CN105969085A - Oily steel-titanium isolation coating and application thereof - Google Patents
Oily steel-titanium isolation coating and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN105969085A CN105969085A CN201610598789.4A CN201610598789A CN105969085A CN 105969085 A CN105969085 A CN 105969085A CN 201610598789 A CN201610598789 A CN 201610598789A CN 105969085 A CN105969085 A CN 105969085A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D163/00—Coating compositions based on epoxy resins; Coating compositions based on derivatives of epoxy resins
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/18—Fireproof paints including high temperature resistant paints
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
- C09D7/40—Additives
- C09D7/60—Additives non-macromolecular
- C09D7/61—Additives non-macromolecular inorganic
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
- C09D7/40—Additives
- C09D7/65—Additives macromolecular
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2201/00—Properties
- C08L2201/08—Stabilised against heat, light or radiation or oxydation
Abstract
The invention relates to an oily steel-titanium isolation coating and application thereof, belongs to the technical field of steel-titanium bonding prevention coatings and aims at providing an oily steel-titanium isolation coating used in titanium tube rolling. The coating is prepared from, by weight, 50-150 parts of an oily film-forming agent, 0-50 parts of copper powder, 300-350 parts of talcum powder, 0-100 parts of iron powder and 400-450 parts of aluminum oxide powder. The oily steel-titanium isolation coating is applied to a steel and iron device, a roller or a winch to form a very good isolation layer and can ensure that titanium ingots do not produce bonding reaction with the steel and iron device, the roller or the winch in the 900 DEG C rolling or perforation process, improve the size precision and surface quality of products, improve the machining yield and production efficiency of titanium materials and reduce the production costs.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating and application thereof, belong to steel-titanium anti-stick coating technology field.
Background technology
It is directly titanium ingot circle base 900 DEG C to be incubated in heating furnace more than 4h, so that current domestic use titanium ingot circle base produces titanium Guan Jun
Rear release heating furnace carries out the high temperature rolling of titanium pipe.Owing to temperature is higher, titanium is easy and iron and steel rolling equipment, roller-way with titanium alloy
" viscous titanium " phenomenon occurs with rolling capstan winch, and this makes titanium tube-surface " misrun " phenomenon of different depth occur, due at rolling titanium
Being to rotate perforation, rolling during pipe, titanium base carries out drilling/rolling during high-speed rotation, owing to titanio titanium alloy high-temperature is special
Property effect, it is easy to be deposited with phenomenon with ferrum, notably can generate TiFe phase.If titanium tube-surface generates TiFe and meets sternly
Ghost image rings titanium material surface mechanical properties and tissue, makes titanium pipe in following process and bring various defect, loss, no during using
Corrosion-resistant defect problem such as grade；Further, since " equipment glues titanium " causes wanting the first grinding apparatus could again in the follow-up operation of rolling
Secondary rolling follow-up titanium base.Can not continuous rolling titanium pipe or titanium material product, waste substantial amounts of time and energy consumption；Meanwhile, for ensureing titanium
The dimension of inner and outer diameters precision of pipe and surface quality, domestic manufacturer is all to be carried out machining to carry out following process guarantee
Titanium tube-surface quality and the dimensional accuracy in inside and outside footpath, so loss are relatively big, owing to titanium ingot is by titanium sponge reaction system, will roll
During system, the steel bonding defect to titanium tube-surface machines away, and has a strong impact on cost and the lumber recovery of titanium material, therefore need to be in the operation of rolling
Avoid titanium steel bonding phenomenon as far as possible.
Conventional anti-stick method is to use sealing coat that two kinds of materials of bonding reaction will be occurred to keep apart.And it is current, not
Use high temperature resistant titanium steel anti-stick coating to the report preventing titanium steel from boning, the coating not the most being suitable for.Application No.
The patent of 201410312370.9 discloses a kind of high temperature resistant protective coating of oiliness, and this coating contains oxidation protection agent and oiliness film forming
Agent；Oxidation protection agent contains Al powder and Fe powder, and the weight ratio of Al powder and Fe powder is 1:0.01-0.1.This oiliness is high temperature resistant guarantor
Protect coating Main Function and be to ensure that titanium ingot not oxidized cracking in constant temperature 8h surface under 1000 DEG C of high temperature, reduce the formation of dissolved oxygen layer,
This coating is mainly sprayed on titanium ingot surface, applies in the annealing operation of titanium ingot, protects it from oxidized.
