CN105969303B - A kind of dregs of beans base timber adhesive and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
A kind of dregs of beans base timber adhesive and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN105969303B CN105969303B CN201610372058.8A CN201610372058A CN105969303B CN 105969303 B CN105969303 B CN 105969303B CN 201610372058 A CN201610372058 A CN 201610372058A CN 105969303 B CN105969303 B CN 105969303B
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- parts
- powder
- adhesive
- defatted
- wood adhesive
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
- C09J189/00—Adhesives based on proteins; Adhesives based on derivatives thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G8/00—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only
- C08G8/04—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only of aldehydes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
- C09J11/00—Features of adhesives not provided for in group C09J9/00, e.g. additives
- C09J11/02—Non-macromolecular additives
- C09J11/04—Non-macromolecular additives inorganic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
- C09J11/00—Features of adhesives not provided for in group C09J9/00, e.g. additives
- C09J11/02—Non-macromolecular additives
- C09J11/06—Non-macromolecular additives organic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
- C09J11/00—Features of adhesives not provided for in group C09J9/00, e.g. additives
- C09J11/08—Macromolecular additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/03—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing three or more polymers in a blend
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of dregs of beans base timber adhesives and preparation method thereof, it is prepared by 27-33 parts of defatted protein powder, 0.001-0.003 parts of thinner, 0.5-2.0 parts of emulsifier, 1-2 parts of denaturant, 7-20 parts of reinforcing agent, 65-73 parts of decentralized medium, preparation method includes dispersion, mixing, rises gentle agitation;The advantage of the invention is that:The water-fast requirement that disclosure satisfy that adhesion agent for artificial board, ensure that the practical performance of protein adhesive;Thoroughly solves the problems, such as the formaldehyde pollution in the room air that wood-based plate is brought;Primary raw material is renewable resource, meets environmental protection and continuable development principle.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of adhesive and preparation method thereof, specifically a kind of dregs of beans base timber adhesive and its system
Preparation Method belongs to adhesive and its preparation field.
Background technology
With the sustainable and stable development of the industries such as the raising of living standards of the people and building, decorations, packaging, Chinese people
Plate yield is made to increase rapidly.2014,3.02 hundred million m of China's wood-based plate total output3, account for about 50% of Gross World Product or more.Wherein
0.17 hundred million m of particieboard3, increase by 13% on a year-on-year basis;0.69 hundred million m of fiberboard3, increase by 16% on a year-on-year basis;1.74 hundred million m of glued board3, increase by a year-on-year basis
7%.Wood-based plate total output, glued board yield, furniture yield, wood floors yield rank the first in the world for years.
The adhesive generally used in Wood-based Panel Production is formaldehyde system synthetic resin, is with Lauxite and its modified product
It is main.By effort for many years, China's adhesive of artificial board production level has large increase, wood-based plate and its product environmental protection characteristic
It is greatly improved, but its product Form aldehyde release cannot be completely eliminated, and the wood-based plate and its product of many enterprise's productions
(Furniture, timber floor, Indoor Wooden ornament materials etc.)More serious Form aldehyde release problem is remained, is room air dirt
The main source of formaldehyde pollution in dye.
Currently, the method for reducing artificial board formaldehyde burst size mainly has following 4 kinds:1)Using low mole prop0rtion modified urea-formaldehyde tree
Fat adhesive;2)Formaldehyde catching agent is added in modified urea-formaldehyde resin adhesive;3)Wood-based plate is post-processed;4)Using it
His environmental-protection type adhesive.But all there is many defects for these technical methods.Such as:1)Using low mole prop0rtion modified urea-formaldehyde
Although resin adhesive can effectively reduce wood-based panel product burst size of methanal, product bonding strength also tends to reduce, no
Requirement can be met;And hardening time can be caused to extend, production efficiency reduces;2)In urea-formaldehyde resin for artificial board adhesive
Middle addition formaldehyde catching agent often reduces wood-based plate simultaneously although free formaldehyde in artificial plate burst size can be reduced effectively
Bonding strength;Meanwhile general formaldehyde catching agent price often be significantly larger than urea-formaldehyde resin adhesive, addition improve product at
This, reduces product competitiveness;3)Wood-based plate is post-processed, as Publication No. CN1526528 application for a patent for invention in
Disclose a kind of manufacturing process preparing E1/EO grades of environment friendly artificial boards using ammonia vacuum method;Publication No. CN2394770's
A kind of processing unit reducing artificial board formaldehyde burst size is disclosed in utility model patent, these post-processing approach not only make
It is complicated to obtain wood-based plate manufacturing process, and equipment for after-treatment investment is huge, production cost significantly improves;4)Using other environment-friendly types
Adhesive causes Wood-based Panel Production cost to increase considerably, producting process difficulty increases, enterprise such as isocyanates adhesive
It is all difficult to receive with user;Prepare that wood-based plate bonding strength is low, and wood-based plate easily comes unglued using general proteins adhesive.To sum up institute
It states, although above-mentioned measure can effectively reduce free formaldehyde in artificial plate burst size, cannot thoroughly solve the problems, such as Form aldehyde release, or
It can not be promoted due to production cost is excessively high etc..
