred to as to regenerate beacon frame；
Relay node forwarding time slot=relay node short address % relay node number of time slots；
Child node forwarding time slot=child node short address % child node number of time slots；
C. relay node waits relay node sending time slots, sends wake-up packet and data packet, and it is unwakened to wake up surrounding
Relay node and child node, and in beacon round, continue frequency hopping and receives；
D. child node receives wake-up packet, networking beacon frame is received later, according to networking from waking up in sleep interval
It is to be sent to obtain forwarding time slot, and suspend mode etc. for the mould of beacon frame child node number of time slots and itself short address；
E. child node regeneration beacon frame forwarding time slot is calculated according to child node forwarding time slot, and child node is only sent
Beacon frame is regenerated, wake-up packet is not sent；
F. the regeneration that central node or the non-suspend mode relay node of surrounding receive other relay nodes or child node issues
After beacon frame, neighborhood and field intensity value are recorded；
G. after child node receives beacon frame, use child node address to carry out beacon as the source address of networking beacon frame and turn
Hair, the beacon frame include the regeneration beacon frame of the networking beacon frame that central node issues and relay node forwarding.
In low power sleep wakeup process, the central node selection structure of superframe, according to relay node and child node
Quantity marks range to the time of its channel；Forwarding time slot interval and the time slot of relay node and child node are defined in superframe
Quantity；Superframe is using the transmission of networking beacon frame as boundary.
Preferably, after relay node receives networking beacon frame, frequency hopping reception state can be entered, believed while listening for work
Road and maintenance channel, when frequency hopping, a length of networking beacon frame forwarded total round duration.
Preferably, the nodal information is collected, network configuration management process includes:
A. central node, which issues, wakes up packet sequence, wake up need the child node collected or the arrival child node relaying
Node；
B. after waking up, central node sending node information collects frame, and nodal information is collected frame and carried out only for relay node,
If without relay node, directly progress node configuration；
C. relay node, which needs to collect frame to nodal information, carries out response: informing around central node current hop node
Neighborhood and field intensity value；
D. after central node has carried out nodal information collection, into network configuration；
E. it before configuring relay node or child node, first wakes up the child node needed to configure or reaches in the child node
After node；
F. after waking up, central node sends network configuration frame, and relay node or child node send configuration acknowledgement frame.
Preferably, during networking, nodal information is collected to carry out only for relay node, and relay node needs to record son
The channel number of node networking beacon frame forwarding, and field strength collection is carried out from the channel.
Preferably, during networking, network configuration management can carry out all nodes；Relay node and child node are receiving
To after network configuration frame, need to carry out channel switching, into net state.
Preferably, the data forwarding copy reading process based on dormancy awakening includes:
A. central node, which issues, wakes up packet sequence, wake up need the child node collected or the arrival child node relaying
Node；
B. after waking up, central node sends data reading system frame；
C. data frame decoding and framing are carried out if next stage is child node, and the response data reading system；
If next stage is relay node, relay node, which needs to start to send, wakes up packet sequence, while calculating this turn
The duration of hair frame arrival child node and child node response and the duration for being transmitted to current hop node, are arranged dormancy time；
D. circulation step c；
E. until the acknowledgement frame of the data reading system is received by central node, forwarding process terminates.
More preferably, data reading system frame uses wake-up packet wake-up mode, and wake-up packet contains current awake packet serial number and needs
The destination node address of wake-up.
Preferably, step c tape relay data forwarding process, the relay node use that answering is passed through automatically wake up mechanism
Etc. acknowledgement frame to be received and forward.
Beneficial effects of the present invention
It is communicated relative to existing low-consumption wireless, the program has the advantages that
1) have networking function: the radio-frequency performance being well combined can greatly increase wireless transmission distance, solve at present
The problem of wireless meter communication dead angle；
2) real-time communication is good: can actively initiate to communicate by main website, child node responds in a few seconds, and user experience is good
It is good；
3) the wake-up scheme described through the invention, meter can be run with super low-power consumption；Comprehensively consider site environment, uses
Water meter can be used 8 years or more in battery powered situation.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is networking beacon frame broadcast receiving and transmitting time slot map
A: wake-up packet sending time slots
B: from wake-up time slot
D: data packet sending time slots
R: data packet receives time slot
NA: wake-up packet waits time slot
ND: data packet waits time slot
Fig. 2 is data reading system frame forwarding process figure
Fig. 3 is data answering frame forwarding process figure
Fig. 4 is data reading system and response forwarding time slot figure
Specific embodiment
Below with reference to Fig. 1-Fig. 4, the invention will be further described, and but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto:
Embodiment 1: a kind of networking and data forwarding method wireless based on low-power consumption micropower, it includes Low-power-consumptiodormancy dormancy
Wake-up, the forwarding of networking beacon frame, nodal information collection, network configuration management and the data forwarding copy reading plan based on dormancy awakening
Slightly.
