CN105886923B - 用于增材制造的高温耐磨耐腐蚀钢粉末及增材制造方法 - Google Patents
用于增材制造的高温耐磨耐腐蚀钢粉末及增材制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种用于增材制造的高温耐磨耐腐蚀钢粉末,包含以下质量百分比含量的元素:C 0.1~0.3%Wt.,Mn 1.0~1.5%Wt.,Si 0.2~0.6%Wt.,Cr 5~9%Wt.,Ni 2.0~6.0%Wt.,Mo 1.0~1.5%Wt.,V 0.2~0.4%Wt.,Nb 0.3~0.7%Wt.,余量为Fe,以上各元素的质量百分比总和为100%。使用该钢粉末进行增材制造的方法为:将上述钢粉末放入增材制造设备中;将待制造零件进行剖分并设定激光工艺参数为:输出功率200~400W,光斑直径0.06~0.1mm,扫描速度960~1500mm/s,道间距0.06~1.2mm;然后将剖分好的程序导入到增材制造设备中;在增材制造设备中充入高纯氩气,最后逐层打印,最终得到高温耐磨耐腐蚀钢零件。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于增材制造技术领域,具体涉及一种用于增材制造的高温耐磨耐腐蚀钢粉末,还涉及使用该粉末材料的增材制造方法。
背景技术
高温耐磨耐腐蚀钢属于常用黑色金属材料,具有优良的物理、化学和力学性能,广泛应用于建筑、医疗、国防军事和模具等领域。传统的高温耐磨耐腐蚀钢零件加工方法主要是机械加工,属于典型的减材制造过程,零件制备周期长,材料利用率低,特别是其具有高硬度高强度,传统加工方法加工难度较大,这极大地限制了高温耐磨耐腐蚀钢的发展和应用。
随着工业的不断进步,以增材制造技术为标志的成形方法可有效地解决上述难题。增材制造技术集成了激光、精密传动和CAD/CAM等技术,利用精细的激光聚焦光斑,熔覆金属粉末,逐层叠加制造,从而获得几乎任何形状、具有完全冶金结合的金属零件,其致密度几乎可达100%,且制造成本不取决于零件的复杂性,而是取决于零件的体积和成形方向,这对于成形一些个性化、成形精度要求高、熔点高、难加工的高温耐磨耐腐蚀钢零件具有很大的优势。
目前,用于增材制造的高温耐磨耐腐蚀钢主要有316L、H13和17-4PH等,几乎没有一种钢同时具备耐磨损、耐冲击、高硬度和抗热疲劳特性。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种用于增材制造的同时具备耐磨损、耐冲击、高硬度、抗热疲劳特性的高温耐磨耐腐蚀钢粉末。
本发明的另一目的是提供使用上述钢粉末的增材制造方法。
本发明所采用的技术方案是,一种用于增材制造的高温耐磨耐腐蚀钢粉末,该钢粉末包含以下质量百分比含量的元素:C 0.1~0.3%Wt.,Mn 1.0~1.5%Wt.,Si 0.2~0.6%Wt.,Cr 5~9%Wt.,Ni 2.0~6.0%Wt.,Mo 1.0~1.5%Wt.,V 0.2~0.4%Wt.,Nb0.3~0.7%Wt.,余量为Fe,以上各元素的质量百分比总和为100%。
优选地,钢粉末粒度为15~53μm,纯度≥99.99%。
优选地,钢粉末通过旋转电极法制备得到。
本发明所采用的另一个技术方案是,使用上述钢粉末的增材制造方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤1、材料准备:
将上述钢粉末和钢基材装入SLM设备;
步骤2、剖分处理:
用剖分软件将待制造零件的连续三维数模进行分层切片离散处理,获得各层切片,并根据切片轮廓数据设计激光工艺参数为:输出功率200~400W,光斑直径0.06~0.1mm,扫描速度960~1500mm/s,道间距0.06~1.2mm;然后将剖分好的程序导入到SLM设备中。
步骤3、充保护气体:
在SLM设备中充入保护气体,使成形仓内氧含量低于0.1%。
步骤4、逐层打印:
运行设备,待基材预热到设定温度后,设备按照零件单层预定轨迹逐层打印,最终得到所需形状的零件。
优选地,步骤1中粉末装入SLM设备前,将所述钢粉末在120℃的烘干厢中烘干4h。