In addition, the adhesive of artificial board generally used at present is not inconsistent all there is the fossil resource Dependence Problem of raw material yet
Close the requirement of sustainable development.
Invention content
To solve the above-mentioned problems, the present invention devises a kind of dregs of beans base timber adhesive and preparation method thereof, Neng Gouman
The water-fast requirement of sufficient adhesion agent for artificial board, ensure that the practical performance of protein adhesive;Thoroughly solve what wood-based plate was brought
Formaldehyde pollution problem in room air;Primary raw material is renewable resource, meets environmental protection and continuable development principle.
The technical scheme is that:
A kind of dregs of beans base timber adhesive, includes the component of following parts by weight:
20-40 portions of defatted protein powder, 0.1-5.0 parts of emulsifier, 1-5 parts of denaturant, increases 0.0005-0.005 parts of thinner
Strong 1-30 parts of agent, 60-80 parts of decentralized medium.
Preferably, the dregs of beans base adhesive of artificial board, by weight, including following component:Defatted protein powder 27-33
Part, 0.001-0.003 parts of thinner, 0.5-2.0 parts of emulsifier, 1-2 parts of denaturant, 7-20 parts of reinforcing agent, decentralized medium 65-73
Part.
Wherein, the protein content in the defatted protein powder is in 40% or more, preferably 43~50%, to ensure more preferably to answer
With effect and control cost.
The defatted protein powder can be selected from degreasing legumin powder, defatted peanut protein powder, defatted cotton dregs powder, degreasing hemalbumin
One or more of powder, degreasing feather albumen powder, degreasing bone protein powder, wherein preferably degreasing legumin powder or defatted peanut
Albumen powder.
Further, the grain size of the defatted protein powder is all higher than 150 mesh, preferably 200~250 mesh.
Degreasing legumin powder of the present invention, defatted peanut protein powder, defatted cotton dregs powder, degreasing hemalbumin powder, degreasing plumage
It is limited to be such as purchased from Hui Fu grain and oil Co., Ltd, the extra large grain and oil of Zhoukou City's benefit for hairless protein powder and degreasing bone protein powder is commercially available buys
Company, Chinese grain and oil limited liability company etc., or be prepared using conventional degreasing method, the specific method present invention does not make this
It is particularly limited to.
The thinner is one kind in papain, bromelain, neutral proteinase.
The emulsifier is one kind in polyacrylamide, polyvinyl alcohol, polyetherimide.
The denaturant is selected from the one or more of neopelex, urea, guanidine hydrochloride, sodium carbonate.
Above-mentioned denaturant is commercial product, is purchased from Tianjin Chemical Co., Ltd. etc..It can be by egg using above-mentioned denaturant
White molecule depolymerization exposes intramolecular active group, is conducive to react to form more closely knit cross-linked network with the reinforcing agent being added
Network lays the foundation for enhancing adhesive;Protein molecule can be made to degrade using thinner, generate a large amount of small molecular proteins, a side
Face molecular chain degradation forms the exposure that a large amount of small proteins are conducive to function functional group in albumen, another aspect macromolecular egg
White matter degradation of small molecular protein makes adhesive viscosity be greatly lowered, and the small protein of generation is conducive to penetrate into timber
More glue nails are formed, adhesive dry and wet shape bonding strength is increased;The each component mixing of adhesive can be made more using emulsifier
Uniformly, promote effective contact of each component, and the emulsifier being added may also participate in reaction, cross-linked network is formed with adhesive system
Network structure.
The reinforcing agent denaturant is selected from urea, guanidine hydrochloride, sodium carbonate(10% solution)In one kind.
