CN105801954A - Damper sheet produced by waste rubber - Google Patents
Damper sheet produced by waste rubber Download PDFInfo
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- CN105801954A CN105801954A CN201610256758.0A CN201610256758A CN105801954A CN 105801954 A CN105801954 A CN 105801954A CN 201610256758 A CN201610256758 A CN 201610256758A CN 105801954 A CN105801954 A CN 105801954A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L21/00—Compositions of unspecified rubbers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L27/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L27/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L27/12—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
- C08L27/18—Homopolymers or copolymers or tetrafluoroethene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K2201/00—Specific properties of additives
- C08K2201/011—Nanostructured additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K2201/00—Specific properties of additives
- C08K2201/014—Additives containing two or more different additives of the same subgroup in C08K
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2201/00—Properties
- C08L2201/08—Stabilised against heat, light or radiation or oxydation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/03—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing three or more polymers in a blend
- C08L2205/035—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing three or more polymers in a blend containing four or more polymers in a blend
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/14—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing polymeric additives characterised by shape
- C08L2205/16—Fibres; Fibrils
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a damper sheet produced by waste rubber. The damper sheet produced by waste rubber is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 30 to 50 parts of waste rubber, 20 to 40 parts of modified graphene nano-filler, 20 to 30 parts of N-isopropyl maleimide-methyl methacrylate, 30 to 35 parts of tetrafluoroethylene-perfluorinated alkyl vinyl ether copolymer fibers, 20 to 30 parts of polymethyl methacrylate, 2 to 15 parts of isobutylene, 1 to 10 parts of white carbon black, 0.1 to 5 parts of carbon black, 20 to 50 parts of iron powder, 30 to 50 parts of aluminum powder, 0.5 to 1.5 parts of mold inhibitor and 5 to 8 parts of pottery clay. According to the damper sheet produced by waste rubber, the COF (Coefficient Of Friction) of the product can be decreased from 0.215 to 0.095, the wear rate is decreased by 85.10 percent or more, the surface softening and decomposition are inhibited in the friction process of the product, and a movable thin film on the surface can better protect the friction surface.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of sheet production technical field, particularly relate to one and utilize waste old to produce damping sheets.
Background technology
Bigization of w rafter hydroxylamine hafnium tire splits dry measure used in former times Yang Jia plan Zhou Siping (chemical industry system of Wuhan Institute of Chemical Technology, Wuhan, 430100) (Wuhan Hong Yi industrial corporation, Wuhan, 430100) the waste and old rubber stock tire catalytic pyrolysis treatment technology of a kind of advanced person of summary is developed, it is cracked gas, gasoline fraction, diesel oil distillate and heavy oil fraction by the useless rubber limb tire indium grain of reactor by catalytic pyrolysis, remaining solid can be processed as white carbon black, after testing, its physical and chemical index and serviceability all reach user's requirement to various products.This is the effective way reducing environmental pollution, turning waste into wealth.Since the seventies, what the flourishing country of part industry had set about studying junked tire utilizes work.Such as, waste and used rubber tyre is used for generating electricity or manufacturing cement etc. by Japan and the U.S. as fuel.But since the nineties, many countries such as English, U.S. all create interest to the cracking technique of waste and used rubber tyre, and these countries use the Pintsch process of about 1000, and its shortcoming is power consumption height, cracking black carbon is of poor quality, yield poorly.This work is that crumb rubber is broken, then under catalyst action, only need to be heated to about 400 so that it is be cracked into cracked gas, cracking distillate oil, and the generation white carbon black that simultaneously reacts.Cracking distillate oil is fractionated into available gasoline, diesel oil and heavy oil.Through studying and exploring process program and operating condition, it is successfully realized industrialization, has operated 2 years achieved with distinct economic.This technique has the advantages such as power consumption is low, good product quality, non-pollutant discharge, technique simple, easily-controlled operation, is the most more advanced waste and used rubber tyre treatment technology.Although junked tire can do appropriate use, but can cause a lot of by-product, noxious substance, and the cost also can be a lot, the by-product of generation be then difficult to process.
