CN105555707B - 液态烃热中和重整的催化剂和方法 - Google Patents
液态烃热中和重整的催化剂和方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105555707B CN105555707B CN201480035568.5A CN201480035568A CN105555707B CN 105555707 B CN105555707 B CN 105555707B CN 201480035568 A CN201480035568 A CN 201480035568A CN 105555707 B CN105555707 B CN 105555707B
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 160
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 67
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[La+3].[La+3] MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 150000004645 aluminates Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910000421 cerium(III) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 79
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 59
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 59
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 58
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 46
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052759 nickel Chemical class 0.000 claims description 22
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- -1 it includes: A Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Ce+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GJKFIJKSBFYMQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);trinitrate;hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[La+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O GJKFIJKSBFYMQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- AGGKEGLBGGJEBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylenedisulfotetramine Chemical compound C1N(S2(=O)=O)CN3S(=O)(=O)N1CN2C3 AGGKEGLBGGJEBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UJVRJBAUJYZFIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitric acid;oxozirconium Chemical compound [Zr]=O.O[N+]([O-])=O.O[N+]([O-])=O UJVRJBAUJYZFIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VXNYVYJABGOSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Rh+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VXNYVYJABGOSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WCJIUQVBQSTBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Rh].[Re] Chemical compound [Rh].[Re] WCJIUQVBQSTBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 4
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 150000000703 Cerium Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002603 lanthanum Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010742 number 1 fuel oil Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- DYIZHKNUQPHNJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxorhenium Chemical compound [Re]=O DYIZHKNUQPHNJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 150000003057 platinum Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- CLSUSRZJUQMOHH-UHFFFAOYSA-L platinum dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Pt]Cl CLSUSRZJUQMOHH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- 150000003112 potassium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 150000003281 rhenium Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 229910003449 rhenium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000003283 rhodium Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- KTUFCUMIWABKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxolanthaniooxy)lanthanum Chemical compound O=[La]O[La]=O KTUFCUMIWABKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 8
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 31
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 29
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 18
- 125000004836 hexamethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 14
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 10
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 8
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 8
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000002779 inactivation Effects 0.000 description 6
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 4
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XFWJKVMFIVXPKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;oxido(oxo)alumane Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Al]=O.[O-][Al]=O XFWJKVMFIVXPKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007781 pre-processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000036632 reaction speed Effects 0.000 description 3
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005549 size reduction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004556 brain Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- GDVKFRBCXAPAQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-A dialuminum;hexamagnesium;carbonate;hexadecahydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]C([O-])=O GDVKFRBCXAPAQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-A 0.000 description 2
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960001545 hydrotalcite Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229910001701 hydrotalcite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001404 rare earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000282326 Felis catus Species 0.000 description 1
- NHTMVDHEPJAVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isooctane Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)(C)C NHTMVDHEPJAVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004687 hexahydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 208000021760 high fever Diseases 0.000 description 1
- DKAGJZJALZXOOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrate;hydrochloride Chemical compound O.Cl DKAGJZJALZXOOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003562 lightweight material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035800 maturation Effects 0.000 description 1
- AOPCKOPZYFFEDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(2+);dinitrate;hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O AOPCKOPZYFFEDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000069 nitrogen hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 description 1
- ACDVNLCTXBOVNW-UHFFFAOYSA-L platinum(2+);dichloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.Cl[Pt]Cl ACDVNLCTXBOVNW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006057 reforming reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004073 vulcanization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
- B01J23/8933—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/8946—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with alkali or alkaline earth metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
- C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
- C01B3/36—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using oxygen or mixtures containing oxygen as gasifying agents
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- B01J21/10—Magnesium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
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- B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
- B01J23/8933—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/894—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with rare earths or actinides
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- B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
- B01J23/8933—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/8986—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with manganese, technetium or rhenium
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- B01J35/391—Physical properties of the active metal ingredient
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- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J35/61—Surface area
- B01J35/613—10-100 m2/g
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于石油基液态烃燃料的热中和重整的四组分催化剂(Ni‑Ce2O3‑Pt‑La2O3;K促进剂)和七组分催化剂(Ni,La2O3,Ce2O3,Pt,ZrO2,Rh和Re)以及铝酸镁载体。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及重整石油基液态烃燃料的催化剂和方法,更具体地,涉及重整石油基液态烃燃料的多组分催化剂和热中和方法。
背景技术
常规合成气/氢生产技术主要使用天然气、LPG和轻质石脑油作为原料。到目前为止,由于存在对快速去活化催化剂起到重要作用的硫、高芳族含量和高碳含量,没有成熟的催化剂用于由重质液态烃燃料(C10+)生产合成气或氢。
随着对于用于新兴运输技术中的加氢处理的合成气/氢的需求增加,对由其它资源而不是天然气和LPG生产合成气/氢的需求变得甚至更加重要。
尽管全世界每年的总氢产量超过5000千亿m3/年,但对甚至更大量的氢需求仍是主要的瓶颈,尤其是随着生产超低硫燃料的新立法要求和压力,同时可得的油资源变得更重且具有较高含量的硫和金属。
精炼厂中对额外氢的需求明显增长,并且对于可预见的未来将以快节奏继续增长。
此外,用于汽车和固定应用的氢基燃料电池由于多种原因(包括它们的较高效率和较低排放)而大受欢迎。虽然如此,在汽车和居住应用中使用纯氢作为燃料仍面临许多障碍和具有许多限制。运输氢的基础设施不足,更换气态氢可能很慢,并且存储氢也有问题。生产和使用氢的替代方案的范围从未来太阳能基氢生产到更实用的烃重整。使用液态/气态烃燃料来生产氢被认为是大规模生产氢的快速解决方案。除了重整的经济性和容易性,该选择被视为比使用现有分布网络更实际。
