CN105635016B - Support satellite mobile communication system, the method and device of either simplex data collection service - Google Patents
Support satellite mobile communication system, the method and device of either simplex data collection service Download PDFInfo
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- CN105635016B CN105635016B CN201410612397.XA CN201410612397A CN105635016B CN 105635016 B CN105635016 B CN 105635016B CN 201410612397 A CN201410612397 A CN 201410612397A CN 105635016 B CN105635016 B CN 105635016B
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Abstract
The present invention proposes a kind of satellite mobile communication system for supporting either simplex data collection service, the satellite mobile communication system uses multiple access technology, data collection system that business is backward compatible, the satellite communication system and the data collection system use same frequency range, the data collection system supports data acquisition to work independently and cooperate two kinds of operating modes with the satellite mobile communication system, and the independent working mode is applied to the occasion of only uplink service.The invention also provides corresponding method and receiver apparatus.Present invention saves frequency spectrum resources, and implementation is flexibly simple, and the mobile communication business that same frequency range is extended to Global coverage by data collection service may be implemented in constellation systems.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to satellite communication field more particularly to a kind of satellite mobile communications for supporting either simplex data collection service
System, method and device.
Background technique
It is suitble to the frequency resource for doing LEO mobile satellite communication system very rare at present, while constellation construction has investment
Greatly, long feature return period, therefore, LEO mobile satellite communication system of new generation all using the multiple services mode of support come
Obtain higher income.In general, the satellite mobile communication system of standard can support downwards data acquisition business, still
Since satellite mobile communication system is duplex communication system, the complexity of system design is with data acquisition much higher than simple
The simplex system of target, therefore satellite data acquisition system in the world is individually designed simplex communication system at present
System, they have oneself individual frequency resource to use for system.
In the case where frequency resource is at full stretch, it is desirable to the satellite mobile communication system of duplex be supported to support two-way shifting
Under the premise of dynamic voice-and-data business, the data collection service of simplex mode can also be supported.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problem, the present invention proposes a kind of satellite mobile communication for supporting either simplex data collection service
System, the satellite mobile communication system use multiple access technology, data collection system that business is backward compatible, the satellite communication system
Same frequency range is used with the data collection system, the data collection system supports data acquisition to work independently and defend with described
Star communication system two kinds of operating modes of collaborative work, the independent working mode are applied to the occasion of only uplink service, can
Meet the specific demand of user terminal low cost low-power consumption, correspondingly, the cooperative work mode can be used for more complicated industry
Business application, such as the storage forwarding of multimedia data file etc..Here multiple access technology can be frequency division multiple access, CDMA
Or time division multiple acess.Preferably, which can use CDMA (CDMA) technology, or using code point
Multiple access adds the technology of time division multiple acess.
Compatible data acquisition system will be realized using the satellite mobile communication system of CDMA, there is following interference and ask
Topic: (1) it two systems between mutually with interior is interfered, disturbed system causes system to be held because in-band noise becomes larger
Amount reduces.(2) mobile communication system can reduce frequency shift by way of establishing synchronization, and be carried out by insertion pilot tone
Equilibrium solves the problems, such as doppler spread, and data collection system does not have down-going synchronous, just have no idea to pass through feedback control yet
Means adjust Doppler frequency spectrum.(3) terminal of data collection system can not reduce interference by power control process.For
The above-mentioned interference problem of solution, the present invention propose a kind of corresponding solution, this method comprises:
Data collection system uses the scrambling code different from satellite communication system, has both realized the fusion of two systems in this way,
It is unlikely to cause very big interference again；
The user under different beams is isolated on airspace using the method for spot beam in satellite, reduces wave in this way
The interference of interfascicular, increases user capacity；
For the data collection system, receiver is only received perpendicular to the terminal in satellite motion track belt-like zone,
Can reduce Doppler frequency shift in this way influences receiver demodulation bring；
The terminal of data collection system is emitted using invariable power, and mobile communication business is dropped by accurate power control
The low interference from data collection system.