And in the operation of rolling of titanium pipe, due to the deformation of titanium ingot, spray this coating to prevent the effect of steel-titanium bonding at titanium ingot surface
Fruit is the best.If directly by this spray painting in rolling capstan winch surface, owing to capstan winch is different from the material of titanium ingot, film forming and attachment
Effect is poor, it is impossible to well prevent steel-titanium bonding.Additionally, use this coating, each titanium ingot surface will need to be sprayed
Painting processes, and after adding spraying, coating needs certain time to be dried, and technique is prepared and just becomes complicated, and preparation time is long, no
Can serialization efficiently produce.
Therefore, for solving the problems referred to above, need the coating of a kind of anti-titanium steel bonding that can use in titanium pipe rolls.
Summary of the invention
Present invention solves the technical problem that and be to provide a kind of oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating used in titanium pipe rolls.
Oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating of the present invention, including the component of following weight portion: oiliness film former 50～150 parts, copper powder 0～
50 parts, Pulvis Talci 300～350 parts, iron powder 0～100 parts, aluminium oxide powder 400～450 parts.
Preferably, including the component of following weight portion: oiliness film former 50～150 parts, copper powder 10～50 parts, Pulvis Talci 300～
350 parts, iron powder 10～100 parts, aluminium oxide powder 400～450 parts.
It is further preferred that include the component of following weight portion: oiliness film former 100 parts, copper powder 50 parts, Pulvis Talci 300 parts,
Iron powder 100 parts, aluminium oxide powder 450 parts.
Further, described oiliness film former be preferably oiliness epoxy resin, oiliness polyurethane paint, oiliness acrylic latex coating,
At least one in oiliness alkyd paint, more preferably oiliness epoxy resin.
Further, the most described firming agent is at least one in silicon dioxide powder, waterglass, potassium silicate, described dispersant
For at least one in polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol oxide, described diluent is organic solvent；More excellent
Selecting described firming agent is silicon dioxide powder, and described dispersant is polyvinyl alcohol, and described diluent is acetone or ethyl acetate.
The pH value of oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating of the present invention is preferably 7.5～9.5, and solid content is preferably 85～90%；More excellent
The solid content selecting described oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating is 87%.
The present invention also provides for the application in high temperature rolling titanium pipe of the oiliness of the present invention steel-titanium barrier coating.
Before titanium pipe rolls, after oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating of the present invention is coated in roller surface and/or capstan winch surface, in room
The lower natural drying of temperature, forms the film of 0.20～0.40mm, is preferably formed as the film of 0.30mm.
Described coating method is preferably pneumatic spraying, airless spraying or brushing.
Compared with prior art, there is advantages that
Oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating of the present invention is coated on steel equipment, roller-way, capstan winch, forms one layer of good sealing coat, energy
Ensure that titanium ingot, in 900 DEG C of rollings or perforation procedure, does not occurs bonding reaction with steel equipment roll or capstan winch, improves product essence
Degree size and surface quality, improve lumber recovery and the production efficiency of the processing of titanium material, reduce into product cost.
The production of oiliness of the present invention anti-titanium steel bonding and use technique simply, easily operate, can be equipped with pneumatic spraying, vacuum spray
It is coated with and uses on the production line of the equipment of brushing.
The product of the present invention is oiliness environmental protection high temperature resistant anti-stick coating, does not contains the harmful unit limited in RoHS mass in coating
Element, meanwhile, this product does not has noxious substance to volatilize in atmosphere, does not affect environmental protection effect of construction environment etc..
Extemporaneous preparation when oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating of the present invention can use, the preparation time is short, simple possible；Life can also be prepared
Puerperal uses, and under room temperature, coating stabilization shelf-stability can reach more than 6 months, it may appear that precipitation, lamination, but,
Shake up during use or re-start and stir.
Detailed description of the invention
Oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating of the present invention, including the component of following weight portion: oiliness film former 50～150 parts, copper powder 0～
50 parts, Pulvis Talci 300～350 parts, iron powder 0～100 parts, aluminium oxide powder 400～450 parts.