The effect of damping sheets, one is shock dropping, i.e. reduces the electromotor vibrations in the running infringement to car body, mainly reduces the probability of resonance and prevent rigid attachment from damaging car body, and two is noise reduction, i.e. reduces rigid attachment and causes the noise transmission to car body or amplification.Automobile conventional on market or idle call damping sheets, although raw material type is various, but cannot be issued to high performance standard in the state of low cost, low input.Therefore for automobile or air-conditioning damping fin raw material and proportioning and the performance indications that can reach thereof, the common issue solved in just becoming industry, it is badly in need of.
Summary of the invention
For the deficiencies in the prior art, the technical problem to be solved is to provide one to utilize waste old to produce damping sheets, reduces cost, and heat resistanceheat resistant performance is remarkably reinforced.
In order to realize above-mentioned technical purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme that: one utilizes waste old to produce damping sheets, includes raw material, and its parts by weight of raw materials is as follows:
Further, its preparation method is as follows:
1) the scrap rubber raw material of the weight portion in claim 1 is joined in pulverizer, pulverize, material after pulverizing again is transferred to high temperature desulfurizing in devulcanizing pan, and filter, material after filtering is transferred to kneader, and to carrying out remaining raw material of claim 1 weight portion mediating stirring；
2) material after mediating stirring in step 1 is transferred in extruder, and carries out mixing extruding；
3) material after mixing extruding in step 2 carries out pressing and forming by pressing machine；
4) material after pressing and forming in step 3 is cut into suitably sized by guillotine,.
Further, described preparation technology uses elevator and conveyer belt as intermediate connection structure, forms the production mechanism of complete car damping sheet.
Further, in described step 1, the temperature in kneader is 150-180 DEG C, and the time mediating stirring of described step 1 is 4-6h.
Further, the temperature in the extruder in described step 2 is more than 200 DEG C.
Use modified graphene Nano filling and scrap rubber and the product using above-mentioned technique to produce, have that strength is the best, fineness is high, air-tightness is strong, an elastic feature such as abundant of feel, can while ensureing product quality reduction about 60% raw material and production cost.
Modified graphene Nano filling is a kind of dispersant, there is the function of filling, and the most also there is the effect of softening, this just require itself can and rubber have the good compatibility, affinity, its effect is for improving the elasticity of rubber, pliability, workability, easy mixing property.Therefore during improving rubber processing, the consumption of mixing power can be reduced, promote the dispersed of various adjuvant, improve the processing performances such as the percentage elongation of vulcanizate, resilience, and modified graphene Nano filling for rubber, plastics, paint, etc. chemical industry as strengthening modification filler.It is mainly used in increasing stablizing of shape of product, increases tensile strength, shear strength, flexing intensity, the intensity of pressure, reduce deformation, extension rate, thermal coefficient of expansion, there is the features such as whiteness is high, epigranular dispersibility is strong.Softening, plasticising, thickening, reinforcement, aging resistance, be the Main Function mechanism of modified graphene Nano filling.
Isobutene. is water insoluble, is soluble in most organic solvent, is mainly used in synthetic rubber processed and Organic Chemicals.
White Carbon black, i.e. aerosil, have good activity and adsorption rate, and reinforcing effect is good, has the highest insulating properties, water insoluble and sour (except Fluohydric acid .), is dissolved in caustic soda, is not decomposed by high temperature.Its whiteness is good, is filled in rubber and can significantly improve the physical property of sizing material.
Carbon black, for cooking the reinforcing agent of rubber, can improve hardness and the intensity of sizing material.
Potter's clay then has the excellent specific properties such as freeze thawing resistance, anti-light pollution, sound-absorbing, breathability, water penetration, weather resistance, corrosion resistance
The technical characterstic of the present invention and effect be: in the raw material of the present invention, modified graphene Nano filling complements one another with iron powder and aluminium powder；The coefficient of friction COF that can reduce this product is reduced to 0.095 by 0.215; wear rate reduces on 85.10%; and product is in friction process; surface softens and decomposition is inhibited; the movable thin film on its surface can preferably protect friction surface; therefore add the interaction force of interiors of products material, therefore also improve initial bonding strength and the holding power of product.And make the cracking temperature of this product be increased about 200 DEG C by 80, hence in so that the heat resistanceheat resistant performance of product is remarkably reinforced, and use above-mentioned formula and above-mentioned technique can reduce the generation of by-product and toxic products in process of production.
