CN105474021A - 配电网中的非技术性损失 - Google Patents
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- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
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Abstract
一种***和方法,用于检测配电网中的窃电。***包括至少两个通信仪表,通信仪表形成一变压器局域网,一装置,用于在仪表上检测电流和电压,一装置,用于传输测量的电流和电压至一数据中心,数据中心可访问一电网数据库,以及一装置,用于分析传输的数据,以推断未授权的电力使用。
Description
关于申请的交叉参考
本申请要求申请号为61/834567,申请日期为2013年6月13日的美国的临时专利,,其公开内容引入本文,将其整体作为参考。
技术领域
本发明针对在网通信的应用,用于优化配电网,尤其用于发生于服务变压器局域网的非技术性损失的实时识别和定位。
背景技术
配电变电站包括一个或多个配电变压器,在一个配电服务区中电力分配给消费者的过程中,电压从高传输线路电平(通常130KV至700KV)降到中压水平(通常4KV至35KV)。在配电网的边缘设有一些服务变压器,这些变压器将配电网的中压改变为低压(在美国,通常为120,208,240,277,或480)以满足商业、工业和住宅消费者的要求。除了其中的一些,其他电压可在世界其他地方使用。每个服务变压器向一个或多个计量广告供电。负载可以是住宅、商业或工业建筑物,城市基础设施的一个元件,如一系列的路灯,或农业设备,诸如灌溉***。
除了连接用户负载和相关仪表至服务变压器的电线,该服务变压器是供电被实际被递送给用户前配电网的最外元件。仪表通常安装于电力从服务变压器送到用户的结点。服务变压器可以是三相,双相或单相,如仪表。在此处,电气设备的包括从一服务变压器到至少两个通信仪表的集合称为一个变压器局域网(TAN)。一个变压器局域网可以具有径向拓扑结构,在美国是很常见的,或者它可以有一个直线或“总线”拓扑,这在欧洲和世界其他地方更常见。
传统的,在电力公用事业中,抄表是属于最大运营成本的那一类。原始的电表是模拟设备,带有一个光学读数,读数必须每月手动检查,以进行账单处理。从1970年代开始,数字化仪表数据和自动化的收集机制已经开始进行部署。这些收集机制演变于步行或者骑行***,在这些***中,仪表可能通过短程无线电信号来广播其当前读数,读数通过仪表读取器所携带的装置接收。这些***在早期作为自动抄表(AMR)***时就已经被大众所知晓了。随后,一批专用的通常采用装有用于输送汇总读数的宽带回程方法的收集点的网状结构的短程射频中继的组合装置的数据采集网络开始被部署。
这些网络能够在数据采集网络的边缘的仪表和一个公用服务中心的“计量头端”之间进行双向通信,其通常被称为先进计量基础设施(AMI)。先进计量基础设施能够频繁收集并储存读数,典型频率高达每15分钟一次,并且可以以同样的频率进行报告。他们能够按需读取任何仪表,此功能被节制使用,并且也能够按需连接或断开的任何仪表。出于节约能源、需求管理和可变费率计费的目的,先进计量基础设施能够传递信号给用户设备。因为先进计量基础设施与配电网是分离的,除了在仪表的交叉点,先进计量基础设施仪表对电网的电网拓扑的变化或某些条件既不知道也不敏感。然而,先进计量基础设施的介绍基本上被看做是分布式智能电网的开端。除此之外,由于在美国通常使用AMI的网状结构,对于个别电表,发送它自己数据的可用带宽是相当有限的。
在计费周期中,如在一个配电站进行测量的那样,在世界任何地方产生的总的可计费千瓦时基本上小于分配的实际功率。功率的损耗可分为两组。技术损失来自分布式基础设施的整体阻抗,来自负载的人口需要和在每一个负载点的电网所能提供电力之间的功率因子不匹配,和来自一个事实,即公用事业提供过量的电压供以确保在不可预测的负载峰值期间将不会出现功率下降。这些公用事业能够最小化这些技术损失,但是有一些技术损失是不可避免的。