The decentralized medium selection ordinary tap water or softened water.
The present invention additionally provides a kind of preparation method of adhesion agent for artificial board simultaneously, includes the following steps:
1)Albumen powder, emulsifier, denaturant are weighed according to weight proportion and it is made to be dispersed in decentralized medium, water
Bath is warming up to 30 DEG C and stirs 20 minutes;
2)Warming-in-water is added thinner and stirs 10 minutes to 50 DEG C, is continuously heating to 90 DEG C and stirs 20 minutes to albumen
Enzyme carries out inactivation treatment.
3)20 DEG C are cooled to, reinforcing agent is added, stirs evenly.
The advantage of the invention is that:
1)The present invention makes macromolecular of the soybean protein molecule from curling using denaturant, emulsifier, thinner collective effect
It is cut to short molecular chain albumen after unfolding, and uniformly disperses under emulsifier effect, the addition for follow-up reinforcing agent provides
Suitable molecular weight and a large amount of reactive functional, and reduce viscosity.
2)The present invention enhances adhesive using after denaturant denaturation with tannin-resorcinol-glutaraldehyde pre-polymerization, makes reinforcing agent
Crosslinking inierpeneirating network structure is formed with soybean protein interaction of molecules, solves general proteins adhesive poor water resistance, water-fast
The problem of boiling poor performance disclosure satisfy that the water-fast requirement of adhesion agent for artificial board, ensure that the practical performance of protein adhesive, and
And the glued board prepared by the adhesive of the present invention reaches II classes glued board requirement in national standard;
3)The present invention is to be used as adhesion agent for artificial board after material modification is handled to tannin-resorcinol-glutaraldehyde pre-polymerization,
Without containing free formaldehyde, Form aldehyde release problem is not present in the wood-based plate of splicing, thoroughly solves the room air that wood-based plate is brought
In formaldehyde pollution problem;
4)Albumen powder and tannin are reproducible resource, as the primary raw material of adhesive, help to solve conventional artificial
Using the exhausted problem of synthesis fossil feedstock in board adhesive, meet environmental protection and continuable development principle;
5)It is effectively utilized agricultural byproducts processing residue and paper industry waste, comprehensively utilizes resource, saves production
Cost improves value-added content of product.
The present invention is further explained in the light of specific embodiments.
Specific implementation mode
The following examples are used to illustrate the present invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention..Without departing substantially from spirit of that invention
In the case of essence, to modifications or substitutions made by the method for the present invention, step or condition, all belong to the scope of the present invention.
Unless otherwise specified, the conventional means that technological means used in embodiment is well known to those skilled in the art.
In addition, all component raw materials used in embodiment are known commercial product.
The percentage sign " % " arrived involved in the present invention, if not specified, index finger mass percent;But the percentage of solution,
Unless otherwise specified, refer to containing several grams of solute in solution 100ml;Percentage between liquid, capacity when referring to 20 DEG C
Ratio.
Embodiment 1
A kind of adhesion agent for artificial board is present embodiments provided, the adhesive is stocked up by following weight proportion:
73 kg of softened water
27 kg of degreasing legumin powder
Denaturant 1.0kg
Thinner 0.001kg
Emulsifier 0.5kg
Reinforcing agent 7kg
Wherein, 43% or more the protein content of degreasing legumin powder(Purchased from Hui Fu grain and oil Co., Ltd);Denaturant is commercially available
Common guanidine hydrochloride, thinner are papain, emulsifier is polyvinyl alcohol(Purchased from Beijing chemical reagent Co., Ltd, content
99%);Reinforcing agent is self-control tannin-resorcinol-glutaraldehyde prepolymer(Solid content 60%, viscosity 2400mPa.s).
The present embodiment provides the preparation method of above-mentioned adhesive simultaneously, and specific preparation process is as follows:
1)In the mixer equipped with blender, whole softened waters, degreasing legumin powder, emulsifier, denaturant is added,
It stirs evenly, is warming up to 30 DEG C and stirs 20 minutes.
2)Be warming up to 50 DEG C, thinner be added and stirs 10 minutes, be continuously heating to 90 DEG C of stirrings 20 minutes to protease into
Row inactivation treatment.
3)20 DEG C are cooled to, reinforcing agent is added, stirs evenly.
The performance quality index of gained adhesive is shown in Table 1.