The embodiment by Low-power-consumptiodormancy dormancy wake up, networking beacon frame forwarding, nodal information collect, network configuration management with
And the modes such as data forwarding copy reading based on dormancy awakening, water, air and heat table data information are converged to central node end, then led to
It crosses uplink specification and is sent to concentrator and main website.
Embodiment 2: a kind of low-power consumption micropower wireless networking and data forwarding method as described in Example 1 are described low
Power consumption dormancy awakening, networking beacon frame forwarding process are as follows:
A. central node sends wake-up packet, sends networking beacon frame later, includes relay node time slot in networking beacon frame
Number and child node number of time slots, the information such as working channel number；
B. relay node wakes up certainly and receives wake-up packet, after waiting N number of wake-up packet period from waking up in sleep interval
Networking beacon frame is received, according to relay node number of time slots or child node number of time slots and itself short address of networking beacon frame
Mould obtains corresponding forwarding time slot, and obtains the working channel in networking beacon frame, is jumped in working channel and maintenance channel
Frequency receives, and the frequency hopping received max-timeout time was 4 wheel beacon round times；Wherein, relay node or the group of child node forwarding
Net beacon frame is referred to as to regenerate beacon frame；
Relay node forwarding time slot=relay node short address % relay node number of time slots；
Child node forwarding time slot=child node short address % child node number of time slots；
C. relay node waits relay node sending time slots, sends wake-up packet and data packet, and it is unwakened to wake up surrounding
Relay node and child node, and in beacon round, continue frequency hopping and receives；
D. child node receives wake-up packet, networking beacon frame is received later, according to networking from waking up in sleep interval
It is to be sent to obtain forwarding time slot, and suspend mode etc. for the mould of beacon frame child node number of time slots and itself short address；
E. child node regeneration beacon frame forwarding time slot is calculated according to child node forwarding time slot, and child node is only sent
Beacon frame is regenerated, wake-up packet is not sent；
F. the regeneration that central node or the non-suspend mode relay node of surrounding receive other relay nodes or child node issues
After beacon frame, neighborhood and field intensity value are recorded；
G. after child node receives beacon frame, use child node address to carry out beacon as the source address of networking beacon frame and turn
Hair, the beacon frame include the regeneration beacon frame of the networking beacon frame that central node issues and relay node forwarding.
Embodiment 3: a kind of low-power consumption micropower wireless networking and data forwarding method as described in Example 2, low-power
During dormancy awakening, the central node selection structure of superframe, according to the quantity of relay node and child node, to its channel
Time marks range；Forwarding time slot interval and the number of timeslots of relay node and child node are defined in superframe；Superframe is with group
The transmission of net beacon frame is as boundary.
Embodiment 4: a kind of low-power consumption micropower wireless networking and data forwarding method as described in Example 2, relaying section
After point receives networking beacon frame, frequency hopping reception state can be entered, while listening for working channel and maintenance channel, frequency hopping duration
Total round duration is forwarded for networking beacon frame.
Embodiment 5: a kind of low-power consumption micropower wireless networking and data forwarding method as described in Example 1, the section
Point information is collected, network configuration management process includes:
A. central node, which issues, wakes up packet sequence, wake up need the child node collected or the arrival child node relaying
Node；
B. after waking up, central node sending node information collects frame, and nodal information is collected frame and carried out only for relay node,
If without relay node, directly progress node configuration；
C. relay node, which needs to collect frame to nodal information, carries out response: informing around central node current hop node
Neighborhood and field intensity value；
D. after central node has carried out nodal information collection, into network configuration；
E. it before configuring relay node or child node, first wakes up the child node needed to configure or reaches in the child node
After node；
F. after waking up, central node sends network configuration frame, and relay node or child node send configuration acknowledgement frame.
Embodiment 6: a kind of low-power consumption micropower wireless networking and data forwarding method as described in Example 5, networking
Cheng Zhong, nodal information is collected to carry out only for relay node, and relay node needs to record the forwarding of child node networking beacon frame
Channel number, and field strength collection is carried out from the channel.
