CN105764731A - 自行式作业机械及这种作业机械的制动方法 - Google Patents

自行式作业机械及这种作业机械的制动方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN105764731A
CN105764731A CN201480064676.5A CN201480064676A CN105764731A CN 105764731 A CN105764731 A CN 105764731A CN 201480064676 A CN201480064676 A CN 201480064676A CN 105764731 A CN105764731 A CN 105764731A
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Prior art keywords
combustion engine
internal combustion
brake
braking
power
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CN201480064676.5A
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CN105764731B (zh
Inventor
S·N·霍夫曼
B·E·里希特迈尔
B·萨默
S·杜伊利
M·默克尔
J·雷舍尔
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Liebherr Components Biberach GmbH
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Liebherr Components Biberach GmbH
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种优选呈翻斗料车或卡车形式的自行式作业机械，其具有包括至少一个电动马达(4)的电驱动装置、可被内燃机(6)驱动的用于给电驱动装置供电的发电机(5)以及用于制动作业机械的制动装置(4,11)。所述制动装置规定了借助电驱动装置(4)的再生制动和将电动马达(4)的电马达制动功率回馈给发电机(5)以便在内燃机(6)上支援马达制动功率。本发明还涉及这种作业机械的制动方法。根据本发明，设有制动控制装置用于根据被回馈给内燃机的电动制动功率和/或根据接受回馈的马达制动功率的内燃机的运行状态自动接通机械制动器(11)。

Description

自行式作业机械及这种作业机械的制动方法
技术领域
本发明涉及优选呈翻斗料车或卡车形式的自行式作业机械，它具有包括至少一个电动马达的电驱动装置、可被内燃机驱动的用于给电驱动装置供电的发电机及用于制动该作业机械的制动装置，其中，所述制动装置规定了借助电驱动装置的再生制动并包括用于将电动马达的电马达制动功率回馈给发电机以便在内燃机上支援马达制动功率的回馈装置。本发明还涉及用于这种作业机械的制动方法。
背景技术
对于自行式作业机械如翻斗料车、卡车或用于建筑工地、矿山等的其它自行式越野车辆，近年来已经使用了具有至少一个电动马达的电驱动装置，以利用这种电驱动装置相对于静液压驱动装置的典型优点，如更高效率和更易维护。由于具有明显更高的效率，故在有时可观的功率下也能获得低许多的运行成本。在此，电驱动装置优选可被用作牵引驱动装置，行走机构的至少一个轮子或链条驱动装置借此被驱动，该电驱动装置也可被用于驱动主作业装置如露天采矿机的铣刨滚筒。
此外，可以设置发电机用于给电驱动装置供电，该发电机可被例如呈柴油机、汽油机或燃气机形式的内燃机驱动，在此，该内燃机不仅驱动发电机，也驱动液压装置且尤其是其泵，以便能液压驱动液压组成部分的其它伺服致动器。在履带式推土机情况下，用于挖沟铲的调节和/或升降装置例如可借助这样的液压致动器被驱动。在翻斗料车情况下，自卸车身可以借助液压致动器被上摆。