由烃燃料转化为氢可以通过若干方法进行,包括烃蒸汽重整(HSR)、部分氧化重整(POR)和自热重整(ATR)。烃蒸汽重整包括在催化剂存在下蒸汽与燃料反应以产生氢和CO,如对于甲烷CH4和辛烷C8H18(2,2,4-三甲基戊烷)的反应式(1)和(2)所给出的,其用于替代汽油。由于蒸汽重整吸热,因此需要燃烧一些燃料和经由换热器将热量转移至重整器。
CH4+H2O=CO+3H2,ΔΗ°298=+206.2kJ/mol (1)
C8H18+8H2O=8CO+17H2,ΔΗ°298=+1273.2kJ/mol (2)
用于车载重整的反应方法的选择取决于多个因素,包括应用的操作特征(例如改变功率需求、快速启动和频繁停车)和燃料电池组的类型。HSR受限于传热,和本身不能快速响应功率需求的变化(即"负荷跟随")。当功率需求快速下降时,催化剂会过热,引起烧结,这将导致活性损失,ATR可以克服HSR的负荷跟随限制,这是因为吸热反应所需要的热量在催化剂床内产生,这种性能允许对改变功率需求的响应更快和启动更快。
为了供应蒸汽重整所需的大量热,自热方法包括:在进入催化重整器之前原料的先期燃烧;然后将经加热的气体引入催化剂床。因此,热量供应受限于反应物气体的热容,和不能实现必要的改进。最近,使用催化燃烧来燃烧一部分烃进料。但由于催化燃烧受限于约1000-1100℃的最大催化剂床温度,该情况也不是完全不同于先期均匀燃烧。
尽管Inui等人在美国专利7,700,005、7,820,140和8,008,226(在本文通过参考引入)中公开了用于产生富氢气体的热中和重整液态烃的各种多组分催化剂,Bittencourt等人的Brazilian专利申请PI000656-7 A2公开了使用负载在铝酸镁上的镍型催化剂(碱促进以增加催化剂活性)蒸汽重整燃料,但本发明的催化剂和方法比现有技术有明显改进,避免了在长期测试重质烃燃料(C10+)期间由硫和焦炭沉积导致的催化剂失活,而硫和焦炭沉积将损害催化剂效率及增加热中和重整成本。
发明内容
在一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于使用热中和重整方法生产富氢合成气的多组分催化剂,所述热中和重整方法可以在水和富氧气体或空气的存在下用于重整轻质和重质石油基液态烃燃料,并由于在蒸汽重整和燃烧的不同催化功能之间的协同作用而具有低的可检测的由于焦炭形成或硫化导致的催化剂失活。利用高的气时空速实现了液态烃燃料的完全转化。
在上述基础上,已发现本发明方法可有效用于通过使用催化剂使重质液态烃燃料与富氧气体或空气和蒸汽反应产生富氢气体,所述催化剂使燃烧和蒸汽重整反应以组合模式进行。所述催化剂包含在由一种或多种铝或硅的氧化物组成的单一耐火载体上的若干金属组分(Ni、Rh、Re和Pt)和若干氧化物(Ce2O3、La2O3和ZrO2)。热中和重整方法的效率在很大程度上受催化剂影响。七组分催化剂(要求保护的催化剂A)预期比现有技术显示出更长的寿命,这是由于它的蒸汽重整功能、表面积、孔径、脱氢活性的速率(表4)显示出更好的性能以及成本有效性。而四组分催化剂(要求保护的催化剂B)相比于催化剂A和现有技术催化剂甚至更加成本有效,这是因为简化的催化剂制备程序、更少的活性金属和没有氨处理。催化剂B对于处理轻质原料也是优选的。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,提供一种制备多组分催化剂的方法,所述多组分催化剂包含选自稀土族金属氧化物的多种氧化物组分如氧化镧和氧化铈,和可以包含负载在铝酸镁、铝酸钙或它们的混合物上的周期表第IV族的成员如氧化锆和多种金属组分(包括镍),组合有一种或多种选自铑、铼和铂的金属,以形成蒸汽重整催化剂。而且,已经证明在催化剂载体中结合碱金属可提高效率。
本发明提供了改进的热中和催化剂,该催化剂具有负载在铝酸镁上的七种组分(Ni,Rh,Re,Pt,Ce2O3,La2O3,ZrO2)或者为优选模式的四组分催化剂(Ni,Pt,Ce2O3,La2O3)和在催化剂载体中结合碱金属如钾以提高过程效率。设计所述催化剂结构以强化高氢产量,具有用于避免焦炭形成和催化剂金属硫化两者的意外效果。这提供了具有双重优势的催化剂,也就是说,防止或最小化焦炭形成和同时改进催化剂寿命。
根据本发明的再一个实施方案,还提供了一种生产由氢和少量一氧化碳组成的富氢合成气的方法。该方法包括经多组分催化剂接触气化的液态烃、空气/氧和蒸汽。本发明方法可以经宽范围的操作条件来进行。操作条件水平由所使用的原料和所需转化率决定。
设计本发明催化剂进行热中和重整反应以由液态烃(包括LPG、轻质石脑油、重质石脑油、汽油、煤油、柴油、它们的替代燃料和这些燃料中一些或全部的混合物)生产合成气。催化剂床可以处理非常高的气时空速(GHSV大于45000h-1),由于这个特征,相比于其中5000h-1气时空速用于工业应用的常规蒸汽重整器技术,反应器尺寸可以明显减小。当预期使用该催化剂用于其中反应器尺寸非常重要的车载车辆燃料处理器时,这是重要的功能。本发明的预期应用是集成用于辅助动力应用(APU)的燃料电池技术和燃烧发动机。本发明还可以用于大型精炼和石油化工应用以生产氢或合成气,优势在于相比于常规蒸汽重整催化剂有关防止或最小化焦炭形成以及改进的催化剂寿命。
附图说明
图1的图线给出了根据现有技术方法的运行时间对烃原料转化和干气产品组成(无氮)的百分比。
图2的图线给出了当使用本发明的四组分催化剂时运行时间对烃原料转化和干气产品组成(无氮)的百分比。
图3的图线给出了当使用本发明的七组分催化剂时运行时间对烃原料转化和干气产品组成(无氮)的百分比。
具体实施方式
本发明催化剂包含稀土族金属氧化物的成员如氧化镧和/或氧化铈及它们的混合物,和可以包含IV族的成员如锆氧化物,选自元素镍、镍的可还原化合物及它们的混合物的成员,铂族金属的成员如元素铂或铂的化合物。铂族金属可以用作多种金属,例如两种或三种,包括铑或铑的化合物及它们的混合物。此外,来自元素周期表VIIB的促进剂如铼可以用于提高热中和重整液态烃原料的效率。多组分催化剂负载在铝酸镁、铝酸钙或它们的混合物上。同时,碱金属如钾可以结合至载体以提高对催化剂上焦炭积累的耐受性。
本发明七组分催化剂的组成以及各个成分的重量范围如下:0.5-15%Ni,0.5-10%Ce2O3,0.5-5%La2O3,0.1-2%Pt,0-1%ZrO2,0-2%Rh,和0-2%Re。当存在时,钾的浓度为0.5-5.0%。催化剂的剩余部分包括含有氧化铝(优选θ-氧化铝)、铝酸镁或它们的混合物的耐火载体。还可以结合基于铝酸钙的耐火水泥以增加催化剂的机械强度。催化剂的比表面积为约15-125平方米/克,优选高于50平方米/克。