Satellite communication system wants compatible data acquisition system, and there is also users to identify problem: mobile communication system is one
Duplex communication system, terminal and receiver must be set up it is synchronous after just can be carried out service communication, and data collection system is one
The system of either simplex, terminal is not synchronous with receiver, therefore can not identify and distinguish between mobile communication simultaneously in a receiver
Terminal and data collection system terminal.In order to solve this problem, the above method can also include:
All terminals of data collection system carry out scrambling transmitting using unified scrambling code, initiate to connect at random time point
Enter, receiver scans for scrambling code in the time domain, and the end of mobile communication system is distinguished by the scrambling code in terminal transmission signal
The terminal at end and data collection system；The data collection system includes terminal iidentification in traffic frame, is believed by terminal transmission
Source and destination address in number forwards the acquisition data of different terminals.
Preferably, in order to further solve fixed frequency offset and Doppler frequency shift receive signal caused by performance shadow
It rings, the above method can also include:
Data collection system estimates frequency deviation by uplink synchronizing signals, carries out real-time compensation in data information demodulation, and
Influence of the frequency deviation to signal is received is reduced by way of sending out pilot tone with data parallel.
In addition, in order to solve the problems, such as received signal quality caused by data collection system conflict and obstruction, the above method
It can also include: that the terminal of data collection system reduces signal in such a way that the data to same packet continuously emit M times
Packet Error Ratio, the M are the integer greater than 1.The specific number of M can be set according to the processing capacity of transmitted bandwidth, on-board processing device
Value.
Preferably, the data collection system and the satellite mobile communication system share the same receiving antenna array and same
One radio frequency reception channel, but the two systems separately carry out the Base-Band Processing of rf data.Further, the data are adopted
Collecting system can use the frame structure different from the satellite mobile communication system, can use following frame structure: frame emission for
The frame structure of fixed length frame, the fixed length frame is divided into I, Q two-way, and wherein the road I is control channel, and the road Q is Traffic Channel, the road I
With the road Q transmitted in parallel；The fixed length frame includes synchronization code sequence, control data and business datum, the road I and the Q
The previous section chip on road is used to emit the control data for emitting the synchronization code sequence, other chips on the road I,
Other chips on the road Q are used to carry out the business datum balanced for emitting the business datum, the control data
Processing.
The present invention also proposes a kind of corresponding receiver apparatus, which includes: that a receiving antenna array, a radio frequency connect
Receive channel, one or more data collection system baseband processing units and one or more satellite mobile communication system Base-Band Processings
Unit, each data collection system baseband processing unit are used to handle the radiofrequency signal of a wave beam of data collection system, number
It include correlator, peak value processing module and demodulator group according to acquisition system baseband processing unit, wherein the correlator is used for
Scrambling code is searched in time domain, sends the peak value processing module for the peak-data of search；The peak value processing module is for sentencing
Certainly whether the initial position of the data frame of data collection system is effectively, such as effectively, to be then sent to the demodulator group；The solution
Device group is adjusted to be used to the data of the terminal of the multiple data collection systems of parallel demodulation.
The present invention has the advantages that having saved frequency spectrum resource, implementation is flexibly simple, and constellation systems may be implemented same
Frequency range is extended to the mobile communication business of Global coverage by data collection service.
Detailed description of the invention
In order to more clearly explain the embodiment of the invention or the technical proposal in the existing technology, to embodiment or will show below
There is attached drawing needed in technical description to be briefly described, it should be apparent that, the accompanying drawings in the following description is this hair
Bright some embodiments for those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts, can be with root
Other attached drawings are obtained according to these attached drawings.
Fig. 1 is the band-like covering access schematic diagram of the data collection system of the embodiment of the present invention one；
Fig. 2 is the terminal access mode schematic diagram of the data collection system of the embodiment of the present invention one；
Fig. 3 is the Physical Frame Structure schematic diagram of the data collection system of the embodiment of the present invention one；
Fig. 4 is the traffic frame structural schematic diagram of the data collection system of the embodiment of the present invention one；
Fig. 5 is the structural schematic diagram of the data collection system baseband processing unit of the embodiment of the present invention two；
Fig. 6 is the multi-beam composition figure of the band-like overlay area of the data collection system of the embodiment of the present invention two；
Fig. 7 is the search window schematic diagram of the correlator of the embodiment of the present invention two.
