CN105941319A - 一种蛋鸡强制换羽方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本专利属于家禽养殖领域,具体公开了一种蛋鸡强制换羽方法,包括以下步骤,刺激期:断料,每小时供水一次,白天停止光照,夜晚每2小时开灯一次,每次照明时间为10min‑20min;温度15℃‑25℃,每天至少有两次达到15℃,至少两次达到25℃;每天播放音乐3‑5次,每次10min‑25min;换羽期:白天开灯,提供光照2h,以后每天增加1h,直至光照15h;换羽期夜晚停止照明,自由饮水;换羽期分为初期、中期和末期;初期每天提供两次半足量的高锌饲料,中期提供两次足量的高锌饲料,末期提供产蛋饲料;温度在20℃‑23℃;初期每天播放音乐2次,每次15min‑20min;中期和末期停止播放音乐;恢复期:提供产蛋饲料,自由饮水;每天光照15h;温度21℃‑22℃。该方法可以在5周内使母鸡恢复50%产蛋率。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及家禽养殖领域,具体涉及一种蛋鸡强制换羽方法。
背景技术
鸡与其它禽类一样,在冬天来临之前,每年都要自然换羽1次。破损的旧羽脱落,重新长出新羽,这个过程就叫做换羽。鸡的换羽既是一种自然的生理现象,也是鸡在生长过程中对大自然的适应。因为没有丰盛的羽被,就难以抵御漫长严寒的侵袭。自然换羽一般出现在秋季,早的在夏末秋初,迟的在初冬。换羽与内分泌有关,因卵巢机能下降而使***分泌不足,结果引起卵泡萎缩;换羽时甲状腺分泌的促进羽毛生长的甲状腺素增加,激素分泌失去平衡,导致停产、换羽。鸡的自然换羽时间很长,一般需3~4个月。换羽时需要消耗很多营养物质以形成新羽。因此鸡在换羽期间往往停止产蛋。换羽时间的长和短,对母鸡全年产蛋量有影响。
人工强制换羽,就是人为地给鸡施加一些应激因素,在应激因素作用下,使其停止产蛋,体重下降、羽毛脱落从而更换新羽。强制换羽的目的,是使整个鸡群在短期内停产、换羽、恢复体质,然后恢复产蛋,提高蛋的质量,达到延长鸡的经济利用期。
目前常用的人工强制换羽的方法包括化学法、激素法和畜牧学法。其中,畜牧学法是通过断水、断料、断光,人为地为鸡施加应激因素,打乱鸡的正常生活规律,给鸡造成突然性的生理压力,激素分泌失去平衡,黄体素下降,又促使卵巢中***减少,结果卵泡萎缩,引起停产和换羽。断水、断料、断光的畜牧学强制换羽方法在实践运用中,又有多种多样的方案,都能取得一定的效果。(1)快速强制换羽法:目标是在6周内使母鸡恢复50%产蛋率。办法如下:①断料10天;②开始时,开放式鸡舍停止补充光照,密闭式鸡舍光照缩短到8小时;③自由饮水;④换羽期间喂给贝壳粉;⑤断料10天后,自由采食产蛋鸡饲料,恢复换羽前的光照。(2)普通强制换羽法:目标是在6周~8周内使母鸡达到50%产蛋率。实施办法如下:①断料10天;②自由饮水;③开放式鸡舍停止补充光照,密闭式鸡舍光照缩短到8小时;④第11天起连续喂4周以上的碎粒料;⑤恢复产蛋时开始喂产蛋鸡饲料,并恢复原先的光照。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种蛋鸡强制换羽方法,可以在5周内使母鸡恢复50%产蛋率。
为达到上述目的,本发明的基础方案为:一种蛋鸡强制换羽方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)刺激期:断料,每小时供水一次,密闭式鸡舍内白天停止光照,夜晚每2小时开灯一次,每次照明时间为10min-20min;温度在15℃-25℃波动,每天至少有两次达到15℃,至少两次达到25℃;每天播放音乐3-5次,每次10min-25min;