所述载体可以以不同的形状来提供,例如球形、挤出物和环形,其具有一个或多个孔和其它形状的开孔,这取决于该方法中希望的最大压降。为了生产用于燃料电池的富氢气体,优选使用球形(例如直径为2-3毫米的那些)、简单的挤出物(例如直径为1-4毫米的那些)、复杂的挤出物(例如三叶形或四叶形或拉西环,例如10 x 10 x 4(外径x高x内径))的耐火载体。用于燃料电池的优选形式为蜂窝形。为了大规模生产富氢气体(本文定义为氢高于100,000Nm3/天的生产装置),优选使用具有多个孔的环形载体。
本发明催化剂可以根据各种方法来制备。七组分催化剂(被理解为包含Ni,Rh,Re,Pt,Ce2O3,La2O3和ZrO2)优选通过在载体上浸渍、煅烧和还原多个组分的多步骤程序来制备。催化剂浸渍使用可溶盐组分、优选硝酸盐的水溶液来进行。浸渍的优选顺序为首先浸渍铑和铼金属盐,其当随后热处理时分解以形成相应的氧化物。浸渍之后,复合材料在约120℃以缓慢的加热速率来干燥,优选为约0.5℃/min的速率,然后温度保持在120℃约1小时。然后将温度以相同的速率升至约250℃,和然后温度保持在250℃约1.5小时。所有的热处理利用空气或富氧气体进行。在浸渍后,催化剂优选在富氧气体热处理之前用富氨气体在60℃处理10-30分钟。催化剂制备中的第一步骤结束于在400-450℃温度下富氢气体还原2小时。第二步骤以相似于第一步骤的方式使用Pt和Zr的盐进行。第三步骤相似于第一和第二阶段使用Ni、Ce和La的盐进行。第三步骤中的还原步骤在400-1100℃、优选600-800℃、最优选700-750℃下进行。该最终还原步骤可在氢或合成气生产的过程反应器中原位进行,这具有所导致的成本优势。
本发明优选的实施方案是四组分催化剂,其被理解为包含多个组分Ni、Pt、Ce2O3、La2O3。四组分催化剂优选通过在400-1100℃、优选600-800℃、最优选700-750℃下的单一步骤浸渍、煅烧和还原来制备。耐火载体利用包含Ni、Ce、La和Pt的可溶盐、优选硝酸盐的水溶液来浸渍。浸渍之后,复合材料在约120℃以缓慢的加热速率来干燥,优选为约0.5℃/min的速率,然后温度保持在120℃约1小时。然后将温度以相同的速率升至约250℃,和然后温度保持在250℃约1.5小时。热处理利用空气或富氧气体进行。最后催化剂制备步骤为在400-450℃在空气或富氧气体中煅烧。该最后制备阶段为还原步骤,同时在400-1100℃、优选600-800℃和最优选700-750℃下流动H2或富氢气体。该最终还原步骤可在氢或合成气生产的过程反应器中原位进行,这具有所导致的成本优势。取决于载体中孔的体积,可能需要进行多步骤浸渍、干燥和煅烧以获得所有组分的希望含量。
本发明提供了显著改进的多组分催化剂,该催化剂用于由液态石油馏分如轻质石脑油、煤油和柴油在固定床反应器中与水蒸汽和富含氧的气体反应生产富氢气体的方法。催化剂同时起到吸热蒸汽重整和放热燃烧的催化作用,具有高的热中和重整效率和低的可检测失活。由催化燃烧产生的热量引起在相同催化剂表面上的烃的吸热蒸汽重整,导致超快速重整。
根据本发明制备的催化剂具有所希望的特性:(1)通过消耗所有供应的氧能够完全氧化烃原料,和产生高的燃烧反应热;(2)对于吸热的蒸汽重整反应非常活泼,消耗由氧化反应产生的热量和提供真正的热中和重整;(3)具有长的活性寿命;和(4)能够以非常高的至合成气的转化率处理从轻质石脑油至柴油的液态烃。据信催化剂的良好性能与通过与高热和水热耐受性和低焦炭沉积特性的载体相关的催化剂表面上活性相出现的氧和氢过量有关。
根据本发明的另一个实施方案,还提供了用于生产由氢、一氧化碳和二氧化碳以及少量的甲烷(通常约1.5vol%甲烷)组成的富氢合成气的方法。该方法包括经多组分催化剂接触气化的液态烃、空气/氧和蒸汽。本发明方法可以经宽范围的操作条件来进行。操作条件水平由所使用原料和所要求转化率决定。本发明方法用于以高气时空速由低硫中间馏出物石油馏分(例如重质石脑油、煤油和柴油)生产富氢气体,同时在这些条件下仍保持液态烃完全转化。
放热和吸热反应之间的传热在与本发明催化剂的高活性和稳定性相关的相同催化剂床上直接进行,这允许本发明中液态烃重整所需要的催化反应器体积小于常规蒸汽重整反应器尺寸的1/20,和小于自热重整器尺寸的1/10。此外,可以省去如在常规烃蒸汽重整中需要的加热反应器所需的大的加热炉。
根据本发明,使用铝酸镁载体产生热中和催化剂,相比于基于氧化铝型载体的现有技术具有更高的活性、累积焦炭的趋势降低和较高水平的耐用性。载体的优异特性允许简化制备催化剂的程序,减少了贵金属含量,优选Rh和Re不用于催化剂配制物,这有益于降低催化剂的生产成本。
一般地,相比于现有技术,本发明提供如下优点(表4):
1、简化的和/或较少的催化剂制备步骤
2、较低的催化剂成本
3、较高的液态烃转化率,这对于预期应用很重要
4、所需要的微晶尺寸利用简化的和/或较少的催化剂制备步骤来实现
5、标志较好催化剂性能的较高的表面积
6、提高重质烃转化率的较高的孔体积和孔径
7、标志较好催化剂性能的较高的脱氢活性速率
8、标志较好催化剂性能的甲烷转化的较高的蒸汽重整转化率
现在在实施例中详细描述各个发明,包括具体实施方案和变型,但是本发明不限于这些实施方案、变型或实施例,它们用于使本领域技术人员能够实施和使用本发明。
给出下面的实施例来描述本发明的性质及其实施方式,但不应认为限制本发明内容。给出了两个实施例及一个现有技术实施例来描述本发明。对于每个实施例,详细给出了催化剂制备方法、催化剂加氢活性测试、催化剂蒸汽重整活性测试、微晶尺寸测定、物理特性测定和利用重质石脑油进料的催化剂性能评估。
实施例1(现有技术方法)
催化剂制备方法:
该实施例描述了用于根据现有技术(US7,700,005)重整的热中和方法的具有七种组分的多组分催化剂的制备。
催化剂通过浸渍直径约2-4毫米和载体表面积约85平方米/克的氧化铝球来制备。131克的载体型氧化铝用75.6ml含有0.84克的硝酸铑III(CAS10139-58-9-Sigma Aldrich,产品代码83750)和0.59克的氧化铼VII(CAS1314-68-7-Sigma Aldrich,产品代码1314-68-7)的水溶液来浸渍。催化剂以0.5℃/min的速率从环境温度干燥至60℃和然后在富NH3气氛中暴露于60℃达10分钟。然后催化剂以l℃/min的速率从60℃升至120℃和之后以1.4℃/min的速率从120℃升至350℃进行热处理。然后催化剂在430℃在流动的H2中还原,冷却至30-60℃和暴露于空气流进行钝化,以获得Rh-Re/氧化铝样品。