Detailed description of the invention
In order to make the purpose of the present invention, technical scheme and advantage clearer, below in conjunction with embodiment, the present invention is further elaborated.Should be appreciated that specific embodiment described herein, only in order to explain the present invention, is not intended to limit the present invention.
Embodiment 1
Scrap rubber 45 parts, modified graphene Nano filling 35 parts, N-isopropylmaleimide-methyl methacrylate 20 parts, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer fibre 30 parts, polymethyl methacrylate 20 parts, isobutene. 10 parts, White Carbon black 8 parts, carbon black 3.5 parts, iron powder 40 parts, aluminium powder 35 parts, antifungus agent 1.0 parts, 7 parts of potter's clay；
Its preparation method is: the first-selected scrap rubber raw material by the weight portion in aforementioned joins in pulverizer, pulverize, material after pulverizing again is transferred to high temperature desulfurizing in devulcanizing pan, and filter, material after filtering is transferred to kneader, and to carrying out remaining raw material of aforementioned weight mediating stirring；Secondly the aforementioned middle material mediated after stirring is transferred in extruder, and carries out mixing extruding；Material after again mixing extruding in aforementioned carries out pressing and forming by pressing machine；Finally the material after aforementioned middle pressing and forming is cut into suitably sized by guillotine, its preparation technology uses elevator and conveyer belt as intermediate connection structure, forms the production mechanism of complete car damping sheet.
Embodiment 2
Scrap rubber 30 parts, modified graphene Nano filling 40 parts, N-isopropylmaleimide-methyl methacrylate 23 parts, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer fibre 31 parts, polymethyl methacrylate 22 parts, isobutene. 15 parts, White Carbon black 1 part, carbon black 0.1 part, iron powder 20 parts, aluminium powder 30 parts, antifungus agent 0.5 part, 5 parts of potter's clay；
Its preparation method is: the first-selected scrap rubber raw material by the weight portion in aforementioned joins in pulverizer, pulverize, material after pulverizing again is transferred to high temperature desulfurizing in devulcanizing pan, and filter, material after filtering is transferred to kneader, and to carrying out remaining raw material of aforementioned weight mediating stirring；Secondly the aforementioned middle material mediated after stirring is transferred in extruder, and carries out mixing extruding；Material after again mixing extruding in aforementioned carries out pressing and forming by pressing machine；Finally the material after aforementioned middle pressing and forming is cut into suitably sized by guillotine, its preparation technology uses elevator and conveyer belt as intermediate connection structure, forms the production mechanism of complete car damping sheet.
Embodiment 3
Scrap rubber 50 parts, modified graphene Nano filling 20 parts, N-isopropylmaleimide-methyl methacrylate 25 parts, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer fibre 32 parts, polymethyl methacrylate 25 parts, isobutene. 15 parts, White Carbon black 10 parts, carbon black 5 parts, iron powder 50 parts, aluminium powder 50 parts, antifungus agent 1.5 parts, 8 parts of potter's clay；
Its preparation method is: the first-selected scrap rubber raw material by the weight portion in aforementioned joins in pulverizer, pulverize, material after pulverizing again is transferred to high temperature desulfurizing in devulcanizing pan, and filter, material after filtering is transferred to kneader, and to carrying out remaining raw material of aforementioned weight mediating stirring；Secondly the aforementioned middle material mediated after stirring is transferred in extruder, and carries out mixing extruding；Material after again mixing extruding in aforementioned carries out pressing and forming by pressing machine；Finally the material after aforementioned middle pressing and forming is cut into suitably sized by guillotine, its preparation technology uses elevator and conveyer belt as intermediate connection structure, forms the production mechanism of complete car damping sheet.