具有这种包括电驱动装置的驱动概念的履带式推土机例如由US7,950,481公开了，在此已经提出居中布置电动马达，电动马达的驱动功率借助差速器被交付给待驱动的各部件。在此提出将在内燃机未满负荷工作时由发电机产生的过量电能储存在电池中，以便在电动马达需要很高功率时可由电池在升压功能意义上将附加电能交付给电动马达，这例如可能在机器启动时就是这种情况。相反，如果作业机械要被制动，则呈液压脱开式弹簧预载圆盘制动器形式的机械制动器被作动。根据作业机械的尺寸及其目的，这样的制动器的尺寸须被设计成过大或过小以便在长时间频繁制动过程中不会过载或过热，就像在履带式推土机不断前后移动情况下或者在满载的翻斗料车下坡情况下那样。
另外，US8,395,335B2描述了一种用于越野卡车的电驱动***，其中，驱动电能由驱动发电机的内燃机提供。在制动操作中，由电动马达提供的电马达制动功率被交付给发电机以减少内燃机燃料消耗。另外，过量的电马达制动功率经过内燃机被交付给辅助电动装置以便电驱动这些辅助装置，且最终通过呈所谓的元件盒形式的制动电阻被消耗减少或“烧掉”，即转化成热。但电马达制动功率的分配需要相当复杂的控制***，同时考虑在辅助装置上可利用的电能。另外，出现在所述元件盒上的热负荷也须被考虑进来。
发明内容
本发明所基于的任务是提供一种上述类型的改进的作业机械以及一种用于制动这样的作业机械的改进方法，以避免现有技术缺点并有利地改进现有技术。利用设计简单的及易控制的制动装置，优选应可以实现充分减速的高能效制动。
上述任务通过根据权利要求1的作业机械及通过根据权利要求15的这种作业机械的制动方法来实现。本发明的优选实施方式是从属权利要求的主题。
因此提出，借助这个或这些电动马达主要通过再生制动来实现期望的制动效果，并在内燃机上支援此时所产生的电马达制动功率，同时拦截或阻止因接通机械制动器所过量回馈的马达制动功率而导致的内燃机过载。根据本发明，制动控制装置设置用于根据被回馈给内燃机的马达制动功率和/或根据接受回馈马达制动功率的内燃机的运行状态自动接通机械制动器。由至少一个电动马达提供的制动能或电马达制动功率有利地在惯性惰行中主要通过发电机被回馈给内燃机，在那里被用来驱动与内燃机相连的附加功耗装置如风扇、制冷器或泵并被用来克服内燃机牵引阻力，该发电机将电马达制动功率转换成用于内燃机的机械驱动功率。如果在内燃机上所支援的马达制动功率超过内燃机容许程度和/或如果内燃机在回馈马达制动功率作用下达到预定运行状态，则机械制动器被自动接通以避免或减小在内燃机上所支援的电马达制动功率的进一步增加。机械制动器的接通此时能有利地以在需要时连续递增的制动力进行，从而实现从不利用机械制动器的制动至利用机械制动器的制动的过渡和相反的过渡，按照以没有猛然减速的柔和转变方式的协调过程形式。机械制动器的制动力可以在考虑已作用于内燃机的制动功率情况下被柔和改变、控制且尤其是被调节，以便尽量接近由驾驶员预定的期望制动力。
在此，只有当被回馈给内燃机的马达制动功率达到内燃机和或许与之相连的辅助装置的减速能力时，才有利地以机械制动器进行次要制动。
当例如因更频繁操作制动传感器和/或坡度增大而所期望或所需要的制动功率增强时，可以首先尤其在内燃机上支援由至少一个电动马达产生的增大的电马达制动功率，其中内燃机的燃料供给被连续减少，直至内燃机在恒定转速下不再消耗燃料。当回馈电马达制动功率进一步增大时，可以使内燃机提高转速而超过自身期望的发动机恒定转速，直至达到内燃机的最大容许的或期望的发动机速度，在此，内燃机提高转速在阻断燃料供给的情况下有利地进行。如果达到所述内燃机最高转速，则上述制动控制装置接通该机械制动器以收回还要进一步增大的回馈马达制动功率，由此阻止或至少收回被交付给内燃机的回馈马达制动功率进一步增大。