Specific embodiment
In order to make the object, technical scheme and advantages of the embodiment of the invention clearer, below in conjunction with the embodiment of the present invention
In attached drawing, technical scheme in the embodiment of the invention is clearly and completely described, it is clear that described embodiment is
A part of the embodiment of the present invention, instead of all the embodiments；It should be noted that in the absence of conflict, in the application
Embodiment and embodiment in feature can be combined with each other.Based on the embodiments of the present invention, those of ordinary skill in the art
Every other embodiment obtained without creative efforts, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Embodiment one: the CDMA satellite mobile communication system of compatible data acquisition system
The present embodiment illustrates specific compatibility method by taking CDMA satellite mobile communication system compatible data acquisition system as an example.
Data collection system that cdma system business is backward compatible, data collection system and cdma system use same frequency range, support data
Acquisition work independently and with cdma system cooperate two kinds of operating modes.Data collection service can be with voicedata service
Different terminal devices, data collection service needs support that GPS helps the end of data collection system in the terminal with GPS
End obtains the position of oneself and calculates ephemeris.
The anti-interference Mechanism Design of whole system are as follows: the terminal of data collection system uses mutual with the terminal of cdma system
The very strong scrambling code of closing property；The user under different beams is isolated on airspace using the method for spot beam in satellite；Data
The terminal of acquisition system is emitted using invariable power, and cdma communication business is reduced by accurate power control adopts from the data
The interference of collecting system.
In addition, the anti-interference mechanism of the present embodiment is there are one key point: due to Doppler frequency shift and transmitter and connecing
The movement velocity of receipts machine is related with the direction of motion, influences to reduce Doppler frequency shift to receiver demodulation bring, for institute
Data collection system is stated, receiver is only received perpendicular to the terminal in satellite motion track belt-like zone, as shown in Figure 1.This reality
Applying example is to have the terminal of GPS to know that satellite crosses top according to ephemeris when satellite crosses top, awakening mode is opened, according to setting for system
Meter, scrambling random delay transmitting.
User's recognition mechanism of whole system designs are as follows: all terminals of data collection system are added using unified scrambling code
Transmitting is disturbed, initiates access at random time point, receiver searches for scrambling code in the time domain on star, by terminal transmission signal
Scrambling code distinguishes the terminal of CDMA satellite communication system and the terminal of data collection system；Data collection system includes in traffic frame
Terminal iidentification forwards the acquisition data of different terminals by the source and destination address in terminal transmission signal.The wave beam of satellite
Coverage area is very big, needs a very big search window that can just receive all terminals under wave cover the search of scrambling code,
Since data collection system uses, aforementioned band-like covering accesses design to the present embodiment, can be under the star of data collection system
Scanning range is made rational planning for and is designed, so that the user accessed simultaneously is less, it is random to can reduce the lower different terminals of covering
Collision probability when access reduces the interference of data collection system, while also reducing the reception interference to voice data traffic.
In the present embodiment, the terminal of data collection system both carried out in search time window CDMA access and meanwhile also into
The access of row time division multiple acess, as shown in Figure 2.After the range setting of band-like covering access area, satellite is inswept belt-like zone when
Between also just set, terminal only sends a data when waking up, and according to the size for sending packet, can send out a frame or a few frames
Data, since the time of the inswept belt-like zone of satellite is far longer than the time of a frame, it is possible to preferably using CDMA+when
Divide the access way of multiple access: in transverse direction, in time distinguishing the frame emission of different terminals；It, will in longitudinal direction
The terminal of different moments transmitting carries out the differentiation of code domain, when different terminal incoming terminals at different times, receiver root
The initial position of the frame emission of different terminals is found according to scrambling code autocorrelation.
In addition, data collection system estimates frequency deviation by uplink synchronizing signals, mended in real time in data information demodulation
Repay, and with data parallel send out pilot tone by way of come reduce frequency deviation to receive signal influence.The terminal of data collection system
Also reduce the Packet Error Ratio of signal in such a way that the data to same packet continuously emit M times, M is greater than 1, according to transmitted bandwidth,
The specific value of the processing capacity setting M of on-board processing device.