Preferably, including the component of following weight portion: oiliness film former 50～150 parts, copper powder 10～50 parts, Pulvis Talci 300～
350 parts, iron powder 10～100 parts, aluminium oxide powder 400～450 parts.
It is further preferred that include the component of following weight portion: oiliness film former 100 parts, copper powder 50 parts, Pulvis Talci 300 parts,
Iron powder 100 parts, aluminium oxide powder 450 parts.
In order to improve oiliness of the present invention steel-titanium barrier coating further in capstan winch or the tack of roller surface, oiliness steel of the present invention-
Titanium barrier coating is preferably possibly together with at least one in firming agent, dispersant and diluent.The most described oiliness steel-titanium isolation is coated with
Material also includes firming agent 1～2 weight portion, dispersant 0.5～1.0 weight portion and diluent 1～5 weight portion.More preferably include solid
Agent 1 weight portion, dispersant 0.5 weight portion and diluent 5 weight portion.
Preferably, described oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating is made up of the component of following weight portion: oiliness film former 50～150
Part, copper powder 10～50 parts, Pulvis Talci 300～350 parts, iron powder 10～100 parts, aluminium oxide powder 400～450 parts, Gu
Agent 1～2 parts, dispersant 0.5～1.0 parts, diluent 1～5 parts；Preferably it is made up of the component of following weight portion: oiliness becomes
Membrane 100 parts, copper powder 50 parts, Pulvis Talci 300 parts, iron powder 100 parts, aluminium oxide powder 450 parts, 1 part of firming agent,
Dispersant 0.5 part, diluent 5 parts.
The present invention without particular/special requirement, can use various oiliness film former commonly used in the art, such as, oil for oiliness film former
Property film former can be at least in oiliness epoxy resin, oiliness polyurethane paint, oiliness acrylic latex coating, oiliness alkyd paint
Kind, preferably oiliness epoxy resin.For the solid content of oiliness epoxy resin without particular/special requirement, can use commonly used in the art
Oiliness epoxy resin, the solid content of oiliness epoxy resin is preferably 40～60wt%.
In the present invention, firming agent, dispersant, diluent concrete kind without particular/special requirement, can use commonly used in the art each
Plant firming agent, dispersant, diluent.Preferably, during described firming agent is silicon dioxide powder, waterglass, potassium silicate at least
One, described dispersant is at least one in polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol oxide, described diluent
For organic solvent；The most described firming agent is silicon dioxide powder, and described dispersant is polyvinyl alcohol, and described diluent is acetone
Or ethyl acetate.
The pH value of oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating of the present invention is preferably 7.5～9.5, and solid content is preferably 85～90%；More excellent
The solid content selecting described oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating is 87%.It is applied directly to capstan winch or roller surface, can solidify rapidly, formed
Self-drying type coating, and owing to solid content is high, does not haves film laminar flow and drop down phenomenon, coating tack is the best, at wet film the most also
When being dry film, coating tack can meet the needs of titanium ingot roller-way bobbing machine friction, does not haves coating scaling or dry linting phenomenon.
The preparation method of oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating of the present invention, without particular/special requirement, can use various methods commonly used in the art, only
Will be by each component mix homogeneously, can matching while using.But the present inventor finds under study for action, adopt and make with the following method
Standby oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating, it is possible to make each component mix evenly.Method particularly includes: first by oiliness film former and diluent
Mixing is diluted, and the most under agitation, is slowly added to copper powder, Pulvis Talci, iron powder and aluminium oxide powder, then adds
Firming agent, stirs, and adds dispersant, and stirring is in uniform and stable phase.
Oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating of the present invention can use in high temperature rolling titanium pipe.
Before titanium pipe rolls, after oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating of the present invention is coated in roller surface and/or capstan winch surface, in room
The lower natural drying of temperature, forms the film of 0.20～0.40mm, is preferably formed as the film of 0.30mm.Film thickness herein is photopolymer layer
Thickness.When film layer adhesion amount is less than 0.20mm, in rolling or perforation procedure, titanium ingot rotates, pastes and cause coating to adhere to
Amount thickness is gradually lowered, so to ensure having enough coating layer thicknesses, prevents from all being sticked out by titanium pipe, can not get sufficient resistance to height
Temperature oxidation protection.If film layer adhesion amount is more than 0.40mm, cost raises.
After oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating of the present invention is coated in the surface of roller surface/capstan winch, the most just can 5～
Natural drying in 10min, meanwhile, in lacquering process, clagging performance is good, does not haves the phenomenons such as trickling, sagging,
Being not particularly limited for coating method, drying means etc., coating method can use pneumatic spraying, airless spraying and brushing,
Can need to carry out corresponding form of construction work according to on-site actual situations.
The temperature that oiliness steel of the present invention-titanium barrier coating uses is not particularly limited, but owing to the solvent of the inorganic agent of the present invention is
Oil, it is ensured that the temperature conditions that oil does not freezes and vaporizes, uses the most at normal temperatures.
In solidification process, it is only necessary to removing is attached to the oil of coating surface and divides, because of without adding any accelerator again, mainly solid
Change mode is spontaneous curing in 5min under natural environment, use hot air drying or the sensing method such as heating also can, after curing of coatings,
Coating does not haves dry linting and crack performance.
Below in conjunction with embodiment, the detailed description of the invention of the present invention is further described, the most therefore limits the present invention to institute
Among the scope of embodiments stated.
Embodiment 1～5
At normal temperatures and pressures, weigh epoxy resin (amount of solid content 50%) and be placed in container, stand-by；Add diluent, stir
Mix rear stand-by；Measure Cu powder, Pulvis Talci, Fe powder, Al2O3Powder, is slowly added in container, wants constantly in adition process
Stirring, stirs；Measure firming agent SiO again2Powder, adds in container, stirs；Measure addition polyethylene of dispersing agent again
Alcohol 200 adds in container, is stirred, and treats that solution is uniform and stable phase, obtains the oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating of the present invention.Respectively
The consumption of raw material is by table 1.
Comparative example 1～2
The method using embodiment 1, changes the consumption of each raw material, prepares coating, and the consumption of each raw material is shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Measure pH value and the solid content of the coating of embodiment 1～5, comparative example 1～2, the results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2
| Numbering | PH value | Solid content (%) |
| Embodiment 1 | 8.5 | 87 |
| Embodiment 2 | 9.5 | 90 |
| Embodiment 3 | 7.5 | 85 |
| Embodiment 4 | 8 | 87 |
| Embodiment 5 | 8.5 | 90 |
| Comparative example 1 | 8.5 | 87 |
| Comparative example 2 | 8.5 | 87 |
The coating of embodiment and comparative example is coated in steel equipment by the mode using pneumatic spraying, airless spraying or manual brushing
Behind surface, roller surface or capstan winch surface, at room temperature natural drying, solidification 5～10min, obtaining thickness is 0.2～0.4mm
Film layer.Titanium pipe rolling is carried out at 900 DEG C.Concrete bonding situation is shown in Table 3.
Table 3
From table 3 it is observed that use the coating coating equipment of embodiment 1～5, the titanium tube-surface quality obtained after rolling is good,
Titanium pipe bonds hardly with roll, capstan winch etc..It is not coated by roll or the capstan winch of any coating (i.e. blank group), after rolling
The titanium pipe obtained, titanium tube-surface defect is serious, and equipment also has a certain degree of viscous titanium, just can be continuing with after needing polishing.
Using the coating coating equipment of comparative example 1 and 2, the titanium tube-surface ratio of defects after rolling remains unchanged higher, it is impossible to well prevent titanium
Steel bonds.