就是说，该制动控制装置有利地规定了多个可前后相继接入的制动级来收回所期望或所需要的制动功率。首先或者说首要地，在内燃机上支援电马达制动功率而没有接通机械制动器，以便一方面能高能效比地运行内燃机，另一方面避免机械制动器的不必要的热负荷或磨损。只有在达到内燃机和与之相连的辅助装置的减速能力时，或者当达到在内燃机上所支援的电马达制动功率的容许极限时，机械制动器才在另一级中被接通。在这里，在只在或至少主要在内燃机上支援电马达制动功率的上述第一制动级内，燃料供给首先在基本恒定的内燃机转速情况下在第一次级内被一直减少，直到燃料供给完全中断。一旦燃料供给被截断，则在第二次级内允许内燃机提高转速。
该制动控制装置可以有利地通过改变与内燃机相连的至少一个例如呈风扇、制冷器或泵形式的辅助装置的功耗来控制可在内燃机上支援的制动功率。该制动控制装置尤其可以在使用机械制动器之前提高至少一个这样的辅助装置的功耗。不仅可以增大并可变地控制再生的马达制动功率和进而总制动功率且延缓机械制动器的磨损，而且尤其还可以获得更高效的作业机械运行，例如这样做到，风扇或制冷器在下坡行驶中提高速度而超过本身所需要的程度，以便比所强制需要的程度更强烈地冷却相应装置，从而随后在上坡行驶时或在平面路段上该辅助装置可以相比于此外不同情况被更长久地切断或在更低的功率下运行。但在本发明的改进方案中也可行的是，例如通过提高泵的输出流量，例如通过接入流动阻力，使辅助装置如泵在较高功耗的情况下消耗运行以提高再生的马达制动功率。
在本发明的改进方案中如此构成所述制动控制装置，该机械制动器保持未作动或保持脱开，只要可以在该内燃机和与之相连的辅助装置上支援借助电动马达制动及马达制动功率回馈的所期望或所需要的制动功率，尤其是只要回馈马达制动功率未超出预定极限值和/或接受回馈马达制动功率的内燃机未离开预定的运行状态或运行状态范围，尤其是未超过预定的内燃机转速。
在本发明的改进方案中，该回馈装置没有制动电阻也行，尤其是没有所谓的元件盒。由此，回馈装置可以总体简单地被构成和控制，无须考虑制动电阻上的热负荷极限。尤其是空冷式制动电阻在强烈降水时出现的问题也可得以避免，由此一来，作业机械变得更安全，还可以更轻型地构成。在空冷式制动电阻中已知存在着因湿气侵入而引起的接地短路危险，这可通过无制动电阻地构成回馈装置来避免。
为了在强力制动时也不出现过高的回馈功率且能可靠收回无法在内燃机上支援的一部分马达制动功率，在本发明的有利改进方案中，可接通的机械制动器能以湿式制动器的形式构成，其可提供足够高的制动功率而没有过热。特别是可以设置油冷式多盘机械制动器，其可间接或直接与待制动的驱动件如行走机构的轮子或链条驱动小齿轮相连。在本发明的改进方案中，多个这样的机械制动器可以与多个驱动件相连，例如可以在卡车的每个轮子上设置相应的湿式制动器。
在本发明的有利改进方案中，由(多个)电动马达总体产生的电马达制动功率能基本上被完全交付给与内燃机相连的发电机，此时由发电机产生的机械驱动功率被完全交付给内燃机。可以说，该回馈装置可以是单流构成的，没有设置将回馈马达制动功率的不同部分交付给不同驱动件的任何分支或分流。虽然原则上也可行的是，分流出回馈马达制动功率的一部分，例如直接以电能形式交付给电动辅助装置，或者以发电机驱动功率不仅驱动内燃机，也驱动与发电机相连的其它驱动件如副发电机。但在单流式构成上述回馈装置且回馈马达制动功率基本完全被转换为用于内燃机的机械驱动功率情况下，无需监测各不同的***，而是机械制动器可以基本只依据内燃机的运行状态被接通。
该制动控制装置尤其可以根据内燃机的发动机转速来接通机械制动器，确切说尤其在内燃机转速达到预定最高转速时才接通机械制动器。所述制动控制装置为此可以与提供内燃机转速的转速检测机构相连。
此外，所述制动控制装置可以包括发动机控制机构用于减少对内燃机的燃料供给，发动机控制机构首先在内燃机的恒定转速下减少燃料供给，尤其按照递增量如此减少，即，在内燃机上越来越多地支援电马达制动功率情况下，燃料供给连续变为零，此时发动机转速保持恒定和/或至少处于预定最低转速如空转转速。
