CN105803244A - Space multi-factor environment comprehensive protection material and protection structure - Google Patents
Space multi-factor environment comprehensive protection material and protection structure Download PDFInfo
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- CN105803244A CN105803244A CN201610212677.0A CN201610212677A CN105803244A CN 105803244 A CN105803244 A CN 105803244A CN 201610212677 A CN201610212677 A CN 201610212677A CN 105803244 A CN105803244 A CN 105803244A
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- metal
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- protective material
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- dimensional grapheme
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/10—Alloys containing non-metals
Abstract
The invention discloses a space multi-factor environment comprehensive protection material. Liquid metal is mixed to a three-dimensional graphene block and permeates based on the capillary effect, the liquid metal is dispersed through ultrasound, and the protection material is formed through cooling solidification, or three-dimensional graphene and metal powder are well mixed, and the protection material is manufactured through solidification forming treatment by means of a cementation or sintering or high-temperature method. The metal covers 1%-10% of the total weight of the metal and the three-dimensional graphene. The invention also discloses a protection structure. Compared with the prior art, the strength of the space multi-factor environment comprehensive protection structure is improved by more than 200 times, and the mass of the protection structure can be at least reduced by 90% or more to protect the same space debris. Meanwhile, the protection structure has the shielding effect on electrons, protons, heavy ions, neutrons and elemental oxygen.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to space material and structural shielding design field, be specifically related to one and be applicable to
The structure of the multifactor environmental protection in space.
Background technology
Spacecraft will run into vacuum, cold darkness environment, solar electromagnetic radiation, band electrochondria during in orbit
Son radiation, neutral atmosphere, space junk and the environment such as micrometeroroid, plasma.Wherein, the low earth
Track atom oxygen can cause atomic oxygen erosion effect, space junk and micrometeroroid that impact damage can be caused to imitate
Should, plasma can cause surface charging and discharging effects, electronics, proton, heavy ion, neutron etc. to cause
Single particle effect, total dose effect, displacement damage effect surface charging and discharging effects, interior charged effect etc..
Therefore, spacecraft space environment effect present in the spatial environments makes to need it is carried out spatial environments
Effect is protected.The current situation of current space environment effect means of defence is as follows:
The protection of space radiation environment (electronics, proton, heavy ion, neutron etc.), quality mask method
It it is currently employed basic skills.Charged particle gradually off-energy during running through material,
After, capture the electronics of enough numbers and stop.When the thickness of shielding material is more than certain charged particle
During range in this material, incoming particle will be stopped in material.The most certain thickness material energy
Enough shield the particle radiation of certain energy range (depending on the kind of particle), and make the energy of penetrating particle
Decrease.But, problem served by the increase band of shielding material thickness, and the most mainly space flight is thought highly of
The increase of amount and secondary radiation.Therefore, in order to reduce secondary bremstrahlen, its overcoat selects low atom
Ordinal number material.What therefore spacecraft cabin structure should select that a kind of high and low atomic number material combines is anti-
Protection structure, and the outer layer of structure preferably uses low atomic number material to reduce the generation of bremstrahlen.
Further, " space junk " (also known as space trash) is that mankind's solar-system operation is abandoned in space
Garbage, is the primary pollution source of spatial environments.Micrometeroroid refers to originate from comet and asteroid belt also
The solid particles of motion in interstellar space.Micrometeroroid may occur clash into and cause space flight with spacecraft
The damage of device, the kind of damage and degree depend on spacecraft size, configuration, working time and miniflow
The characteristics such as celestial body quality, density, speed.This impact damage includes the rupturing of pressure vessel, porthole
Degeneration, the slabbing of thermal control coating, the reduction of thermal protective performance and the damage etc. of antenna system.Broken to space
The protection of sheet, mainly uses the mode of protective shield.Protective shield generally use single or multiple lift metal level,
Material or the metal nets etc. such as basalt realize.
Elemental oxygen is the spacecraft main Atmospheric components at Low Earth Orbit, and the spacecraft around earth movements is met
Wind face material will cause the existence of the erosion of material, stripping and oxide layer with elemental oxygen generation oxidation reaction.