In the present embodiment, data collection system and cdma system share the same receiving antenna array and the same radio frequency reception
Channel, but the two systems separately carry out the Base-Band Processing of rf data, therefore data collection system can use and CDMA
The different frame structure of system.The frame design of the data collection system of the present embodiment is as follows:
The frame emission of the terminal of data collection system is fixed length frame, and frame length is fixed as 128ms.The business of different rates is logical
It crosses and emits multiple packets to realize.The frame structure of frame emission is divided into I, Q two-way, as shown in figure 3, wherein the road I is control channel, the road Q
For Traffic Channel.The road I is used to do the synchronous start bit for receiving acquisition frame with the last period chip (the present embodiment is 512) on the road Q
It sets, other chips on the road Q are used to transmission header (TH) bit and information bit, while other chips on the road I are used to transmit pilot frequency sequence
(complete 1 sequence) is used to do equilibrium to the information on the road Q.
In order to reduce the transmission power of terminal, while in order to meet the precision of the requirement of synchronous probability and offset estimation, the road Q
Preceding 512 chips, the transmission power ratio on the power of transmitting and the road information I is 1:1, and the subsequent chip power on the road I and letter
The transmission power ratio for ceasing the road Q is 0.5333:1.
Present embodiment assumes that data collection system will support 1,000,000 terminal users, each terminal will be assigned one only
One mark represents the terminal, in order to distinguish 1,000,000 terminals, needs 20 bits to indicate, indicates 2^20=altogether
1048576 terminals.Data collection system can at most support 512 user groups according to business needs, be used to 1,000,000 use
Family is divided into different groups, uses for different service units.Simultaneously in order to support multiple-rate business, 4 bits are distributed to indicate
Physical frame number required for different transmission rates, present embodiment assumes that design of data acquisition system 4 kinds of transmission rates point
Not Wei 1kb/s, 2kb/s, 3kb/s, 4kb/s, spreading code is all 256 unified spreading codes.
The traffic frame of the data collection system of the present embodiment designs as shown in figure 4, specific as follows:
Traffic frame includes header, packet length and payload field, and wherein header includes source address and destination address, to be turned
Hair acquisition data just pass through source and destination address code and distinguish；Source address is 20 bits, for distinguishing 1,000,000 user identity；
Destination address is 9 bits, for distinguishing 512 user groups；Packet length indicates the industry according to different transmission rates for 4 bits
Business frame will be divided into several physical frames.
Embodiment two: receiver apparatus on star
The upper receiver of the present embodiment specifically star is how to design realization, the present embodiment based on embodiment one,
Receiver can be used for the system and method in embodiment one on the star of the present embodiment.As shown in fig. 6, the present embodiment is adopted in data
4 wave beams are marked off in the band-like covering access area of collecting system, so that user is isolated on airspace, signal stream
When starting Base-Band Processing, since airspace signal processing before has come the Signal separator of each wave beam, so each wave
The signal of beam can individually carry out Base-Band Processing.
In the present embodiment, receiver includes a receiving antenna array, a radio frequency reception channel, 4 data acquisitions on star
Systems baseband processing unit and multiple satellite mobile communication system baseband processing units, wherein receiving antenna array and radio frequency reception
Channel is shared by data collection system and satellite mobile communication system, and two kinds of baseband processing units are respectively used to data collection system
Base-Band Processing and satellite mobile communication system Base-Band Processing because each data collection system baseband processing unit is only handled
The radiofrequency signal of one wave beam, so then sharing 4 data collection system bases for 4 wave beams of band-like covering access area
Tape handling unit.
For data collection system, the task of receiver is the peak value of related scrambling code out, and the position of peak value is transmitted to information
The data of demodulation, are finally sent to central station by another link by demodulation module processing.Due to system
There is no feedback link, so receiver does not need to distinguish data collection station, only need to carry out CRC check to the data come are demodulated,
Data are transmitted into central station, are distributed from central station according to destination address to user
?.The data collection system baseband processing unit of the present embodiment is using at structure as shown in Figure 5, including correlator, peak value
Module and demodulator group are managed, is described as follows:
Correlator:
Correlator is used for the scrambling code of processing system, and in order to reduce Receiver Complexity, design of data acquisition system is all
Terminal carries out scrambling transmitting using unified scrambling code, carries out delay hair by randomly choosing different delay times when terminal is waken up
It penetrates, receiver scans for scrambling code by correlator in the time domain, sends the peak value for the peak-data of search and handles
Module；
Since the correlator of data collection system only identifies scrambling code, time slot, therefore it and cdma system searcher are not distinguished
Processing it is different: the identification of the lead code of cdma system requires searcher after once search for, and waits for a period of time, etc.