Embodiment 4
Scrap rubber 40 parts, modified graphene Nano filling 30 parts, N-isopropylmaleimide-methyl methacrylate 26 parts, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer fibre 33 parts, polymethyl methacrylate 28 parts, isobutene. 8 parts, White Carbon black 9 parts, carbon black 4 parts, iron powder 45 parts, aluminium powder 48 parts, antifungus agent 1 part, 7 parts of potter's clay；
Its preparation method is: the first-selected scrap rubber raw material by the weight portion in aforementioned joins in pulverizer, pulverize, material after pulverizing again is transferred to high temperature desulfurizing in devulcanizing pan, and filter, material after filtering is transferred to kneader, and to carrying out remaining raw material of aforementioned weight mediating stirring；Secondly the aforementioned middle material mediated after stirring is transferred in extruder, and carries out mixing extruding；Material after again mixing extruding in aforementioned carries out pressing and forming by pressing machine；Finally the material after aforementioned middle pressing and forming is cut into suitably sized by guillotine, its preparation technology uses elevator and conveyer belt as intermediate connection structure, forms the production mechanism of complete car damping sheet.
Embodiment 5
Scrap rubber 35 parts, modified graphene Nano filling 38 parts, N-isopropylmaleimide-methyl methacrylate 30 parts, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer fibre 35 parts, polymethyl methacrylate 30 parts, isobutene. 12 parts, White Carbon black 5 parts, carbon black 3 parts, iron powder 30 parts, aluminium powder 45 parts, antifungus agent 1.3 parts, 6 parts of potter's clay；
Its preparation method is: the first-selected scrap rubber raw material by the weight portion in aforementioned joins in pulverizer, pulverize, material after pulverizing again is transferred to high temperature desulfurizing in devulcanizing pan, and filter, material after filtering is transferred to kneader, and to carrying out remaining raw material of aforementioned weight mediating stirring；Secondly the aforementioned middle material mediated after stirring is transferred in extruder, and carries out mixing extruding；Material after again mixing extruding in aforementioned carries out pressing and forming by pressing machine；Finally the material after aforementioned middle pressing and forming is cut into suitably sized by guillotine, its preparation technology uses elevator and conveyer belt as intermediate connection structure, forms the production mechanism of complete car damping sheet.
Use modified graphene Nano filling and scrap rubber and the product using above-mentioned technique to produce, have that strength is the best, fineness is high, air-tightness is strong, an elastic feature such as abundant of feel, can while ensureing product quality reduction about 60% raw material and production cost.
Modified graphene Nano filling is a kind of dispersant, there is the function of filling, and the most also there is the effect of softening, this just require itself can and rubber have the good compatibility, affinity, its effect is for improving the elasticity of rubber, pliability, workability, easy mixing property.Therefore during improving rubber processing, the consumption of mixing power can be reduced, promote the dispersed of various adjuvant, improve the processing performances such as the percentage elongation of vulcanizate, resilience, and modified graphene Nano filling for rubber, plastics, paint, etc. chemical industry as strengthening modification filler.It is mainly used in increasing stablizing of shape of product, increases tensile strength, shear strength, flexing intensity, the intensity of pressure, reduce deformation, extension rate, thermal coefficient of expansion, there is the features such as whiteness is high, epigranular dispersibility is strong.Softening, plasticising, thickening, reinforcement, aging resistance, be the Main Function mechanism of modified graphene Nano filling.
Isobutene. is water insoluble, is soluble in most organic solvent, is mainly used in synthetic rubber processed and Organic Chemicals.
White Carbon black, i.e. aerosil, have good activity and adsorption rate, and reinforcing effect is good, has the highest insulating properties, water insoluble and sour (except Fluohydric acid .), is dissolved in caustic soda, is not decomposed by high temperature.Its whiteness is good, is filled in rubber and can significantly improve the physical property of sizing material.
Carbon black, for cooking the reinforcing agent of rubber, can improve hardness and the intensity of sizing material.
Potter's clay then has the excellent specific properties such as freeze thawing resistance, anti-light pollution, sound-absorbing, breathability, water penetration, weather resistance, corrosion resistance
In the raw material of the present invention, modified graphene Nano filling complements one another with iron powder and aluminium powder；The coefficient of friction COF that can reduce this product is reduced to 0.095 by 0.215; wear rate reduces on 85.10%; and product is in friction process; surface softens and decomposition is inhibited; the movable thin film on its surface can preferably protect friction surface; therefore add the interaction force of interiors of products material, therefore also improve initial bonding strength and the holding power of product.And make the cracking temperature of this product be increased about 200 DEG C by 80, hence in so that the heat resistanceheat resistant performance of product is remarkably reinforced, and use above-mentioned formula and above-mentioned technique can reduce the generation of by-product and toxic products in process of production.