(2)换羽期:当有蛋鸡出现脱羽现象时,即进入换羽期,此时白天开始开灯,提供光照2h,以后每天增加1h,直至光照15h;换羽期夜晚停止照明,自由饮水;换羽期分为初期、中期和末期;初期每天提供两次半足量的高锌饲料,中期提供两次足量的高锌饲料,末期提供产蛋饲料;温度在20℃-23℃;初期每天播放音乐2次,每次15min-20min;中期和末期停止播放音乐;
(3)恢复期:提供产蛋饲料,自由饮水;每天光照15h;温度在21℃-22℃。
该方案的原理为:刺激期内人为地给蛋鸡施加应激因素,打乱蛋鸡的正常生活规律,给蛋鸡造成突然性的生理压力,使其激素分泌失去平衡,黄体素下降,促使卵巢中***减少,结果卵泡萎缩,引起停产和换羽。换羽期内减小外界刺激,亦不会使蛋鸡换羽停止;此时蛋鸡需要营养来完成换羽,所以提供饲料和自由饮水;因为刺激期内完全断食,所以初期不能给予太多的饲料,防止蛋鸡暴食,造成死亡;中期达到换羽高峰期,应给予足够的饲料;换羽的初期和中期给予高锌饲料,有助于换羽;末期换羽量减少,为结束时期,此时应向恢复期过度,所以饲喂产蛋饲料。恢复期是为产蛋做准备的,所以外界条件应为适合产蛋的条件,饲料也应为产蛋饲料。
该方案的有益效果为:一是刺激期外界的刺激性因素多,使蛋鸡的内分泌迅速失调,快速进入换羽阶段,相比现有技术,缩短了进入换羽期的时间。二是换羽期的初期和中期饲喂高锌饲料并施加声音的刺激,有助于快速换羽,缩短了换羽时间;末期饲喂产蛋饲料,有助于做好产蛋准备,加快了调整蛋鸡的体质的速度。
优化方案一:作为对基础方案的优化,所述刺激期为5-7天,换羽期为12-14天,恢复期为12-14天。最长5周即可使母鸡恢复50%产蛋率。
优化方案二:作为对优化方案一的优化,所述刺激期内温度在15℃-25℃波动,温度每小时上升1℃直至25℃,之后每小时下降1℃直至15℃;如此循环。一方面温差较大,可以加大外界环境对蛋鸡的刺激,有利于扰乱其内分泌,促进换羽;另一方面,温度每小时升高或下降1℃,变化较为缓慢,防止蛋鸡感冒。
优化方案三:作为对优化方案二的优化,所述刺激期内播放音乐的声音为50-60分贝。这样大的声音能够使蛋鸡产生不适的感觉,增加其烦躁情绪,进一步扰乱其内分泌,提前换羽。
优化方案四:作为对优化方案三的优化,所述蛋鸡的饮水中添加有中药药液,所述中药药液由板蓝根、党参、紫河车、甘草煎制而成。
优化方案五:作为对优化方案四的优化,按照质量份数计,所述板蓝根为5份、党参为5份、紫河车为1份、甘草为2份。板蓝根具有清热解毒、凉血利咽、抗病毒的功效。党参具有补中益气,健脾益肺的功效。紫河车具有温肾补精,益气养血的功效。甘草治五脏六腑寒热邪气,坚筋骨,长肌肉,倍气力,解毒,具有调和各种中药的功效。该中药药液可以提高蛋鸡的免疫力,使其在换羽期间提高抗病能力。
优化方案六:作为对优化方案五的优化,所述高锌饲料包括小米、豆粕、白菜、猪肝、牡蛎、芝麻、莲子、桑葚、枸杞、杜仲。
小米营养价值很高,其中含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸、蛋白质、维生素E、胡萝卜素、铁、磷、钙、维生素A、维生素D等营养物质,并且小米中维生素B1的含量为所有粮食之首;因此,小米粥具有“代参汤”的美称。小米具有保护胃黏膜、补益脾胃、抑菌、滋阴养血、维持生长和生殖力正常的功效。