Additionally, the coating oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating of the present invention is coated on steel equipment, roller-way, capstan winch, energy high degree
The one-tenth reducing titanium pipe produces cost.Its cost accounting is as follows:
Rolling titanium pipe, design is produced 10000 tons of production capacities per year, with the 1.5 tons of calculating of each titanium ingot (semifinished product), to be produced 6300 every year
, there are titanium steel bonding 5～20mm depth calculation with each titanium ingot in the titanium billet of left and right, and each titanium ingot to machine away 100～200
Kilogram, with the calculating of 80000 yuan/ton of titanium ingot, each titanium ingot is lost between 8000～16000 yuan because of viscous titanium cutting tip, meanwhile,
Substantial amounts of human and material resources are also spent to cut, extra increase production cost and production time, and use this technology, will be
Substantial amounts of production cost is saved in the production of titanium pipe and other titanium alloy products, to use coating 2～5kg in each titanium ingot operation of rolling
Calculating, every coating price is calculated by 200,000/ton, and the new returns of this technology see below shown in formula: Wan Yuan；
The volume of production of W-annual titanium ingot: with 10,000 tons of calculating, produces 6300 titanium ingots the most every year；
A-each titanium ingot is because of the amount of steel bonding-titanium layer problem cutting: by 50Kg calculating/titanium ingot；
The cost of P1-titanium ingot: 80 yuan/Kg；
W1-sprays the consumption of high temperature resistant anti-stick coating, 3Kg/ ingot；
P2-high temperature resistant anti-stick coating price per ton: calculate by 200 yuan/Kg；
Y-uses the new returns that this technology produces every year:
Then:
Y=(P1 × A-W1 × P2) × W
=(4000-600) × 6300
=2142 (ten thousand yuan)
Claims (10)
1. oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating, it is characterised in that include the component of following weight portion: oiliness film former 50～150 parts,
Copper powder 0～50 parts, Pulvis Talci 300～350 parts, iron powder 0～100 parts, aluminium oxide powder 400～450 parts.
Oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that include the component of following weight portion:
Oiliness film former 50～150 parts, copper powder 10～50 parts, Pulvis Talci 300～350 parts, iron powder 10～100 parts, three oxidations two
Aluminium powder 400～450 parts；Preferably include the component of following weight portion: oiliness film former 100 parts, copper powder 50 parts, Pulvis Talci 300
Part, iron powder 100 parts, aluminium oxide powder 450 parts.
Oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: described oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating is also
Including at least one in firming agent, dispersant, diluent；The most described oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating also includes firming agent 1～2
Weight portion, dispersant 0.5～1.0 weight portion and diluent 1～5 weight portion；More preferably include firming agent 1 weight portion, dispersion
Agent 0.5 weight portion and diluent 5 weight portion.
Oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating by
The component composition of following weight portion: oiliness film former 50～150 parts, copper powder 10～50 parts, Pulvis Talci 300～350 parts, ferrum
Powder 10～100 parts, aluminium oxide powder 400～450 parts, firming agent 1～2 parts, dispersant 0.5～1.0 parts, diluent 1～
5 parts；Preferably it is made up of the component of following weight portion: oiliness film former 100 parts, copper powder 50 parts, Pulvis Talci 300 parts, iron powder
100 parts, aluminium oxide powder 450 parts, 1 part of firming agent, dispersant 0.5 part, diluent 5 parts.
5. according to the oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating described in any one of Claims 1 to 4, it is characterised in that: described oiliness film former
For at least one in oiliness epoxy resin, oiliness polyurethane paint, oiliness acrylic latex coating, oiliness alkyd paint, it is preferably oil
Property epoxy resin.
6. according to the oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating described in any one of claim 3～5, it is characterised in that: described firming agent is two
At least one in silica powder, waterglass, potassium silicate, described dispersant is polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, gathers
At least one in ethylene oxide, described diluent is organic solvent；The most described firming agent is silicon dioxide powder, described dispersion
Agent is polyvinyl alcohol, and described diluent is acetone or ethyl acetate.
7. according to the oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating described in any one of claim 1～6, it is characterised in that: described oiliness steel-titanium
The pH value of barrier coating is 7.5～9.5, and solid content is 85～90%；The solid content of the most described oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating is
87%.
8. the application in high temperature rolling titanium pipe of the oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating described in any one of claim 1～7.
Oiliness steel-titanium the barrier coating the most according to claim 8 application in high temperature rolling titanium pipe, it is characterised in that:
After oiliness steel-titanium barrier coating is coated in roller surface and/or capstan winch surface, at room temperature natural drying, form 0.20～0.40
The film of mm, is preferably formed as the film of 0.3mm.
Oiliness steel-titanium the barrier coating the most according to claim 9 application in high temperature rolling titanium pipe, it is characterised in that:
Described coating method is pneumatic spraying, airless spraying or brushing.
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