High-temperature oxydation, the high-speed impact on spacecraft surface can be made major part organic material produce serious stripping by elemental oxygen
Erosion, produces mass loss, thickness loss, makes optics, calorifics, electrically and mechanically parameter degradation, cause
Structural material intensity declines, functional material performance depreciation.But major part metal is raw after exposing elemental oxygen
Becoming fine and close metal oxide film, this layer of metal oxide film has the strongest anti-atomic oxygen barrier propterty, this layer
Protecting film can stop the further oxidation reaction of elemental oxygen and following metal level.This is owing to the energy of metal level
Amount attenuation, for the electronics in space radiation environment, proton and heavy ion, metal level not only may be used
With preventing belt charged particle continue penetrate, and can to electronics produce scattering process.And space junk is come
Say, when, after impact from space debris to first layer metal, the dispersion of energy occurring, if thin metal,
While penetrating, also will produce more fragment, but dispersion will be reduced by the energy of fragment.
Additionally, Graphene is also the most promising material, Graphene graphite is the allotrope of carbon
Body, Graphene can be stripped out by graphite, and the graphite flake of 1 millimeters thick can separate 3,000,000 layers of graphite
Alkene.It may be said that Graphene is " mono-layer graphite ", it is according to the arrangement of hexagonal honeycomb lattice by carbon atom
The netted two-dimension nano materials become, common graphite can be regarded as being layering by Graphene.
Graphene is the thin material being currently known, and it is transparent and airtight；It is the hardest material, and ratio is same
Hard etc. the iron and steel of weight 200 times；It is the material that electric conductivity is best, and its electric conductivity is better than copper and silver,
Under room temperature, its resistivity is minimum；Its most collapsible bending, has good motility, can bear Celsius
2500 degree of high temperature.Report according to 2015 " Advanced Materials ", Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai
Silicate etc. the grapheme foam structure developed of unit consolidation, it is possible to achieve big 207 times strong than steel
Degree (list of references: Hui Bi.A new tubular grapheme form of a tetraheadrally
connected cellular structure.Advanced materials.2015)。
To this end, provide a kind of to disclosure satisfy that space material and the protective material of structural shielding requirement and safeguard structure
Extremely important.
Summary of the invention
Based on metal material to space junk, electronics, proton, the protection of heavy ion and Graphene to space
Fragment, the barrier propterty of neutron, it is an object of the invention to provide the comprehensive of the multifactor environment in a kind of space
Protective material, this quality of materials is light, and barrier propterty is good, it is possible to realize anti-while multiple spatial environments
Protect.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of permanent protective property can the multifactor environment in space comprehensive
Safeguard structure, this safeguard structure integrated protection based on metal material and Graphene performance, it is possible to well
Realize the protection of particles various to space such as space junk, electronics, proton, heavy ion.
The space multifactor environment comprehensive protective material of the present invention, is blended in three-dimensional grapheme by liquid metal
On block, penetrating into based on capillary effect and utilize and ultrasonic broken up by liquid metal, cooling and solidifying forms；Or
Three-dimensional grapheme is sufficiently mixed by person with metal dust, and it is solid to utilize bonding, sintering or high temperature process to carry out
Changing forming processes to make, wherein, metal accounts for the 1-10% of metal and three-dimensional grapheme gross weight.
Wherein, the melting temperature T1 of described metal is less than the melting temperature T2 of Graphene.
Wherein, three-dimensional grapheme is porous graphene or three-dimensional grapheme tube.
Wherein, protective material has the structure that metal trackless is distributed in three-dimensional grapheme hole.
Wherein, metal be preferably Al, Cu, Fe, Mg and these metals alloy such as aluminium alloy, copper alloy,
Ferroalloy, magnesium alloy etc..
Wherein, metal accounts for the 1-5% of metal and three-dimensional grapheme gross weight.
The space multifactor environment comprehensive safeguard structure of the present invention, is provided with burning including side
The metal level of layer, the opposite side of metal level is arranged on above-mentioned integrated protection material layer, wherein burning
Thickness 1 μm-50 μm of layer, the thickness 0.1cm-1cm of metal level.