Next search is carried out again after to the data arrival of next time slot, i.e., after m search, needs to wait for a period of time, just start
The m+1 times search.But the searcher of data collection system withouts waiting for, and after the m times search, data are transmitted out
It goes, searcher resets the search immediately entered next time.So the correlator of data collection system can use narrow search
Window is completed to search on a large scale by way of continuously searching for.It is such to design the size that can reduce search window, it reduces and realizes
Complexity, but not increase the area of coverage terminal false dismissal probability.
When terminal transmission in data collection system, the data of a frame can be emitted in the random time in launch window,
It can also be advantageous in that: access can be increased if the present embodiment is by the way of the same data of continuous random transmitting M frame
Probability, while reducing the search range of search window.As shown in fig. 6, having n different terminals (U1, U2 ... under overlay area
Un data) reach receiver in different times, and it is z chip that the search window of the PN code correlator of receiver, which opens a length,
Window scan for, the size of z is determined according to design complexities, and in m search, U4 does not fall within the search range of this time
It is interior, but in m+1 search, U4 has been fallen in search window.
Peak value processing module:
Peak value processing module is used to adjudicate the initial position of frame, multiple terminals of data collection system using unified scrambling code into
Row scrambling, multiple terminals may reach receiver simultaneously, as soon as in this way in judgement frame start position, while finding several
The initial position of frame, peak value processing module are exactly for adjudicating whether the initial position of these frames is effectively, such as effectively, then to send
To the demodulator group.
Demodulator group:
Demodulator group is used to the data of the multiple terminals of parallel demodulation, receives bring shadow to reduce processing capacity to system
It rings, receiver demodulates the data of the different terminals to arrive in succession by the way of parallel processing.
Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that: realize that all or part of the steps of above method embodiment can pass through
The relevant hardware of program instruction is completed, and program above-mentioned can be stored in a computer readable storage medium, the program
When being executed, step including the steps of the foregoing method embodiments is executed；And storage medium above-mentioned includes: ROM, RAM, magnetic disk or light
The various media that can store program code such as disk.
Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are merely illustrative of the technical solutions of the present invention, rather than its limitations；Although
Present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that: it still may be used
To modify the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments or equivalent replacement of some of the technical features；
And these are modified or replaceed, technical solution of various embodiments of the present invention that it does not separate the essence of the corresponding technical solution spirit and
Range.
Claims (10)
1. supporting the satellite mobile communication method of either simplex data collection service, it is characterised in that:
Satellite mobile communication system uses multiple access technology, data collection system that business is backward compatible, the satellite mobile communication system
System and the data collection system use same frequency range, the data collection system support data acquisition work independently and with it is described
Satellite mobile communication system two kinds of operating modes of collaborative work, the independent working mode are applied to the field of only uplink service
It closes；
The terminal of the data collection system uses the scrambling code different from the terminal of the satellite mobile communication system；
The user under different beams is isolated on airspace using the method for spot beam in the satellite；
For the data collection system, receiver only receives the terminal in the belt-like zone perpendicular to satellite motion track；
The terminal of the data collection system using invariable power emit, mobile communication business reduced by accurate power control come
From the interference of the data collection system.
2. according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterized by: the multiple access technology is CDMA or CDMA
In addition time division multiple acess.
3. the method according to claim 1, wherein the method also includes:
All terminals of the data collection system carry out scrambling transmitting using unified scrambling code, initiate to connect at random time point
Enter, receiver searches for scrambling code in the time domain on star, distinguishes the satellite mobile communication system by the scrambling code in terminal transmission signal
The terminal of the terminal of system and the data collection system；
The data collection system includes terminal iidentification in traffic frame, passes through source address in terminal transmission signal and destination
Location forwards the acquisition data of different terminals.
4. method according to claim 1 or 3, which is characterized in that the method also includes:
The data collection system estimates frequency deviation by uplink synchronizing signals, carries out real-time compensation in data information demodulation, and
Influence of the frequency deviation to signal is received is reduced by way of sending out pilot tone with data parallel.