在这里，该制动控制装置可以有利地包括制动力控制机构，其在达到最高内燃机转速的情况下重新控制或重新调节由机械制动器所产生的制动力，从而当例如因制动传感器的操作进一步加强而使制动功率需求进一步增大时，机械制动器的制动力被进一步增大，当制动功率要求又降低时，机械制动器的制动力被减小，但最好只以这样的程度，即仍然总将内燃机保持在其预定最高转速。机械制动器的制动力优选被如此调节，即，在内燃机和或许与之相连的辅助装置上支援最大可能的电马达制动功率。
附图说明
参考优选实施例和附图来进一步详述本发明，附图示出：
图1是呈能以翻斗料车形式构成的卡车状的作业机械的示意侧视图；和
图2是在作业机械制动时的制动能流的示意图。
具体实施方式
如图1所示，自行式作业机械1例如可以越野卡车且尤其是翻斗料车的形式构成，它可包括行走机构2和多个轮子12，这些轮子分布于多个轴且承载作业机械1的底盘或机架。但应该理解，作业机械通常还能以其它的形式构成，如具有轮式或链式行走机构的其它施工机械或矿业机械。
作业机械1的驱动***包括具有至少一个电动马达4的至少一个电驱动装置3，该电动马达可以作为牵引驱动装置且可以驱动轮子12。在这里，或许借助功率分流驱动装置或差速器，一个电动马达4可以同时驱动多个轮子12，例如一个轴的轮子12。或者，还可以设置单轮驱动装置，其中每个被驱动轮子12配属有一个自身的电动马达4。
如图2所示，电驱动装置3被供给来自发电机5的电流，其中发电机5由内燃机6驱动，该内燃机例如能以柴油机或汽油机或燃气机形式构成。此时，至少一个电动马达4或者或多个电动马达4借助功率电子装置13被连接至发电机5，功率电子装置可以包括配属于各自电动马达4的马达逆变器14及配属于发电机5的发电机逆变器16，中间电路15尤其是直流电压中间电路能设置在马达逆变器14和发电机逆变器16之间，参考图2。在此，发电机逆变器16、中间电路15和马达逆变器14有利地被构造成双向工作，以便能在发电机5被内燃机6驱动的驱动模式中将发电机5所产生的电流交付给电动马达4并且在制动模式中能将由电动马达4产生的电流反向回馈给发电机5，如以下还将说明的那样。
此外，作业机械1可以包括至少一个辅助驱动装置7，其同样可被所述内燃机6驱动。所述辅助驱动装置7例如可以是液压装置或液压驱动装置，其可包括由所述内燃机6驱动的液压泵以便能液压驱动相应的辅助装置。例如如图1所示，辅助驱动装置7用于调整如图1所示的翻斗料车的装料槽8且为此包括如呈液压致动器如液压缸形式的至少一个伺服致动器9用于能向上倾翻装料槽8来卸料。
但所述辅助驱动装置7也可以包括其它辅助装置比如冷却装置、风扇、转向辅助***等。
一方面，用于作业机械1制动的制动装置10包括机械制动器11，其可制动单个轮子或者或许可制动一个轴，在此每个轮子12最好配属有一个这样的机械制动器11。在本发明改进方案中，所述机械制动器11有利地以湿式制动器如油冷多盘式制动器形式构成，在此所述制动器例如是弹簧偏置且可电磁离断地构成的，但也例如能通过液压以不同方式被作动。
此外，所述制动装置10包括使用上述至少一个电动马达4作为发电机，以便首先通过电驱动装置3以再生制动的形式提供期望的制动功率。此时由(多个)电动马达4提供的电马达制动功率通过回馈装置20被交付给连接至内燃机6的发电机5，以使发电机作为马达运行并至少辅助驱动内燃机5。在此，所述回馈装置20包括如前所述的配属于相应电动马达4的马达逆变器14及与之连接的中间电路15和发电机逆变器16，与内燃机6相连的发电机可以在回馈运行中通过发电机逆变器来控制。
如图2所示，所述回馈装置20可以单流形式构成，并且由电动马达4产生的马达制动功率基本上被完全交付给发电机5，在此，由发电机5产生的机械驱动功率可被基本完全交付给内燃机6。作为给内燃机6完全支援马达制动功率的替代方式，制动电阻或许也可以被接通以便在这样的制动电阻上消耗减少一部分回馈马达制动功率。