Wherein, metal be preferably Al, Cu, Fe, Mg and these metals alloy such as aluminium alloy, copper alloy,
Ferroalloy, magnesium alloy etc..
Wherein, metal level is mechanically fixed or is pasted onto on integrated protection material layer.
Wherein, metal oxide layer protection elemental oxygen, its thickness is 20-100 micron；
Wherein, metal level is the power dissipation realizing space junk and electronics.
The space multifactor environment comprehensive protective material of the present invention is at the protection of charging and discharging effects, space junk
Protection, electronics/proton/heavy ion protection in terms of purposes.
Compared with prior art, the space multifactor environment comprehensive safeguard structure of the present invention, due to Graphene
Three dimensional structure is compared to steel, and intensity improves more than 200 times, therefore, protects identical space junk, its
Quality at least can reduce by more than 90%；Meanwhile, possess electronics, proton, heavy ion, neutron, former
The shielding action of sub-oxygen.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram of the space multifactor environment comprehensive safeguard structure of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is in the space multifactor environment comprehensive safeguard structure of the present invention, scatters after penetration of electrons metal
And energy reduces schematic diagram.
Fig. 3 space junk penetrates the metal level in the space multifactor environment comprehensive safeguard structure of the present invention
After by occur energy reduce and fragmentation be the schematic diagram of fractionlet.
Wherein, transmitted electron in Fig. 2 and scattered electron are respectively less than the energy of incident electron, and scattering electricity
Sub-energy is less than transmitted electron energy；After in Fig. 3, big fragment clashes into metal level, part energy passes to
Graphene-metal composite layer below, another part becomes fractionlet and continues forward along with penetrating metal
Transmission, and with Graphene-metal composite layer continuation effect, act on Graphene, then due to Graphene
High-strength mechanical property and intercepted, if being applied on metallic particles, then the effect of metallic particles stress will
Transmit energy with Graphene, to the last fragment is stopped.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings to the space multifactor environment comprehensive protective material of the present invention and use this material
The environment comprehensive safeguard structure that material is made is further described, and this explanation is merely exemplary, not
It is intended to limit the scope of the invention.
The preparation of embodiment 1 aluminium lamination space multifactor environment comprehensive protective material
The temperature that aluminum is heated to its fusing point (660.4 DEG C) obtains the liquation of aluminum, is joined by aluminum melt
On commercial three-dimensional grapheme powder body material, aluminum accounts for the 3% of aluminum melt and three-dimensional grapheme powder body gross weight,
Utilize ultrasound wave to carry out a dispersion, make aluminum penetrate in three-dimensional grapheme powder body based on capillary effect, cooling
It is frozen into solid, obtains the structure that alumina particles trackless is distributed in the duct in three-dimensional grapheme.
The preparation of embodiment 2 iron layer space multifactor environment comprehensive protective material
The temperature that ferrum is heated to more than its fusing point (1535 DEG C) obtains the liquation of aluminum, is added by aluminum melt
On commercial three-dimensional grapheme tube powder body material, ferrum accounts for ferrum liquation and three-dimensional grapheme tube powder body gross weight
3%, utilize ultrasound wave to carry out dispersion, make aluminum penetrate in three-dimensional grapheme tube based on capillary effect,
Cooled and solidified becomes solid, obtains the structure that alumina particles trackless is distributed in the hole pipeline of three-dimensional grapheme tube.
The preparation of embodiment 3 aluminium lamination space multifactor environment comprehensive protective material
Being mixed with commercial three-dimensional grapheme powder body material by aluminium powder, aluminium powder accounts for aluminium powder and three-dimensional graphite
The 5% of alkene powder body gross weight, places it in special high-temperature resistant container, is heated to the molten of aluminum
More than some temperature, then cooled and solidified becomes solid, obtains alumina particles trackless and is distributed in three-dimensional grapheme
Structure in duct.