优选地,步骤1中粉末粒度为15~53μm,纯度≥99.99%。
优选地,步骤2中离散的切片厚度为0.03~0.05mm。
优选地,步骤3中保护气体为纯度≥99.99%的高纯氩气。
本发明的有益效果是,本发明的钢粉末以Cr、Ni、Mo、V、Nb作为钢材料的强化元素,由该粉末通过增材制造技术制成的金属零件与相同工艺下传统钢粉末制得的金属零件相比,具有更好的高温耐磨损性能,且具有显著的耐热疲劳、高温状态下硬度较高和回火稳定性好的特点。
附图说明
图1是本发明实施例1腐蚀性能测试的金相图,其中(a)为腐蚀前,(b)为20次水淬后,(c)为30次水淬后;
图2是本发明实施例2腐蚀性能测试的金相图,其中(a)为腐蚀前,(b)为20次水淬后,(c)为30次水淬后;
图3是本发明实施例3腐蚀性能测试的金相图,其中(a)为腐蚀前,(b)为20次水淬后,(c)为30次水淬后;
图4是本发明对比例腐蚀性能测试的金相图,其中(a)为腐蚀前,(b)为20次水淬后,(c)为30次水淬后。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明作进一步的详细说明,但本发明并不限于这些实施方式。
本发明用于增材制造的高温耐磨耐腐蚀钢粉末,该钢粉末中各元素的质量百分比含量为:
元素 | C | Mn | Si | Cr | Ni | Mo | V | Nb | Fe |
Wt.% | 0.1~0.3 | 1.0~1.5 | 0.2~0.6 | 5~9 | 2.0~6.0 | 1.0~1.5 | 0.2~0.4 | 0.3~0.7 | 余量 |
该钢粉末可通过旋转电极法制备,控制其纯度≥99.99%。
在增材制造过程中,Cr、Ni、Mo、V、Nb作为钢材料的强化元素。添加重量百分比为5%~9%的Cr元素可提高高温耐磨耐腐蚀钢的抗氧化性、耐腐蚀性以及退火条件下钢的强度和硬度;另一方面Cr元素含量不超过9%,可以避免Cr元素在高温(650℃以上)下过饱和析出形成Cr23C6,降低材料强度和硬度。Ni是奥氏体形成元素,残余奥氏体的存在可提高高温耐磨耐腐蚀钢的可淬性和淬透性。Mo元素具有较强的碳化物形成能力,可提高钢的硬度并阻止奥氏体化晶粒长大,提高钢的淬透性和高温强度。V、Nb等元素一方面可细化晶粒,另一方面可与钢中的碳形成弥散分布的碳化物硬质颗粒相,提高钢的耐腐蚀性和高温磨损性能;同时在零件成形后V、Nb等元素还可形成金属间相,有利于提高钢的高温强度和抗高温回火软化能力。
该粉末材料必须抽真空密封保存。
使用该钢粉末的增材制造方法,具体按照以下步骤实施:
1、材料准备:
在增材制造成形前,对钢粉末和基材进行预处理。对钢粉末进行筛选,粉末粒度优选为15~53μm,粉末的纯度≥99.99%,将该粉末材料在120℃下保温4h,进行烘干处理,然后将不锈钢粉末置入增材制造设备的粉筒中。将尺寸为250mm(长)×250mm(宽)×20mm(厚)的H13钢基材的表面用铣床铣至表面粗糙度不大于Ra6.3,并用丙酮清洗基材表面,待干燥后将其装入增材制造设备固定,准备好后待用。
2、剖分处理:
用基于CAD三维实体模型的切片技术和相应的剖分软件将需要增材制造零件的连续三维数模离散成厚度为0.03~0.05mm及一定顺序的分层切片,将零件的三维数据信息转换成一系列的二维数据,并设定打印轨迹,激光工艺参数:输出功率200~400W,光斑直径0.06~0.1mm,扫描速度960~1500mm/s,道间距0.06~1.2mm。然后将剖分好的程序导入到增材制造设备中。
3、充保护气体:
在增材制造设备中以5~15L/min的流速充入纯度≥99.99%的高纯氩气,使成形仓内氧含量低于0.1%。
4、逐层打印:
运行设备,待基材预热到设定温度后,设备按照零件单层预定轨迹逐层打印,最终得到所需形状的零件。
实施例1
制备用于增材制造的高性能高温耐磨耐腐蚀钢粉末,该粉末材料中各元素的质量百分比含量为:
元素 | C | Mn | Si | Cr | Ni | Mo | V | Nb | Fe |