在此，制动过程借助制动控制装置30来控制，该制动控制装置尤其根据回馈电马达制动功率和/或接受回馈马达制动功率的内燃机6的运行状态来控制或调整机械制动器11的接通和或许还有至少其中一个辅助装置7的功耗。因此，所述制动控制装置30可以与用于检测内燃机6的运行状态的检测机构如速度检测机构31或温度检测机构相连以便能避免惯性惰行中的过热。也可以设置用于监测其它运行参数如辅助装置工作状态的其它检测机构，以便在达到在此临界的极限状况时也能接通机械制动器。另外，所述制动控制装置30也可以与用于检测回馈马达制动功率的检测机构相连，以便在接通机械制动器11时或许也能考虑最大回馈功率。在这种情况下，回馈的电马达制动功率通常能以不同方式来检测，例如通过直接确定电动部件的电气参数如电流或电压和与之相关的工作参数。回馈马达制动功率例如可借助存在于回馈电路中的逆变器来检测。但替代地或补充地，回馈马达制动功率也可被间接检测，例如通过测量在回馈电能作用下由发电机产生的转矩。
另外，所述制动控制装置30可以与发动机控制机构32相连，借助该发动机控制机构，可以减少对内燃机6的燃料供给，或许可以完全切断，以便能在第一制动级以减少的燃料供给来驱动惯性惰行时的内燃机6。
如果司机期望一定的制动力，则例如通过操作制动踏板或制动杆或操作制动请求按钮，制动控制装置30可以控制或调整制动过程，尤其如下控制或调整：首先，在惯性惰行中，由电动马达4提供的马达制动功率经过发电机逆变器16被交付给发电机5，该发电机将回馈的电马达制动功率转换成用于内燃机6的机械驱动功率并交付给所述内燃机6。在内燃机6上支援的电马达制动功率在那里被用来驱动所有的辅助装置或辅助驱动装置7及用来克服内燃机6的牵引阻力。在第一制动级，制动控制装置30通过发动机控制机构32在发动机转速基本不变情况下减少内燃机6的燃料供给，以维持内燃机6和与之相连的辅助驱动装置7的运行状态恒定，但此时减少燃料消耗。第一制动级一直维持，直到燃料供给或许已减至零。
如果需要进一步的制动功率，则制动控制装置30允许内燃机6提高转数，因而制动功率基本上总是完全被支援给内燃机6。此时，制动控制装置30借助速度检测机构31监测内燃机6转速并允许转数提高，直至内燃机6达到其优选最高转数。此时，辅助装置7的功耗也可被增大以提供进一步的制动功率并利用效率潜能。
另一方面，如果达到最高转数但仍需要额外制动功率，则制动控制装置30自动接通机械制动器11以防止内燃机6的转速过高。制动控制装置30在此借助制动力调节器33如此调节机械制动器11的制动力，即，内燃机6基本上被维持在其最高转速，就是说，制动功率的最大可能部分仍总是被支援给内燃机6。只有超过内燃机6和与之相连的辅助装置7的减速能力的那部分所需制动功率被机械制动器11收回。

Claims (17)

1.一种自行式作业机械特别是翻斗料车或卡车，具有包括至少一个电动马达(4)的电驱动装置(3)、能被内燃机(6)驱动的用于给该电驱动装置(3)供应电流的发电机(5)以及用于制动该作业机械的制动装置(10)，其中所述制动装置(10)规定借助该电驱动装置(3)的再生制动并包括用于将该电动马达(4)的电马达制动功率回馈给该发电机(5)的回馈装置(20)，其特征是，设有制动控制装置(30)用于根据被回馈给该内燃机(6)的电马达制动功率和/或根据接受回馈的马达制动功率的内燃机(6)的运行状态自动接通至少一个机械制动器(11)。
2.根据前一权利要求所述的自行式作业机械，其中，所述制动控制装置(30)被构造成主要进行再生制动且当被回馈给该内燃机(6)的马达制动功率达到该内燃机(6)和或许与内燃机相连的辅助装置(7)的减速能力时才进行借助该机械制动器(11)的次要制动。
3.根据前一权利要求所述的自行式作业机械，其中，所述制动控制装置(30)被构造成在主要的再生制动时在接通该机械制动器(11)之前增大至少一个相连的辅助装置(7)的功耗。
4.根据前述权利要求之一所述的自行式作业机械，其中，连接至该内燃机(6)的至少一个辅助装置(7)包括冷却器和/或泵，其功耗是可控的。