Embodiment 7: a kind of low-power consumption micropower wireless networking and data forwarding method as described in Example 5, networking
Cheng Zhong, network configuration management can carry out all nodes；Relay node and child node need after receiving network configuration frame
Channel switching is carried out, into net state.
Embodiment 8: in conjunction with Fig. 2, a kind of low-power consumption micropower wireless networking and data forwarding side as described in Example 1
Method, the data forwarding copy reading process based on dormancy awakening include:
A. central node, which issues, wakes up packet sequence, wake up need the child node collected or the arrival child node relaying
Node；
B. after waking up, central node sends data reading system frame；
C. data frame decoding and framing are carried out if next stage is child node, and the response data reading system；
If next stage is relay node, relay node, which needs to start to send, wakes up packet sequence, while calculating this turn
The duration of hair frame arrival child node and child node response and the duration for being transmitted to current hop node, are arranged dormancy time；
D. circulation step c；
E. until the acknowledgement frame of the data reading system is received by central node, forwarding process terminates.
In preferred embodiment: not in net, central node can be attempted to wake up child node in maintenance channel child node, then into
The direct copy reading of row is attempted；For child node after net, central node only wakes up next layer in path list in net in working channel
After node or child node, copy reading is then carried out, it is subsequent regular also in compliance with this in net relay node in path list.
In preferred embodiment: because wake-up packet wakeup process is to need to spend time taking, overlong time will affect user
Experience reduces meter reading efficiency, and considers requirement of the child node to power consumption, and in order to save power consumption, child node sends response frame number
According to message, wake-up packet will not be initiated to wake up its upper one layer of relay node, but relay node from by way of waking up come
Forward acknowledgement frame message.
Embodiment 9: a kind of low-power consumption micropower wireless networking and data forwarding method, data are copied as described in Example 8
It reads frame and uses wake-up packet wake-up mode, the destination node address that wake-up packet contains current awake packet serial number and needs to wake up.
Embodiment 10: a kind of low-power consumption micropower wireless networking and data forwarding method as described in Example 8, step c
Tape relay data forwarding process, the relay node use that answering is passed through automatically wake up the acknowledgement frame to be received such as mechanism and turn
Hair.
Specific embodiment described herein is only to illustrate to spirit of that invention.The neck of technology belonging to the present invention
The technical staff in domain can make various modifications or additions to the described embodiments or replace by a similar method
In generation, however, it does not deviate from the spirit of the invention or beyond the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (7)
1. a kind of low-power consumption micropower wireless networking and data forwarding method, it is characterised in that it include Low-power-consumptiodormancy dormancy wake up,
The forwarding of networking beacon frame, nodal information collection, network configuration management and the data forwarding copy reading strategy based on dormancy awakening；
The Low-power-consumptiodormancy dormancy wake-up, networking beacon frame forwarding process are as follows:
A1, central node send wake-up packet, send networking beacon frame later, include relay node number of time slots in networking beacon frame
With child node number of time slots, the information of working channel number；
B1, relay node wake up certainly and receive wake-up packet from waking up in sleep interval, N number of wake-up packet period is waited to be followed by
Networking beacon frame is received, according to relay node number of time slots or child node number of time slots and itself short address of networking beacon frame
Mould obtains corresponding forwarding time slot, and obtains the working channel in networking beacon frame, is jumped in working channel and maintenance channel
Frequency receives, and the frequency hopping received max-timeout time was 4 wheel beacon round times；Wherein, relay node or the group of child node forwarding
Net beacon frame is referred to as to regenerate beacon frame；
C1, relay node wait relay node sending time slots, send wake-up packet and data packet, wake up the unwakened relaying of surrounding
Node and child node, and in beacon round, continue frequency hopping and receives；
D1, child node receive wake-up packet, receive networking beacon frame later, believe according to networking from waking up in sleep interval
The mould for marking frame child node number of time slots and itself short address, it is to be sent to obtain forwarding time slot, and suspend mode etc.；
E1, child node regeneration beacon frame forwarding time slot are calculated according to child node forwarding time slot, and child node is only sent again
Raw beacon frame, does not send wake-up packet；
The regeneration beacon that the non-suspend mode relay node of F1, central node or surrounding receive other relay nodes or child node issues
After frame, neighborhood and field intensity value are recorded；