Wt.% | 0.2 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 9.0 | 6.0 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 余量 |
增材制造方法为:
将粒度为15~53μm、纯度≥99.99%的钢粉末材料在120℃下保温4h,然后置入增材制造设备的粉筒中。将尺寸为250mm(长)×250mm(宽)×20mm(厚)的H13钢基材的表面用铣床铣至表面粗糙度不大于Ra6.3,并用丙酮清洗基材表面,待干燥后将其装入增材制造设备固定。用剖分软件获得待打印零件各层切片,切片厚度为0.03mm,设定打印轨迹,激光工艺参数为:输出功率200W,光斑直径0.1mm,扫描速度1500mm/s,道间距0.06mm。再在增材制造设备中充入高纯氩气,使成形仓内氧含量低于0.1%,然后按照设定好的打印轨迹逐层打印,得到高性能高温耐磨耐腐蚀钢零件。
实施例2
将上述实施例1中的钢粉末用具有以下组份含量的钢粉末替换,进行零件成形,其他工艺均相同。
元素 | C | Mn | Si | Cr | Ni | Mo | V | Nb | Fe |
Wt.% | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 5.0 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 余量 |
实施例3
将上述实施例1中的钢粉末用具有以下组份含量的钢粉末替换,进行零件成形,其他工艺均相同。
元素 | C | Mn | Si | Cr | Ni | Mo | V | Nb | Fe |
Wt.% | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 6.0 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 余量 |
实施例4
将上述实施例1中的钢粉末用具有以下组份含量的钢粉末替换,进行零件成形。
元素 | C | Mn | Si | Cr | Ni | Mo | V | Nb | Fe |
Wt.% | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 5.0 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 余量 |
成型工艺中,切片厚度为0.05mm,激光工艺参数为:输出功率400W,光斑直径0.06mm,扫描速度960mm/s,道间距1mm。
实施例5
将上述实施例1中的钢粉末用具有以下组份含量的钢粉末替换,进行零件成形。
元素 | C | Mn | Si | Cr | Ni | Mo | V | Nb | Fe |
Wt.% | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 6.0 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 余量 |
成型工艺中,切片厚度为0.04mm,激光工艺参数为:输出功率300W,光斑直径0.08mm,扫描速度1200mm/s,道间距1.2mm。
对比例
将上述实施例1中的钢粉末用H13钢粉末替换,进行零件成形,其他工艺均相同。
元素 | C | Mn | Si | Cr | Mo | V | Fe |
Wt.% | 0.35 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 4.8 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 余量 |
将上述实施例1、2、3及对比例获得的零件进行金相、硬度、拉伸、冲击、高温摩擦磨损、高温腐蚀实验,测试零件的力学性能、高温磨损性能和腐蚀性能。
(一)力学性能测试
将实施例1、2、3及对比例力学性能试样,进行拉伸、冲击、硬度测试,得到如表1所示结果。