豆粕的主要成分为:蛋白质40%~48%,赖氨酸2.5%~3.0%,色氨酸0.6%~0.7%,蛋氨酸0.5%~0.7%。豆粕经益生菌发酵水解,产生大量具有独特生理活性功能的活性肽,活性肽易消化、吸收快、抗原性低,有效刺激肠道内有益菌的增殖,调节体内微生态菌群的结构,增加整个消化道对饲料营养物质的分解、合成、吸收和利用;发酵豆粕中大量的高效益生菌在动物体内可抑制大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌等有害菌的生长繁殖,保持肠道内微生态环境处于平衡、稳定状态,避免肠道疾病发生;发酵豆粕富含多种微生物酶类如蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶等,可补充机体内源酶不足,加强了营养物质的消化,提高动物对饲料蛋白质和能量的利用率;发酵豆粕富含多种营养物质如乳酸、维生素、氨基酸、未知促生长因子等,具有特有的发酵香味,适口性好,增加动物的采食量,乳酸还可调节幼畜肠道PH值,节省饲料中酸化剂的费用,参与机体的新陈代谢,促进生长。
白菜含有多种营养物质,是人体生理活动所必需的维生素、无机盐及食用纤维素的重要来源。大白菜含有丰富的钙,它比番茄高5倍、比黄瓜高1.9倍;抗坏血酸(维生素C)比黄瓜高4倍、比番茄高1.4倍;胡萝卜素比黄瓜高1.8倍。《本草纲目》记载,大白菜还具有很好的药用价值:其性平味甘,可解热除烦,通利肠胃,有补中消食,利尿通便、清肺止咳、解渴除瘴的作用。
猪肝含有丰富的铁、磷、卵磷脂、维生素A等,可预防眼睛干涩、调节和改善贫血,还能为机体排毒。猪肝中含有一般肉类食品中缺乏的维生素C和微量元素硒,能增强蛋鸡的免疫力,据近代医学研究发现,猪肝具有多种抗癌物质,如维生素C、硒等,而且肝脏还具有较强的抑癌能力,含有抗疲劳的特殊物质。饲料中添加猪肝,一方面可为蛋鸡补血,另一方面可提高蛋鸡的免疫力,减小蛋鸡在换羽期生病的概率。
牡蛎是含锌量最高的食品,每100g的牡蛎中锌含量高达9.39mg,主要以蛋白锌的形式存在,易被生物体吸收。牡蛎中所含丰富的牛黄酸有明显的保肝利胆作用牡蛎又是补钙的最好食品,它含磷很丰富,由于钙被体内吸收时需要磷的帮助,所以有利于钙的吸收;牡蛎还含有维生素B12,这是一般食物所缺少的,维生素B12中的钴元素是预防恶性贫血所不可缺少的物质,因而牡蛎又具有活跃造血功能的作用;牡蛎中所含的蛋白质中有多种优良的氨基酸,这些氨基酸有解毒作用,可以除去体内的有毒物质,其中的氨基乙磺酸又有降低血胆固醇浓度的作用,因此可预防动脉硬化;牡蛎提取物有明显抑制血小板聚集作用,能降低高血脂病人的血脂和血中TXA2含量,有利于胰岛素分泌和利用,又能使恶性肿瘤细胞对放射线敏感性增强,并对其生长有抑制作用。
芝麻含维生素E、维生素B1、亚油酸、蛋白质、麻糖、多缩戊糖、钙、磷、铁等矿物质和各种丰富的营养成分。其中维生素E对改善血液循环、促进新陈代谢有很好的效果。还有不饱和脂肪酸的亚油酸,它有调节胆固醇的功能,因而又被称为“永葆青春的营养源”。中医学对芝麻的药用有较高的认识,称它是一味强壮剂,有补血、润肠、生津、通乳、养发等功效;适用于身体虚弱、贫血萎黄、津液不足、大便燥结、头晕耳鸣等症状。