取少量的该样品用于过程对比。111克的样品Rh-Re/氧化铝用70.3ml含有2.53克的硝酸氧锆水合物(CAS12985-18-3 Sigma Aldrich,产品代码380679)和1.82克的四胺铂(Il)氯化物一水合物(CAS13933-33-0 Alfa Aesar,产品代码10836)的水溶液来浸渍。类似于制备Rh-Re/氧化铝样品进行干燥、煅烧和氢还原步骤以获得Pt-ZrO2/Rh-Re/氧化铝样品。
取少量的该样品再次用于过程对比。100克的Pt-ZrO2/Rh-Re/氧化铝样品用63.3ml含有2.97克的硝酸镧六水合物(CAS10277-43-7Alfa Aesar,产品代码44346)、8.87克的硝酸铈(III)(CAS10294-41-4,Sigma Aldrich,产品代码392219)和33.23克的硝酸镍六水合物(CAS10277-43-7,Sigma Aldrich,产品代码203874)的水溶液来浸渍。类似于制备Pt-ZrO2/Rh-Re/氧化铝进行干燥和煅烧步骤。
然后,催化剂在430℃和然后在430-1160℃在流动的H2中还原,冷却至30℃和暴露于空气流进行钝化,以获得多组分催化剂Ni-Ce2O3-La2O3/Pt-ZrO2/Rh-Re/氧化铝样品。最终催化剂的标称组成(%w/w)为:负载在稳定氧化铝上的0.2%Rh,0.3%Re,0.8%Pt,1.0ZrO2,1.0 La2O3,6%Ni,3%Ce2O3。
催化剂加氢活性测试
该实验的目的在于通过测定催化剂的金属面积来评估金属功能。这通过在环己烷脱氢反应中活性测定来评估。环己烷转化使用以下条件在微活性装置中进行:催化剂质量为0.1克,粒度60-270目;40-80ml/min的H2流;环己烷进料通过使氢鼓泡通过维持在10℃的饱和器而获得;大气压和反应温度330-390℃。在反应之前,催化剂在550℃在H2流(40ml/min)中预处理2小时。反应物和产物通过气相色谱(HP5890)使用Plot Al2O3/KCl柱在150℃下操作来分析。活性表示为环己烷的总转化率和脱氢反应速率,由R=X Fao/W给出,其中X=至苯的转化率,W=催化剂质量(g),和流量Fao=环己烷摩尔数(mol/s)。
实施例 | 脱氢活性速率 |
现有技术 | 16.4 |
催化剂蒸汽重整活性测试
该实验的目的在于使用甲烷评估催化剂的蒸汽重整功能。实验在工业设备(AutoChem II,Micromeritcs)中进行。测试使用200mg的小于170目的粉碎的催化剂进行。催化剂在650℃的温度和大气压下经通过40ml/min含氢气体来预处理和在50℃用水蒸汽饱和10%。在500℃、大气压和蒸汽/碳之比2.3mol/mol下进行甲烷蒸汽重整活性的测定。来自反应器的流出物气体通过气相色谱分析和由甲烷转化率(X%)测定活性。
实施例 | 蒸汽重整转化率(%) |
现有技术 | 26 |
微晶尺寸测定
这是为了说明根据本发明使用铝酸镁制备的催化剂(公开于实施例2和3)提供了微晶尺寸中尺寸降低的镍,其不高于使用现有技术利用最贵载体氧化铝获得的镍。金属镍晶体尺寸通过(峰:200)XRD衍射线来估算。据信金属镍颗粒的小尺寸有助于焦炭形成引起的失活较低。
实施例 | 微晶尺寸(nm) |
现有技术 | 17 |
物理特性
这是为了描述本发明的高金属BET表面积、孔体积和孔径。
注释:SBET=通过N2吸附的比表面积;Vp=通过N2解吸的孔体积(BJH分布);dm=孔平均直径(通过4V/A)
利用重质石脑油的催化剂性能评估
催化剂性能评估利用重质石脑油燃料在微反应器装置中进行。重质石脑油进料的特性如下:
催化剂评估在固定床流反应器***中进行。反应***由气体和液体进料段、预热段、反应器段和产物收集段组成。气体通过质量流控制器进料;液体进料通过精确HPLC泵来泵送。反应器管具有17.5mm的直径和由Haynes230合金制成。温度由温度控制器监测和控制的三区域电加热炉加热反应器***。提供热电偶来测量反应器的内部温度。水和重质石脑油在进入反应器之前在预加热器中气化和在静态混合器中与空气混合。产物收集段由压力控制阀门、气液分离器、液位控制器和产物釜组成。负载6ml的催化剂和置于反应器管中心在惰性碳化硅层之间。碳化硅层的顶部还用作预热区。
进料混合物在预热区中加热升至350℃。反应器在氮流20l/h下加热升至起始温度410℃。将水泵送至预加热器和气化,和以相当于蒸汽与烃进料(H2O/C)摩尔比2.1的流率输送蒸汽。烃进料以O2/C之比0.5泵送。总气时空速(GHSV)为约45000h-1。在没有外部供热下反应器温度在几分钟内升至约800-820℃。收集气体样品和在两个气相色谱仪(一个装配有TCD和另一个配备有FID)中分析。实验进行60小时以上,图1中所示图线和表1给出了所有的结果。
表1
实施例2(利用七组分催化剂A的本发明)
催化剂制备方法:
该实施例描述了根据本发明使用铝酸镁作为载体制备具有七种组分的多组分催化剂。铝酸镁通过在1050℃在空气中煅烧工业水滑石(SudChemie,产品代码T-2701 1/16英寸,在氧化铝余量中具有30%w/w MgO)4小时来制备。载体具有表面积67.6m2/g、通过N2吸附的孔体积0.35cm3/g、通过水吸收的孔体积0.9cm3/g和铝酸镁的标准X射线衍射特征。催化剂以与实施例1相同的方式来制备,只是最终还原步骤在730℃而不是1160℃下进行。最终催化剂的标称组成(%w/w)为:负载在铝酸镁上的0.2%Rh,0.3%Re,0.8%Pt,1.0 ZrO2,1.%La2O3,6%Ni,3%Ce2O3。
催化剂加氢活性测试:
该实验的目的在于通过测定催化剂的金属面积来评估金属功能。这通过在环己烷脱氢反应中活性测定来评估。环己烷转化使用以下条件在微活性装置中进行:催化剂质量为0.1克,粒度60-270目;40-80ml/min的H2流;通过维持在10℃的饱和器进料环己烷;大气压和反应温度330-390℃。在反应之前,催化剂在550℃在H2流(40ml/min)中预处理2小时。反应物和产物通过气相色谱(HP5890)使用Plot A12O3/KCl柱在150℃下操作来分析。活性表示为环己烷的总转化率和脱氢反应速率,由R=X Fao/W给出,其中X=至苯的转化率,W=催化剂质量(g),和流量Fao=环己烷摩尔数(mol/s)。
实施例 | 脱氢活性速率 |
A | 31 |
催化剂蒸汽重整活性测试