5.根据前述权利要求之一所述的自行式作业机械，其中，所述制动控制装置(30)包括第一制动级，在第一制动级只以电动马达制动和在该内燃机(6)上支援电马达制动功率的形式实现制动功率，其中在第一次级中该内燃机(6)的燃料供给在发动机转速基本不变情况下首先被减少，在第二次级中在燃料供给切断情况下允许该内燃机(6)的转速增大以增大制动功率，直至达到预定最高转速。
6.根据前述权利要求之一所述的自行式作业机械，其中，所述回馈装置(20)被构造成没有制动电阻。
7.根据前述权利要求之一所述的自行式作业机械，其中，所述至少一个电动马达(4)的电马达制动功率被完全交付给与该内燃机(6)相连的发电机(5)，由该发电机(5)产生的机械驱动功率被完全交付给该内燃机(6)。
8.根据前述权利要求之一所述的自行式作业机械，其中，所述机械制动器包括至少一个湿式制动器。
9.根据前一权利要求所述的自行式作业机械，其中，所述湿式制动器包括油冷式多盘制动器。
10.根据前述权利要求之一所述的自行式作业机械，其中，所述制动控制装置(30)能与用于检测该内燃机(6)的转速的速度检测机构(31)相连，其中该制动控制装置(30)被构造成在超过该内燃机的预定转速时接通该机械制动器(11)且在低于该内燃机(6)的预定转速时脱开该机械制动器(11)。
11.根据前述权利要求之一所述的自行式作业机械，其中，所述制动控制装置(30)包括制动力调节器(33)用于调节由机械制动器施加的制动力，其中所述制动力调节器(33)优选被构造成在机械制动器(11)被接通的制动模式中如此调节由该机械制动器(11)施加的制动力，即该内燃机(6)被维持在其最高允许转速或最高预定转速。
12.根据前一权利要求所述的自行式作业机械，其中，所述制动力调节器(33)被构造成使电动马达制动力和/或机械制动力和/或两者之和等于或尽量接近期望制动力。
13.根据前述权利要求之一所述的自行式作业机械，其中，所述制动控制装置(30)能与用于控制该内燃机(6)的燃料供给的发动机控制机构(32)相连，其中所述发动机控制机构(32)优选被构造成在马达制动功率被回馈给内燃机(6)的制动操作中使燃料供给减少，从而该内燃机(6)被维持在基本恒定的转速。
14.根据前述权利要求之一所述的自行式作业机械，其中，所述回馈装置(20)包括配属于至少一个电动马达(4)的至少一个马达逆变器(14)和配属于该发电机(5)的至少一个发电机逆变器(16)以及设置在所述马达逆变器(14)和发电机逆变器(16)之间的尤其呈直流电压中间电路形式的至少一个中间电路(15)。
15.一种作业机械(1)且特别是翻斗料车或卡车的制动方法，该作业机械具有包括至少一个电动马达(4)的电驱动装置(3)、被内燃机(6)驱动的用于给该电驱动装置(3)供应电流的发电机(5)以及用于制动该作业机械的制动装置(10)，其中为了制动所述作业机械(1)，所述至少一个电动马达(4)作为发电机运行，此时所产生的电马达制动功率通过回馈装置(20)被回馈给该发电机(5)，此时在该内燃机(6)上支援由该发电机(5)产生的机械驱动功率，其特征是，根据被回馈给该内燃机(6)的电马达制动功率和/或根据接受回馈的马达制动功率的内燃机(6)的运行状态，由制动控制装置(30)自动接通和/或断开机械制动器(11)。
16.根据前一权利要求所述的方法，其中，当期望小的制动力时，在第一制动级中在内燃机(6)的转速基本不变的情况下减少该内燃机(6)的燃料供给，当期望进一步增大的制动力时，在第二制动级中在燃料供给切断的情况下在回馈的马达制动功率作用下使该内燃机(6)提高转速，直至达到预定最高转速，当再次期望更大的制动力时，该机械制动器(11)在第三制动级中只在该内燃机(6)已达到该预定最高转速且该内燃机(6)和或许与内燃机相连的辅助装置的因此最大可获得的制动功率总是还小于期望制动力时才被接通。
17.根据前一权利要求所述的方法，其中，在所述第二制动级中，连接至内燃机(6)的至少一个辅助装置(7)如制冷风扇或泵的功耗被增大。
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