莲子可药食两用。每100g莲子中含有蛋白质17.2g,膳食纤维3g,维生素C5mg,钙97mg、磷550mg,钾846mg,镁242mg,锌2.78mg,铁3.6mg,硒3.36mg,锰8.23mg。其中,磷是构成牙齿、骨骼的成分,还是细胞核蛋白与多种酶的主要成分,可以帮助机体进行蛋白质、脂肪、糖类的代谢和维持酸碱平衡。莲子所含的钾为所有动植物食品之首,钾对维持肌肉的兴奋性、心跳规律和各种代谢有重要作用。莲子中铁的含量也非常丰富,铁元素是血红蛋白、肌红蛋白、细胞色素等的组成成分之一,具有治疗贫血、减轻疲劳的作用。莲子还具有补脾益气、养心安神、补肾固涩、补虚损、强筋骨、固精气之功效。
桑葚味甘、性寒,具生津止渴、补肝益肾、滋阴补血、明目安神、黑发、利关节、醒酒等功效。桑葚含有丰富的活性蛋白、维生素、氨基酸、胡萝卜素、矿物质、葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖、鞣质、苹果酸、钙、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C等成分,其营养是苹果的5~6倍,是葡萄的4倍。
枸杞富含枸杞蛋白多糖、维生素C、磷、铁等多种营养成分,能补虚生精,用来入药或泡茶、泡酒、炖汤,如能经常饮用,便可强身健体。枸杞的叶、花、根也是上等的美食补品。枸杞果皮中富含的有效成分之一——枸杞多糖(LBP)对骨髓造血功能和各项细胞免疫指标有明显的增强作用,能明显提高机体血液、肝和肌组织的超氧化歧化酶(SOD)的活性含量,从而有利于活性氧的清除,延缓衰老和抗疲劳。枸杞子味甘、性平,具有滋阴补血,益精明目等作用。
杜仲具有降压、补肾、保肝、通便利尿的功效。
本方案中的高新饲料既能够满足蛋鸡的营养所需,又含有丰富的易于被蛋鸡吸收的丰富的蛋白锌,加速换羽速度,而且还具有增强蛋鸡免疫力的功效。既能快速换羽,又能保证健康、不生病。
优化方案七:作为对优化方案六的优化,所述小米为37份、豆粕为16份、白菜为8份、猪肝为7份、牡蛎为3份、芝麻为1份、莲子为0.5份、桑葚为2份、枸杞为1份、杜仲为0.8份。本方案的配比科学,在保证蛋鸡不生病的前提下,换羽速度最快。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施方式对本发明作进一步详细的说明:
实施例:选择200只同龄的蛋鸡,进行人工强制换羽。实验设置对照组和实验组,对照组和实验组均为100只蛋鸡,除了以下处理不同外,其他处理方式相同。
对照组:断料10天;开始时,开放式鸡舍停止补充光照,密闭式鸡舍光照缩短到8小时;自由饮水;换羽期间喂给贝壳粉;断料10天后,自由采食产蛋鸡饲料,恢复换羽前的光照。
实验组:
(1)刺激期:断料,每小时供水一次,密闭式鸡舍内白天停止光照,夜晚每2小时开灯一次,每次照明时间为10min-20min。温度在15℃-25℃波动,温度每小时上升1℃直至25℃,之后每小时下降1℃直至15℃;如此循环。每天播放音乐3-5次,每次10min-25min,声音为50-60分贝;
(2)换羽期:当有蛋鸡出现脱羽现象时,即进入换羽期,此时白天开始开灯,提供光照2h,以后每天增加1h,直至光照15h;换羽期夜晚停止照明,自由饮水,饮水中添加有中药药液,所述中药药液由5份板蓝根、5份党参、1份紫河车、2份甘草煎制而成。换羽期分为初期、中期和末期;初期每天提供两次半足量的高锌饲料,中期提供两次足量的高锌饲料,末期提供产蛋饲料。温度在20℃-23℃;初期每天播放音乐2次,每次15min-20min;中期和末期停止播放音乐。其中高锌饲料包括小米37份、豆粕16份、白菜8份、猪肝7份、牡蛎3份、芝麻1份、莲子0.5份、桑葚2份、枸杞1份、杜仲0.8份。
(3)恢复期:提供产蛋饲料,自由饮水;每天光照15h;温度在21℃-22℃。