The preparation of embodiment 4 layers of copper space multifactor environment comprehensive protective material
The temperature that copper is heated to more than its fusing point (1083 DEG C) obtains the liquation of copper, is added by copper melt
On commercial three-dimensional grapheme tube powder body material, copper accounts for copper melt and three-dimensional grapheme tube powder body gross weight
3%, utilize ultrasound wave to carry out dispersion, make copper penetrate in three-dimensional grapheme tube based on capillary effect,
Cooled and solidified becomes solid, obtains copper granule trackless and is distributed to the structure in the hole pipeline of three-dimensional grapheme tube.
The preparation of embodiment 5 aluminium alloy space multifactor environment comprehensive protective material
Aluminium alloy is mainly composed of aluminum, magnesium, silicon, wherein the mass ratio of magnesium/silicon should control 1.18～
Between 1.32, the quality control of Mg2Si is between 0.5%～1.2% of gross mass.By mixed
Aluminum, magnesium, silicon powder are heated into solution, are joining on commercial three-dimensional grapheme tube powder body material, close
Gold solution accounts for about the 3% of alloy molten solution and three-dimensional grapheme tube powder body gross weight, utilizes ultrasound wave to carry out
Individual dispersion, makes alloy solution penetrate in three-dimensional grapheme tube based on capillary effect, and cooled and solidified becomes solid,
Obtain the structure that aluminum alloy granule trackless is distributed in the hole pipeline of three-dimensional grapheme tube.
Ibid, difference is alloy to the preparation method of other alloy spaces multifactor environment comprehensive protective material
The content of composition is different different with the melting temperature of alloy.
The preparation of embodiment 6 aluminium lamination space multifactor environment comprehensive safeguard structure
The schematic diagram of the space multifactor environment comprehensive safeguard structure of the present invention is shown with reference to Fig. 1, Fig. 1,
This safeguard structure includes metal oxide layer, metal level and the protective material linked together with metal level
Layer, generally, metal oxide layer is formed on the metal layer by anodic oxidation, metal level can by bonding with
The mode being mechanically connected is arranged in layer of protective material.
First, select thin metal layer, and as required to its anodized.
According to the spacecraft orbit of plan application, determine spatial environments key element and the spatial environments key element intending protection
Key parameter, such as charged particle energy, space junk size and speed etc..If applied in the low earth
, then there is elemental oxygen and a large amount of space junk, consider space radiation environment simultaneously in track；If applied in
Medium-Earth Orbit, mainly considers radiation environment and micrometeroroid；If GEO track, then consider space
Fragment (containing micrometeroroid) and space radiation environment；If for deep space track, the most only consider space spoke
Penetrate environment.According to the ambient parameter determined and the material behavior intending selection, determine the composition of safeguard structure.
Environmental analysis according to track, it is determined whether need to protect elemental oxygen, if need protective zone fragment.
If without the concern for elemental oxygen, then can need not metal oxide layer；Discounting for elemental oxygen and space
Fragment, then can not also consider metal level.
Secondly, according to the mode of embodiment 1-5, preparation space multifactor environment comprehensive protective material.
Owing to metal level has the effect of power dissipation, such as the scattering to electronics, seeing Fig. 2, its principle is
Single high energy electron by during metal level, receives the elastic collision of metallic atom or non-resilient touches
Hit, and be separated into multiple electronics；Power dissipation to space junk, is shown in Fig. 3, and its principle is single height
After speed fragment strikes on metal and penetrates, its energy will be decayed, and is dispersed into the least
Fragment.Meanwhile, oxidation processes rear oxidation metal level has the effect of atomproof oxygen.And Graphene has height
Impact resistance, high conductivity, anti-neutron irradiation performance, metal has protection electronics, proton, heavy ion
Performance.Therefore, structure is designed to (surface oxidation treatment) metal level-Graphene metal composite layer.
3rd, thin metal layer and Graphene-metal composite layer are carried out Combined Processing.Utilize powder metallurgy
Principle or gluing method, be combined with each other bi-material.
Example:
Here, as a example by Low Earth Orbit, elemental oxygen, space junk, electronics, proton, weight are considered
The environment such as ion, neutron and charging and discharging effects.