Embodiment 2
A kind of adhesion agent for artificial board is present embodiments provided, the adhesive is stocked up by following weight proportion
71 kg of tap water
29 kg of degreasing legumin powder
Denaturant 1.5kg
Thinner 0.002kg
Emulsifier 1.0kg
Reinforcing agent 12kg
Wherein, 43% or more the protein content of degreasing legumin powder(Purchased from Hui Fu grain and oil Co., Ltd);Denaturant is commercially available
Urea, thinner are bromelain, emulsifier is polyacrylamide(Purchased from Beijing chemical reagent Co., Ltd, content 99%);
Reinforcing agent is self-control tannin-resorcinol-glutaraldehyde prepolymer(Solid content 60%, viscosity 2400mPa.s).
The preparation method is the same as that of Example 1 for adhesive described in the present embodiment, and the performance quality index of gained adhesive is shown in Table 1.
Embodiment 3
A kind of adhesion agent for artificial board is present embodiments provided, the adhesive is stocked up by following weight proportion:
69 kg of softened water
31 kg of defatted peanut protein powder
Denaturant 1.0kg
Thinner 0.002kg
Emulsifier 1.5kg
Reinforcing agent 18kg
Wherein, 43% or more the protein content of degreasing legumin powder(Purchased from Hui Fu grain and oil Co., Ltd);Denaturant is commercially available
Urea, thinner are neutral proteinase, emulsifier is polyetherimide(Purchased from Beijing chemical reagent Co., Ltd, content 99%);
Reinforcing agent is self-control tannin-resorcinol-glutaraldehyde prepolymer(Solid content 60%, viscosity 2400mPa.s).
The preparation method is the same as that of Example 1 for adhesive described in the present embodiment, and the performance quality index of gained adhesive is shown in Table 1.
Embodiment 4
A kind of adhesion agent for artificial board is present embodiments provided, the adhesive is stocked up by following weight proportion:
67 kg of softened water
33 kg of defatted peanut protein powder
Denaturant 2.0kg
Thinner 0.003kg
Emulsifier 2.0kg
Reinforcing agent 20kg
Wherein, 43% or more the protein content of degreasing legumin powder(Purchased from Hui Fu grain and oil Co., Ltd);Denaturant is commercially available
Common sodium carbonate, thinner are bromelain, emulsifier is polyetherimide(Purchased from Beijing chemical reagent Co., Ltd, contain
Amount 99%);Reinforcing agent is self-control tannin-resorcinol-glutaraldehyde prepolymer(Solid content 60%, viscosity 2400mPa.s).
The preparation method is the same as that of Example 1 for adhesive described in the present embodiment, and the performance quality index of gained adhesive is shown in Table 1.
Adhensive performance index prepared by 1 embodiment 1-4 of table
Reference examples 1-8
Respectively compared with embodiment 1-4, control group 1-4 is followed successively by the gluing for being added without denaturant, thinner, emulsifier
Agent.
Respectively compared with embodiment 1-4, control group 5-8 is followed successively by the adhesive for being added without reinforcing agent.
Reference examples 9
The low content of free formaldehyde content cyanurotriamide modified urea resin adhesive of commercially available 50% solid content(Specific formula
For:Melamine additive amount is the 10% of total adhesive weight, and molar ratio 1.18, urea is added molar ratio and is respectively in three batches
2.1,1.45,1.18, melamine is added with second batch urea, is purchased from wood industry Co., Ltd of Xuzhou Allianz)
Test example
The adhesive that 1-4 of the embodiment of the present invention and reference examples 1-9 is respectively adopted manufactures three layers of 400 × 400mm glued boards.
Board using poplar board:Moisture content is dried to 6-14%;Thick 1.6mm;
Veneer adhesive uses the product of the product and reference examples 1-10 of 1-5 of the embodiment of the present invention.
Glued board is prepared by following normal process:
Sizing:The two-sided sizing of core plate, glue-spread 300-460g/m2。
Aging and time:It is closed and is aged, 10-30 minutes.
Preload pressure and time:Precompressed 30-40 minutes, pressure 0.8MPa.
Hot pressing pressure:1.0MPa, hot pressing temperature:110-120 DEG C, hot pressing time:70-90s/mm.
By GB/T17657-1999《Wood-based plate and face artificial board physicochemical property experimental method》Detection method is to production
Plywood product carries out performance detection, and testing result is shown in Table 2.