The foregoing is only presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, not in order to limit the present invention, all any amendment, equivalent and improvement etc. made within the spirit and principles in the present invention, should be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. one kind utilizes waste old to produce damping sheets, it is characterised in that: include raw material, its parts by weight of raw materials
As follows:
One the most according to claim 1 utilizes waste old to produce damping sheets, it is characterised in that:
Its preparation method is as follows:
1) the scrap rubber raw material of the weight portion in claim 1 is joined in pulverizer, pulverize, then will
Material after pulverizing is transferred to high temperature desulfurizing in devulcanizing pan, and filters, and the material after filtering is transferred to pinch
Conjunction machine, and to carrying out remaining raw material of claim 1 weight portion mediating stirring；
2) material after mediating stirring in step 1 is transferred in extruder, and carries out mixing extruding；
3) material after mixing extruding in step 2 carries out pressing and forming by pressing machine；
4) material after pressing and forming in step 3 is cut into suitably sized by guillotine,.
One the most according to claim 2 utilizes waste old to produce damping sheets, it is characterised in that:
Described preparation technology uses elevator and conveyer belt as intermediate connection structure, forms complete car damping sheet
Produce mechanism.
One the most according to claim 2 utilizes waste old to produce damping sheets, it is characterised in that:
In described step 1, the temperature in kneader is 150-180 DEG C, described step 1 mediate stirring time be
4-6h。
One the most according to claim 2 utilizes waste old to produce damping sheets, it is characterised in that:
The temperature in extruder in described step 2 is more than 200 DEG C.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201610256758.0A CN105801954A (en) | 2016-04-20 | 2016-04-20 | Damper sheet produced by waste rubber |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201610256758.0A CN105801954A (en) | 2016-04-20 | 2016-04-20 | Damper sheet produced by waste rubber |
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| CN105801954A true CN105801954A (en) | 2016-07-27 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CN201610256758.0A Pending CN105801954A (en) | 2016-04-20 | 2016-04-20 | Damper sheet produced by waste rubber |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106957462A (en) * | 2017-05-09 | 2017-07-18 | 广德天运新技术股份有限公司 | A kind of utilization waste old production prevents the damping sheets of resonance |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1388161A (en) * | 2002-06-07 | 2003-01-01 | 朱孟京 | Damping rubber product |
| CN102924832A (en) * | 2012-10-22 | 2013-02-13 | 广德天运无纺有限公司 | Resonance damping material produced by using waste rubber |
| JP5501568B2 (en) * | 2008-02-21 | 2014-05-21 | クレハエラストマー株式会社 | Damping material |
| CN105038288A (en) * | 2015-07-20 | 2015-11-11 | 合肥科启环保科技有限公司 | Sound insulation pad sheets produced by means of waste tires |
-
2016
- 2016-04-20 CN CN201610256758.0A patent/CN105801954A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1388161A (en) * | 2002-06-07 | 2003-01-01 | 朱孟京 | Damping rubber product |
| JP5501568B2 (en) * | 2008-02-21 | 2014-05-21 | クレハエラストマー株式会社 | Damping material |
| CN102924832A (en) * | 2012-10-22 | 2013-02-13 | 广德天运无纺有限公司 | Resonance damping material produced by using waste rubber |
| CN105038288A (en) * | 2015-07-20 | 2015-11-11 | 合肥科启环保科技有限公司 | Sound insulation pad sheets produced by means of waste tires |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 卓昌明主编: "《塑料应用技术手册》", 31 May 2013, 北京：机械工业出版社 * |
| 苏君红 等: "《光纤材料技术》", 30 April 2009, 杭州：浙江科学技术出版社 * |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106957462A (en) * | 2017-05-09 | 2017-07-18 | 广德天运新技术股份有限公司 | A kind of utilization waste old production prevents the damping sheets of resonance |
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Application publication date: 20160727 |