该实验的目的在于使用甲烷评估催化剂的蒸汽重整功能。实验在工业设备(AutoChem II,Micromeritcs)中进行。测试使用200mg的小于170目的粉碎的催化剂进行。催化剂在650℃的温度和大气压下经通过40ml/min含氢气体来预处理和在50℃用水蒸汽饱和10%。在500℃、大气压和蒸汽/碳之比2.3mol/mol下进行甲烷蒸汽重整活性的测定。来自反应器的流出物气体通过气相色谱分析和由甲烷转化率(X%)测定活性。
实施例 | 蒸汽重整转化率(%) |
A | 31 |
微晶尺寸测定
这是为了描述根据本发明使用铝酸镁制备的催化剂提供了微晶尺寸中尺寸降低的镍,其不高于使用现有技术利用最贵载体氧化铝获得的镍。金属镍晶体尺寸通过(峰:200)XRD衍射线来估算。据信金属镍颗粒的小尺寸有助于焦炭形成引起的失活较低。
实施例 | 微晶尺寸(nm) |
A | 16 |
物理特性
这是为了描述本发明的高金属BET表面积、孔体积和孔径。
注释:SBET=通过N2吸附的比表面积;Vp=通过N2解吸的孔体积(BJH分布);dm=孔平均直径(通过4V/A)
利用重质石脑油的催化剂评估
催化剂评估利用重质石脑油燃料在微反应器装置中进行。重质石脑油进料的特性如下:
催化剂评估在固定床流反应器***中进行。反应***由气体和液体进料段、预热段、反应器段和产物收集段组成。气体通过质量流控制器进料;液体进料通过精确HPLC泵来泵送。反应器管具有17.5mm的直径和由Haynes230合金制成。温度由温度控制器监测和控制的三区域电加热炉加热反应器***。提供热电偶来测量反应器的内部温度。水和重质石脑油在进入反应器之前在预加热器中气化和在静态混合器中与空气混合。产物收集段由压力控制阀门、气液分离器、液位控制器和产物釜组成。负载6ml的催化剂和置于反应器管中心在惰性碳化硅层之间。碳化硅层的顶部还用作预热区。进料混合物在预热区中加热升至350℃。反应器在氮流20l/h下加热升至起始温度410℃。将水泵送至预加热器和气化,和以相当于蒸汽与烃进料(H2O/C)摩尔比2.1的流率输送蒸汽。烃进料以O2/C之比0.5泵送。总气时空速(GHSV)为约45000h-1。在没有外部供热下反应器温度在几分钟内升至约800-820℃。收集气体样品和在两个气相色谱仪(一个装配有TCD和另一个配备有FID)中分析。实验进行60小时以上,以下图2中的图线和表2给出了所有的结果。
表2
实施例3(利用四组分催化剂B的本发明)
催化剂制备方法:
该实施例描述了根据本发明使用利用K促进的铝酸镁作为载体制备具有四种组分的多组分催化剂。用180ml含有7.37g氢氧化钾的水溶液浸渍200克的工业水滑石(SudChemie,产品代码T-27011/16英寸,在氧化铝余量中具有30%w/w MgO)来制备铝酸镁载体。所述材料在100℃干燥过夜和然后在1050℃在空气中煅烧4小时。载体具有表面积85.7m2/g和孔体积0.70cm3g。174克经制备的载体用140ml含有0.70克的四胺铂(II)氯化物一水合物(CAS13933-33-0 Alfa Aesar,产品代码10836)、5.14克的硝酸镧六水合物(CAS10277-43-7 Alfa Aesar,产品代码44346)、15.36克的硝酸铈(III)(CAS10294-41-4,Sigma Aldrich,产品代码392219)和57.51克的硝酸镍六水合物(CAS10277-43-7,SigmaAldrich,产品代码203874)的水溶液来浸渍。催化剂以l℃/min的速率从环境温度升至120℃和之后以1.4℃/min的速率从120℃升至350℃进行干燥。然后催化剂在730℃在流动的H2中还原,冷却至30℃和暴露于空气流进行钝化,以获得Pt-Ni-Ce2O3-La2O3/K-铝酸镁催化剂。最终催化剂的标称组成(%w/w)为:负载在铝酸镁上的1.0%Pt,1.0 La2O3,6%Ni,3%Ce2O3,2.7%K2O。
催化剂加氢活性测试
该实验的目的在于通过测定催化剂的金属面积来评估金属功能。这通过在环己烷脱氢反应中活性测定来评估。环己烷转化使用以下条件在微活性装置中进行:催化剂质量为0.1克,粒度60-270目;40-80ml/min的H2流;通过维持在10℃的饱和器进料环己烷;大气压和反应温度330-390℃。在反应之前,催化剂在550℃在H2流(40ml/min)中预处理2小时。反应物和产物通过气相色谱(HP5890)使用Plot Al2O3/KCl柱在150℃下操作来分析。活性表示为环己烷的总转化率和脱氢反应速率,由R=X Fao/W给出,其中X=至苯的转化率,W=催化剂质量(g),和流量Fao=环己烷摩尔数(mol/s)。
实施例 | 脱氢活性速率 |
B | 18 |
催化剂蒸汽重整活性测试
该实验的目的在于使用甲烷评估催化剂的蒸汽重整功能。实验在工业设备(AutoChem II,Micromeritcs)中进行。测试使用200mg的小于170目的粉碎的催化剂进行。催化剂在650℃的温度和大气压下经通过40ml/min含氢气体来预处理和在50℃用水蒸汽饱和10%。在500℃、大气压和蒸汽/碳之比2.3mol/mol下进行甲烷蒸汽重整活性的测定。来自反应器的流出物气体通过气相色谱分析和由甲烷转化率(X%)测定活性。
实施例 | 蒸汽重整转化率(%) |
A(新发明) | 36 |
微晶尺寸测定
这是为了说明根据本发明使用铝酸镁制备的催化剂提供了微晶尺寸中尺寸降低的镍,其不高于使用现有技术利用最贵载体氧化铝获得的镍。金属镍晶体尺寸通过(峰:200)XRD衍射线来估算。据信金属镍颗粒的小尺寸有助于使焦炭形成引起的失活较低。
实施例 | 微晶尺寸(nm) |
B | 14 |
物理特性
这是为了描述本发明的高金属BET表面积、孔体积和孔径。
注释:SBET=通过N2吸附的比表面积;Vp=通过N2解吸的孔体积(BJH分布);dm=孔平均直径(通过4V/A)
利用重质石脑油的催化剂评估
催化剂评估利用重质石脑油燃料在微反应器装置中测试。重质石脑油进料的特性如下:
催化剂评估在固定床流反应器***中进行。反应***由气体和液体进料段、预热段、反应器段和产物收集段组成。
气体通过质量流控制器进料;液体进料通过精确HPLC泵来泵送。反应器管具有17.5mm的直径和由Haynes230合金制成。温度由温度控制器监测和控制的三区域电加热炉加热反应器***。提供热电偶来测量反应器的内部温度。水和重质石脑油在进入反应器之前在预加热器中气化和在静态混合器中与空气混合。产物收集段由压力控制阀门、气液分离器、液位控制器和产物釜组成。负载6ml的催化剂和置于反应器管中心在惰性碳化硅层之间。碳化硅层的顶部还用作预热区。进料混合物在预热区中加热升至350℃。反应器在氮流20l/h下加热升至起始温度410℃。将水泵送至预加热器和气化,和以相当于蒸汽与烃进料(H2O/C)摩尔比2.1的流率输送蒸汽。烃进料以O2/C之比0.5泵送。总气时空速(GHSV)为约45000h-1。在没有外部供热下反应器温度在几分钟内升至约800-820℃。收集气体样品和在两个气相色谱仪(一个装配有TCD和另一个配备有FID)中分析。实验进行60小时以上,以下图3中的图线和表3给出了所有的结果。