After G1, child node receive beacon frame, child node address is used to carry out beacon forwarding, institute as the source address of networking beacon frame
State the regeneration beacon frame that beacon frame includes the networking beacon frame that central node issues and relay node forwarding；
The nodal information is collected, network configuration management process includes:
A2, central node, which issue, wakes up packet sequence, wakes up the relay node for needing the child node collected or reaching the child node；
After B2, wake-up, central node sending node information collects frame, and nodal information is collected frame and carried out only for relay node, such as
Fruit does not have relay node, then directly carries out node configuration；
C2, relay node, which need to collect frame to nodal information, carries out response: informing the neighbour around central node current hop node
Occupy relationship and field intensity value；
After D2, central node have carried out nodal information collection, into network configuration；
Before E2, configuration relay node or child node, the child node needed to configure or the relaying for reaching the child node are first waken up
Node；
After F2, wake-up, central node sends network configuration frame, and relay node or child node send configuration acknowledgement frame；
The data forwarding copy reading process based on dormancy awakening includes:
A3, central node, which issue, wakes up packet sequence, wake up need the child node collected or the arrival child node relaying section
Point；
After B3, wake-up, central node sends data reading system frame；
If C3, next stage are child nodes, data frame decoding and framing are carried out, and the response data reading system；
If next stage is relay node, relay node, which needs to start to send, wakes up packet sequence, while calculating the forwarding frame
The duration of arrival child node and child node response and the duration for being transmitted to current hop node, are arranged dormancy time；
D3, circulation step C3；
E3, until the acknowledgement frame of the data reading system is received by central node, forwarding process terminates.
2. a kind of low-power consumption micropower wireless networking according to claim 1 and data forwarding method, it is characterised in that low
In power hibernation wakeup process, the structure of central node selection superframe believes it according to the quantity of relay node and child node
The time in road marks range；Forwarding time slot interval and the number of timeslots of relay node and child node are defined in superframe；Superframe is
Using the transmission of networking beacon frame as boundary.
3. a kind of low-power consumption micropower wireless networking according to claim 1 and data forwarding method, it is characterised in that in
After node receives networking beacon frame, frequency hopping reception state can be entered, while listening for working channel and maintenance channel, frequency hopping
Shi Changwei networking beacon frame forwards total round duration.
4. a kind of low-power consumption micropower wireless networking according to claim 1 and data forwarding method, it is characterised in that group
In network process, nodal information is collected to carry out only for relay node, and relay node needs to record child node networking beacon frame and turns
The channel number of hair, and field strength collection is carried out from the channel.
5. a kind of low-power consumption micropower wireless networking according to claim 1 and data forwarding method, it is characterised in that group
In network process, network configuration management can carry out all nodes；Relay node and child node after receiving network configuration frame,
It needs to carry out channel switching, into net state.
6. a kind of low-power consumption micropower wireless networking according to claim 1 and data forwarding method, it is characterised in that number
Wake-up packet wake-up mode is used according to copy reading frame, wake-up packet is with containing current awake packet serial number and the destination node for needing to wake up
Location.
7. a kind of low-power consumption micropower wireless networking according to claim 1 and data forwarding method, it is characterised in that step
Rapid C3 tape relay data forwarding process, the relay node use that answering is passed through automatically wake up the acknowledgement frame to be received such as mechanism simultaneously
Forwarding.
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| CN106781399A (en) * | 2017-01-11 | 2017-05-31 | 安徽汉威电子有限公司 | A kind of low power consumption wireless meter reading relay unit |
| CN107148069B (en) * | 2017-03-24 | 2020-07-10 | 浙江理工大学 | Self-networking and low-power-consumption data collection method of tree sensor network |
| CN106900042B (en) * | 2017-03-24 | 2019-12-20 | 杭州罗曼智能科技有限公司 | Sensor node of tree-type sensor network ad hoc network |
| CN107071873B (en) * | 2017-03-24 | 2019-12-20 | 浙江理工大学 | Coordinator of tree sensor network ad hoc network |
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| CN110784907B (en) * | 2019-11-12 | 2021-08-31 | 重庆智慧水务有限公司 | Method for wireless gateway multi-frequency point coverage calling wireless network node and storage medium |
| CN111328058B (en) * | 2020-02-25 | 2023-03-24 | 南通大学 | Bluetooth Mesh low-power-consumption node dynamic awakening method |
| CN113766596A (en) * | 2021-10-27 | 2021-12-07 | 广东卓维网络有限公司 | Wireless network ad hoc network method and system |
| CN113810985B (en) * | 2021-11-17 | 2022-05-10 | 浙江柯瑞普科技有限公司 | Networking data uploading method for low-power-consumption equipment and communication equipment |
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