First analyzing space junk size and the speed needing protection, such as can protect chip velocity is
7km/s, size is mm magnitude.Consider elemental oxygen, then metal is carried out surface oxidation treatment.Consider electricity
The energy of son and proton/heavy ion etc. need the ceiling capacity of protection.It is assumed to be E1.
According to E1, first select the thickness of thin metal layer, the most only the thickness dosage with thin metal layer thin,
For 1mm magnitude, it is assumed that for h1, then by Particle Delivery analogue simulations such as Geant4, process can be calculated
Charged particle energy E2 after thin metal layer；It is also possible to emulated by space junk hypervelocity impact
Analyze, obtaining the situation after impact from space debris, if penetrate, if penetrated, there remains how many energy.
Then the residual energy after penetrating according to space electronic, proton/heavy ion, space junk, neutron etc.
Amount and size.According to the protective capacities of Graphene-metallic composite, comprehensive Design Graphene-metal is multiple
Close the thickness of layer.
Although the detailed description of the invention to the present invention gives detailed description and explanation above, but should refer to
Bright, we can carry out various equivalence according to the conception of the present invention to above-mentioned embodiment and change and repair
Change, function produced by it still without departing from description and accompanying drawing contained spiritual time, all should this
Within the protection domain of invention.
Claims (11)
1. the multifactor environment comprehensive in space protective material, is blended in liquid metal on three-dimensional grapheme block, penetrates into based on capillary effect and utilizes and ultrasonic is broken up by liquid metal, and cooling and solidifying forms；Or three-dimensional grapheme is sufficiently mixed with metal dust, and utilize bonding, sintering or high temperature process carry out curing molding process make, wherein, metal accounts for the 1-10% of metal and three-dimensional grapheme gross weight.
2. protective material as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the melting temperature T1 of described metal is less than the melting temperature T2 of Graphene.
3. protective material as claimed in claim 1, wherein, three-dimensional grapheme is porous graphene or three-dimensional grapheme tube.
4. protective material as claimed in claim 1, wherein, protective material has the structure that metal trackless is distributed in three-dimensional grapheme hole.
5. protective material as claimed in claim 1, wherein, metal is the alloy of Al, Cu, Fe, Mg and these metals.
6. protective material as claimed in claim 5, wherein, alloy is aluminium alloy, copper alloy, ferroalloy, magnesium alloy etc..
7. protective material as claimed in claim 1, wherein, metal accounts for the 1-5% of metal and three-dimensional grapheme gross weight.
8. the multifactor environment comprehensive in space safeguard structure, the metal level of metal oxide layer it is provided with including side, the opposite side of metal level is arranged in the layer of protective material described in any one of claim 1-7, wherein thickness 1 μm-50 μm of metal oxide layer, the thickness 0.1cm-1cm of metal level.
9. safeguard structure as claimed in claim 8, wherein, metal level is mechanically fixed or is pasted onto on integrated protection material layer.
10. safeguard structure as claimed in claim 8, wherein, metal oxide layer protection elemental oxygen, its thickness is 20-100 micron.
The multifactor environment comprehensive in space protective material described in 11. any one of claim 1-7 the protection of charging and discharging effects, the protection of space junk, electronics/proton/heavy ion protection in terms of purposes.
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Cited By (5)
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| CN106872348A (en) * | 2017-03-30 | 2017-06-20 | 北京卫星环境工程研究所 | The multifactor space environment cooperative effect test method of metal material |
| CN108135119A (en) * | 2018-01-25 | 2018-06-08 | 惠州市栢诗新材料有限公司 | A kind of electromagnetic shielding material based on porous graphene-alloy silicon and preparation method thereof and coating |
| CN110655072A (en) * | 2019-09-25 | 2020-01-07 | 深圳烯创先进材料研究院有限公司 | Shear thickening fluid composite graphene sponge protective material and preparation method thereof |
| CN111152941A (en) * | 2020-01-03 | 2020-05-15 | 北京卫星环境工程研究所 | High-performance material optimization method suitable for space debris protection structure |
| CN111732775A (en) * | 2020-07-02 | 2020-10-02 | 北京科技大学 | Polymer composite material for space neutron shielding and preparation method thereof |
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| CN105803244B (en) | 2018-07-24 |
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