表1 力学性能测试结果
(二)高温磨损性能测试
将实施例1、2、3及对比例磨损试样,在600℃条件下磨损40分钟,得到磨损后试样,进行磨痕宽度测量并计算磨损体积,得到如表2所示结果。
表2 磨损性能测试结果
由表1、2可知,采用本发明高温耐磨、耐腐蚀钢粉制得的零件的力学性能均优于H13钢;高温磨损性能优于H13钢,在600℃高温环境下,单位时间平均磨损量仅为H13钢的38.7%,高温耐磨损性能优异。
(三)腐蚀性能测试
将实施例1、2、3及对比例腐蚀试样加热至800℃并保温5min,然后迅速放入酸性溶液中,再加热、腐蚀,如此循环20次、30次,在金相显微镜下观察其腐蚀后的显微组织,得到如图1-4的金相组织结构。
根据图1-4可知,采用本发明高温耐磨、耐腐蚀钢粉制得的零件,无气孔、无裂纹,金相组织以马氏体为主,并分布着细小的强化相。采用本发明钢粉制得的零件在经高温腐蚀后,其组织依然保持为马氏体,而H13钢已经呈现明显的珠光体组织,由此,采用本发明高温耐磨、耐腐蚀钢粉制得的零件,具有更好的高温耐腐蚀性能。
当激光工艺采用范围内其他数值时,得到的金属零件具有相似的高温耐腐蚀性能,且同样比相同工艺下传统钢粉末制得的金属零件性能优异。
综上,具有本发明组分及含量的钢粉,在强度、硬度、高温耐磨、耐腐蚀性方面均优于现有钢粉,取得了预料不到的技术效果。
本发明以上描述只是部分实施例,但是本发明并不局限于上述的具体实施方式。上述的具体实施方式是示意性的,并不是限制性的。凡是采用本发明的材料和方法,在不脱离本发明宗旨和权利要求所保护的范围情况下,所有具体拓展均属本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (8)
1.一种用于增材制造的高温耐磨耐腐蚀钢粉末,其特征在于,该钢粉末包含以下质量百分比含量的元素:C 0.1~0.2%Wt.,Mn 1.0~1.5%Wt.,Si 0.2~0.6%Wt.,Cr 5~9%Wt.,Ni 3.0~6.0%Wt.,Mo 1.0~1.5%Wt.,V 0.2~0.4%Wt.,Nb 0.3~0.7%Wt.,余量为Fe,以上各元素的质量百分比总和为100%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于增材制造的高温耐磨耐腐蚀钢粉末,其特征在于,所述钢粉末粒度为15~53μm,纯度≥99.99%。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的用于增材制造的高温耐磨耐腐蚀钢粉末,其特征在于,所述钢粉末通过旋转电极法制备得到。
4.一种使用如权利要求1所述钢粉末的增材制造方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
步骤1、材料准备:
将如权利要求1所述的钢粉末和钢基材装入增材制造设备;
步骤2、剖分处理:
用剖分软件将待制造零件的连续三维数模进行分层切片离散处理,获得各层切片,并设定打印轨迹,激光工艺参数为:输出功率200~400W,光斑直径0.06~0.1mm,扫描速度960~1500mm/s,道间距0.06~1.2mm;然后将剖分好的程序导入到增材制造设备中;
步骤3、充保护气体:
在增材制造设备中充入保护气体,使成形仓内氧含量低于0.1%;
步骤4、逐层打印:
运行设备,待基材预热到设定温度后,设备按照零件单层预定轨迹逐层打印,最终得到所需形状的零件。
5.根据权利要求4所述的增材制造方法,其特征在于,步骤1中所述钢粉末装入增材制造设备前,将所述钢粉末在120℃的烘干厢中烘干4h。
6.根据权利要求4或5所述的增材制造方法,其特征在于,步骤1中所述粉末粒度为15~53μm,纯度≥99.99%。
7.根据权利要求4或5所述的增材制造方法,其特征在于,步骤2中离散的切片厚度为0.03~0.05mm。
8.根据权利要求4或5所述的增材制造方法,其特征在于,步骤3中所述保护气体为纯度≥99.99%的高纯氩气。
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