5. method according to claim 1 or 3, which is characterized in that the method also includes:
The terminal of the data collection system reduces the mistake packet of signal in such a way that the data to same packet continuously emit M times
Rate, the M are the integer greater than 1.
6. according to the method described in claim 5, it is characterized by: being set according to the processing capacity of transmitted bandwidth, on-board processing device
Set the specific value of M.
7. the method according to claim 1, wherein the method also includes:
The data collection system shares the same receiving antenna array with the satellite mobile communication system and the same radio frequency connects
Channel is received, but the two systems separately carry out the Base-Band Processing of rf data.
8. according to the method described in claim 7, it is characterized by:
The data collection system uses the frame structure different from the satellite mobile communication system.
9. according to the method described in claim 8, it is characterized by:
The frame emission of the terminal of the data collection system is fixed length frame, and the frame structure of the fixed length frame is divided into I, Q two-way, wherein
The road I is control channel, and the road Q is Traffic Channel, the road I and the road Q transmitted in parallel；The fixed length frame includes synchronous code sequence
The previous section chip on column, control data and business datum, the road I and the road Q is for emitting the synchronization code sequence, institute
Other chips on the road I are stated for emitting the control data, other chips on the road Q are for emitting the business datum, institute
Control data are stated to be used to carry out equilibrium treatment to the business datum.
10. the receiver apparatus on the star of claim 1 the method, which is characterized in that described device includes:
One receiving antenna array, a radio frequency reception channel, one or more data collection system baseband processing units and one
Or multiple satellite mobile communication system baseband processing units, each data collection system baseband processing unit are adopted for handling data
The radiofrequency signal of one wave beam of collecting system, the data collection system baseband processing unit include correlator, peak value processing mould
Block and demodulator group, wherein
The correlator sends the peak value processing module for the peak-data of search for searching for scrambling code in the time domain；
Whether the initial position for the data frame that the peak value processing module is used to adjudicate data collection system is effective, such as effectively, then
It is sent to the demodulator group；
The demodulator group is used to the data of the terminal of the multiple data collection systems of parallel demodulation.
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| CN201410612397.XA CN105635016B (en) | 2014-10-29 | 2014-11-04 | Support satellite mobile communication system, the method and device of either simplex data collection service |
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| CN107547114B (en) * | 2016-06-27 | 2020-07-03 | 王毓晗 | SDM/SDMA communication method for adjusting point beam antenna direction packet by packet |
| CN107846732B (en) * | 2017-12-18 | 2019-11-05 | 中国电子科技集团公司第五十四研究所 | A kind of slot allocation method towards cycle data acquisition |
| CN111988862B (en) * | 2019-05-21 | 2022-07-19 | 大唐移动通信设备有限公司 | Random access channel selection and configuration method, access equipment and network equipment |
| CN110582112A (en) * | 2019-08-05 | 2019-12-17 | 湖北三江航天险峰电子信息有限公司 | low-power-consumption management method and module of satellite communication module |
| CN111405574B (en) * | 2020-06-02 | 2020-08-28 | 中国人民解放军国防科技大学 | Broadband wireless communication method, device, equipment and readable storage medium |
| CN114301515B (en) * | 2021-12-27 | 2023-03-28 | 浙江时空道宇科技有限公司 | Terminal simulator for low-earth-orbit satellite constellation communication system and control method |
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| CN102075228A (en) * | 2010-12-01 | 2011-05-25 | 北京中交通信科技有限公司 | Maritime satellite-based satellite communication system |
| CN103812942A (en) * | 2014-02-21 | 2014-05-21 | 北京国交信通科技发展公司 | Fishery administration monitoring system |
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| US8676199B2 (en) * | 2008-12-29 | 2014-03-18 | General Motors Llc | Tertiary connection strategy for vehicle originated cellular communication to a call center |
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| CN2671238Y (en) * | 2003-12-12 | 2005-01-12 | 毛刚强 | Multifunctional satellite network long-range monitoring system for petroleum drilling |
| CN102075228A (en) * | 2010-12-01 | 2011-05-25 | 北京中交通信科技有限公司 | Maritime satellite-based satellite communication system |
| CN103812942A (en) * | 2014-02-21 | 2014-05-21 | 北京国交信通科技发展公司 | Fishery administration monitoring system |
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