以上所称的“刺激期”是从开始刺激至蛋鸡开始出现换羽现象止。“换羽期”是从蛋鸡开始出现换羽现象至脱羽高峰后,脱羽明显减少止。“恢复期”是从脱羽明显减少至产蛋率恢复到50%。
所述实验结果如下:
实验结果分析:实验组的刺激期、换羽期和恢复期的天数相比对照组都有所减少,使蛋鸡在5周内完成换羽,并将产蛋率恢复到5%,相比现有技术缩短了1周的时间,说明本发明与现有技术相比具有显著的突出的实质性特点和显著的进步。
以上所述的仅是本发明的实施例,方案中公知的使用方法及特性等常识在此未作过多描述。应当指出,对于本领域的技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明的前提下,还可以作出若干改进,这些也应该视为本发明的保护范围,这些都不会影响本发明实施的效果和专利的实用性。本申请要求的保护范围应当以其权利要求的内容为准,说明书中的具体实施方式等记载可以用于解释权利要求的内容。
Claims (8)
1.一种蛋鸡强制换羽方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)刺激期:断料,每小时供水一次,密闭式鸡舍内白天停止光照,夜晚每2小时开灯一次,每次照明时间为10min-20min;温度在15℃-25℃波动,每天至少有两次达到15℃,至少两次达到25℃;每天播放音乐3-5次,每次10min-25min;
(2)换羽期:当有蛋鸡出现脱羽现象时,即进入换羽期,此时白天开始开灯,提供光照2h,以后每天增加1h,直至光照15h;换羽期夜晚停止照明,自由饮水;换羽期分为初期、中期和末期;初期每天提供两次半足量的高锌饲料,中期提供两次足量的高锌饲料,末期提供产蛋饲料;温度在20℃-23℃;初期每天播放音乐2次,每次15min-20min;中期和末期停止播放音乐;
(3)恢复期:提供产蛋饲料,自由饮水;每天光照15h;温度在21℃-22℃。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种蛋鸡强制换羽方法,其特征在于,所述刺激期为5-7天,换羽期为12-14天,恢复期为12-14天。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种蛋鸡强制换羽方法,其特征在于,所述刺激期内温度在15℃-25℃波动,温度每小时上升1℃直至25℃,之后每小时下降1℃直至15℃;如此循环。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种蛋鸡强制换羽方法,其特征在于:所述刺激期内播放音乐的声音为50-60分贝。
5.根据权利要求4所述的一种蛋鸡强制换羽方法,其特征在于,所述蛋鸡的饮水中添加有中药药液,所述中药药液由板蓝根、党参、紫河车、甘草煎制而成。
6.根据权利要求5所述的一种蛋鸡强制换羽方法,其特征在于,按照质量份数计,所述板蓝根为5份、党参为5份、紫河车为1份、甘草为2份。
7.根据权利要求6所述的一种蛋鸡强制换羽方法,其特征在于,所述高锌饲料包括小米、豆粕、白菜、猪肝、牡蛎、芝麻、莲子、桑葚、枸杞、杜仲。
8.根据权利要求7所述的一种蛋鸡强制换羽方法,其特征在于,所述小米为37份、豆粕为16份、白菜为8份、猪肝为7份、牡蛎为3份、芝麻为1份、莲子为0.5份、桑葚为2份、枸杞为1份、杜仲为0.8份。
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