2 glued board burst size of methanal of table and bonding strength
The experimental results showed that the burst size of methanal of the glued board of the formaldehydeless biomass adhesive manufacture of the present invention is all very low
(For timber ontology Form aldehyde release), the bonding strength of the glued board of the biomass adhesive preparation of reinforcing agent is added by II glued boards
Detection can reach boiling and not come unglued for 10 hours in 1.10MPa or more, 1.2 or more dry strength, and 50% left side is improved than control group
The right side, enhancing effect are notable.
Formaldehyde-free protein adhesive of the present invention is easy to use, it is not necessary to existing Wood-based Panel Production equipment and technique changed,
Therefore it need not increase equipment investment.
The alternative custom plywood adhesive containing formaldehyde of adhesive prepared by the present invention, prepares total sizing when glued board
Measure constant, therefore use cost is suitable with modified urea-formaldehyde resin adhesive.Therefore, protein adhesive of the invention has good
Application prospect.
Although above the present invention is described in detail with a general description of the specific embodiments,
On the basis of the present invention, it can be made some modifications or improvements, this will be apparent to those skilled in the art.Cause
This, these modifications or improvements, belong to the scope of protection of present invention without departing from theon the basis of the spirit of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. a kind of wood adhesive, it is characterised in that:Include the component of following parts by weight:
27-33 parts of defatted protein powder, 1-2 parts of denaturant, 7-20 parts of reinforcing agent, 65-73 parts of decentralized medium;The reinforcing agent is one
Tannin-resorcinol-glutaraldehyde the prepolymer prepared under fixed condition.
2. a kind of wood adhesive according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:The defatted protein powder is selected from degreasing beans egg
One in white powder, defatted peanut protein powder, defatted cotton dregs powder, degreasing hemalbumin powder, degreasing feather albumen powder, degreasing bone protein powder
Kind is several.
3. a kind of wood adhesive according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:The grain size of the defatted protein powder is all higher than
150 mesh.
4. a kind of wood adhesive according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:The denaturant be selected from urea, guanidine hydrochloride,
One kind in sodium carbonate.
5. a kind of wood adhesive according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:Further include thinner 0.0005-0.005
Part, the one kind of the thinner in papain, bromelain, neutral proteinase.
6. a kind of wood adhesive according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:Further include 0.1-5.0 parts of emulsifier, it is described
Emulsifier is selected from polyacrylamide or polyvinyl alcohol.
7. a kind of wood adhesive according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:The decentralized medium selects ordinary tap water
Or softened water.
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CN201610372058.8A CN105969303B (en) | 2016-05-31 | 2016-05-31 | A kind of dregs of beans base timber adhesive and preparation method thereof |
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CN105969303B true CN105969303B (en) | 2018-11-13 |
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CN106318313A (en) * | 2016-09-28 | 2017-01-11 | 书香门地(上海)新材料科技有限公司 | Formaldehyde-free soybean-protein-based adhesive for multilayer solid-wood composite floorboard and preparation method of formaldehyde-free soybean-protein-based adhesive |
CN108326998B (en) * | 2018-02-11 | 2021-04-13 | 广西艾尚嘉家居有限公司 | Method for manufacturing formaldehyde-free three-ply board |
CN110343505A (en) * | 2018-04-02 | 2019-10-18 | 广西大学 | A kind of soyabean protein adhesive for plywood and preparation method thereof |
CN111205817A (en) * | 2020-01-08 | 2020-05-29 | 山西大学 | Non-aldolase modified sugar-soybean-based composite wood adhesive and preparation method thereof |
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US7064175B2 (en) * | 2002-04-26 | 2006-06-20 | Mitanic, Inc. | Adhesive system containing tannin for binding lignocellulosic materials |
CN100556975C (en) * | 2007-08-10 | 2009-11-04 | 东北林业大学 | Tannic acid modified bean powder adhesion agent and preparation method thereof |
CN100556976C (en) * | 2007-08-10 | 2009-11-04 | 东北林业大学 | Weibull and boric acid modified bean powder adhesive and preparation method thereof |
CN103740324B (en) * | 2013-12-30 | 2016-04-13 | 北京林业大学 | A kind of adhesion agent for artificial board and its preparation method and application |
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2016
- 2016-05-31 CN CN201610372058.8A patent/CN105969303B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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"Tannin-resorcinol-aldehyde cold-set wood adhesives with only formaldehyde as hardener";Zhou, X;《EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS》;20130731;第71卷(第4期);第537-538页 * |
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