表3
以下表4给出的是现有技术和本发明催化剂性能的比较以及现有技术和本发明某些过程参数的比较。
Claims (27)
1.一种由液态烃燃料生产富氢合成气的热中和重整方法,其包括:
a、提供液态烃燃料、富氧气体或空气和蒸汽的混合物至反应器的内部区域,所述内部区域包括由含有负载在铝酸镁上的Ni、La2O3、Ce2O3、Pt、ZrO2、Rh和Re的组合的燃烧及蒸汽和/或CO2重整催化剂组成的催化剂床,该催化剂由以下步骤制备:
用包含铑盐和铼盐的水溶液浸渍铝酸镁载体,然后在富NH3气氛中干燥、煅烧和氢还原以获得铑-铼/铝酸镁载体;
用锆盐和铂盐的水溶液浸渍铑-铼/铝酸镁载体,然后在富NH3气氛中干燥、煅烧和氢还原以获得Pt-ZrO2-Rh-Re/铝酸镁载体;和
用镧盐、铈盐和镍盐的水溶液浸渍Pt-ZrO2-Rh-Re/铝酸镁载体,然后在富NH3气氛中干燥、煅烧和在700-750℃下还原;
b、预热所述燃料、富氧气体或空气和蒸汽的混合物至350-450℃的温度;和
c、以30,000-70,000h-1的气时空速使经预热的混合物与所述催化剂床接触,引起放热燃烧反应,使反应温度升至800-900℃,和还引起吸热蒸汽重整反应足够的时间以重整液态燃料产生富氢合成气。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述液态烃燃料为石油基燃料。
3.权利要求2的方法,其中所述液态石油基燃料选自链烷烃、轻质石脑油、重质石脑油、煤油和柴油。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中所述气时空速为35,000-50,000h-1。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中由放热燃烧反应产生的热量由在相同催化剂床上的吸热反应中和及补偿。
6.权利要求1的方法,其中所述反应在不存在外部供热的情况下进行。
7.权利要求1的方法,其中避免了焦炭形成。
8.权利要求1的方法,其中所述催化剂可以重整包含小于200ppm硫的原料。
9.权利要求3的方法,其中约99%液态石油基燃料转化成合成气H2/CO/CO2/CH4。
10.权利要求1的方法,其中使用选自水煤气变换和优先氧化、甲烷化和膜技术及PSA的氢纯化技术来进一步纯化由该方法产生的合成气。
11.权利要求1的方法,其中富氢合成气用作装有高温或低温燃料电池的车辆中的车载重整器的进料。
12.权利要求1的方法,其中富氢合成气用作内燃机中的氢富集的进料。
13.权利要求1的方法,其中富氢合成气用于固定发电设施应用。
14.权利要求1的方法,其中所述重整催化剂由以下步骤制备:
用包含硝酸铑和铼氧化物的水溶液浸渍铝酸镁载体,然后在富NH3气氛中干燥、煅烧和氢还原以获得铑-铼/铝酸镁载体;
用硝酸氧锆水合物和四胺铂(II)氯化物的水溶液浸渍铑-铼/铝酸镁载体,然后在富NH3气氛中干燥、煅烧和氢还原以获得Pt-ZrO2-Rh-Re/铝酸镁载体;和
用硝酸镧六水合物、硝酸铈(III)和硝酸镍六水合物的水溶液浸渍Pt-ZrO2-Rh-Re/铝酸镁载体,然后在富NH3气氛中干燥、煅烧和在700-750℃下还原。
15.一种由液态烃燃料生产富氢合成气的热中和重整方法,其包括:
a、提供液态烃燃料、富氧气体或空气和蒸汽的混合物至反应器的内部区域,所述内部区域包括由负载在铝酸镁上和包含钾化合物作为促进剂的Ni-Ce2O3-Pt-La2O3的组合的燃烧及蒸汽和/或CO2重整催化剂组成的催化剂床;
b、预热混合物至350-450℃的温度;和
c、以30,000-70,000h-1的气时空速使所述混合物与所述催化剂床接触,引起放热燃烧反应,使反应温度升至800-900℃,和还引起吸热蒸汽重整反应足够的时间以重整液态燃料产生富氢合成气。
16.权利要求15的方法,其中所述液态烃燃料为石油基燃料。
17.权利要求16的方法,其中所述石油基液体选自链烷烃、轻质石脑油、重质石脑油、煤油和柴油。
18.权利要求15的方法,其中所述气时空速为35,000-50,000h-1。
19.权利要求15的方法,其中由放热燃烧反应产生的热量由在相同催化剂床上的吸热反应中和及补偿。
20.权利要求15的方法,其中所述反应在不需要外部供热的情况下进行。
21.权利要求15的方法,其中避免了焦炭形成。
22.权利要求17的方法,其中约99%液态石油基燃料转化成合成气H2/CO/CO2/CH4。
23.权利要求15的方法,其中由该方法产生的合成气可以进一步纯化以产生高纯氢。
24.权利要求15的方法,其中富氢合成气用作装有高温或低温燃料电池的车辆中的车载重整器的进料。
25.权利要求15的方法,其中富氢合成气用作内燃机中的氢富集的进料。
26.权利要求15的方法,其中富氢合成气用于固定发电设施应用。
27.权利要求15的方法,其中液态烃燃料的硫含量为200ppm或更少。
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CN105555707A (zh) | 2016-05-04 |
EP3208232A1 (en) | 2017-08-23 |
WO2015006064A1 (en) | 2015-01-15 |
US20160257564A1 (en) | 2016-09-08 |
US20150013225A1 (en) | 2015-01-15 |
JP2016528143A (ja) | 2016-09-15 |
US9714169B2 (en) | 2017-07-25 |
JP6097874B1 (ja) | 2017-03-15 |
US9499403B2 (en) | 2016-11-22 |
EP3019444A1 (en) | 2016-05-18 |
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EP3019444B1 (en) | 2017-05-17 |
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