实际功率小时(相对于收入)的非技术性损失来自用户窃电,这些用户通过篡改仪表的方式或将电线接在计量的负载点之上来消除或者破化仪表的计量进度。非技术性收入损失也包括用户的不付费和公用事业的计算错误。然而,这种类型的收入损失被与先进计量基础设施相结合的仪表数据管理***解决了。这些自动***有能力避免笔误,以立即给不付费的用户切断服务,以及要求拥有少量的付款记录的用户以现收现付的方式进行付款。因为先进计量基础设施几乎不提供关于一个电表与另一个电表之间的网络原理关系的信息,以及电表和给它提供功率的服务变压器之间的关系的信息,所以先进计量基础设施在寻找窃电源头方面没有用处。一些智能仪表能够检测和报告篡改信息。另一方面,抄表员不去居民区抄表减少了非法窃电非发现和报告的机会。
窃电的社会和经济损失充满变数。在发展中国家,这些损失相当高:有时甚至超过变电站传输的功率的50%。在印度,例如,根据印度的马哈拉施特拉邦电力监管委员会(MERC)报道,主要的私营公用事业(信用和Tata)报告的非技术性损失大约占1%,但是在多数情况下,国有公用事业的非技术性损失超过30%。
在发达国家,在美国,窃电损失在整个基本花费中占一个相对较小的比例,窃电损失已经被传统地评估为收入的三分之一,尽管这个比重在经济困难时期提高了。
窃电代表一个安全和服务质量问题,以及一个经济问题。私自搭接电线进行窃电是很危险的,经常会导致受伤甚至死亡。除此之外,这种窃电也会造成火灾隐患。最重要的是,配电网中无法预知的负载可能造成变压器火灾和***,这样不仅仅会造成危险的情况还会造成重大停电事故。
现有的检测窃电的技术方法可以分成三大类。一类是将仪表中的电压和电流与在传输原点处的电压和电流进行比较,比如一个居民区的服务配电变压器。由于传输原点和每个仪表之间的低电压线的电阻导致的技术性损失推测小于预定量,以至于在功率损失超过预定量时,任何异常都可能会被推测为窃电或者电线连接错误。美国专利审查局专利号为No.20120265355,名称为公用服务交付和应用的单向和多向优化的***及方法(通过引入并入本文)描述了一种***,其中,在服务变压器中智能软件代理对变压器和其他电表中或接入电表中的仪器进行收集测量。窃电检测作为这个***的应用中的一个例子被引用。然而,变压器中放置代理和仪器的***,相比于一个在变压器中不要求任何设备的***不太理想,因为变压器可接入的物理端口要远低于电表插口,并且通过在变压器外壳中或者变压器的高电压侧添加仪器更改电表插口会很昂贵甚至会有危险。
第二类为测量计量负载电表的外侧和计量负载的房屋内的电流和电压。如果计量负载的房屋内的功率消耗比通过仪表发送的更大,那么这些功率要么是在房屋内产生的,要么绕过了仪表。这种方法对于公用事业来说是个问题,因为一个服务公用事业通常不能从计量负载的内部获取数据。用户必须同意更换房屋内的设备。
第三类为检测在用电量或者轻微故障中的瞬时变化,这种瞬时变化由为了安装一个不计量的仪器而篡改配电线所导致。这一类机制达不到预期效果,因为窃电会被更大的事件所掩盖,比如服务的一个合法中断,也因为它可能产生很多误报。
发明内容
本发明为一种实时或近实时的检测和报告窃电的装置和方法,以这样的方法,篡改点可以被确定发生在一个具体服务变压器的低电压侧。仪表篡改的具体仪表或所涉及的仪表可以被识别出来。本发明不要求在服务提供点(服务变压器)提供变压器的仪器。所有的仪器和的智能代理都位于电表内的任何的位置:其中仪器和智能代理执行和收集测量并通过收集到的数据寻找窃电证据。这是有益的,电表插座通常很容易得到,并且因为一个智能电表已经包含内存和处理器,用于托管软件代理,通过本发明的方法已经有能力进行很多的测量,也因为大部分的智能电表被设计为可以容纳额外的电路板,额外的电路板用于在本地仪器、通信能力或内存和处理器能力不足以支持其中所述描述的方法时。
美国专利申请号为No.13/871,944,名称为一种推断配电网的原理图和拓扑性质的***及方法,通过引入并入全文,描述了逐渐增加的智能电表且伴随着长距离(变电站的边缘)在网发射器和短距离(低电压,本地服务变压器)在网收发器。一个拥有短距离和长距离的在网发射能力的智能电表被称为一个远程集线器。一个仅仅拥有短距离在网能力的智能电表被称为附属遥控器。术语遥控器被用于统指附属遥控器和远程集线器。一个拥有一个远程集线器和零个或更多的附属遥控器的服务变压器被定义为变压器局域网或TAN。进一步地,本申请公开了一种确定馈电线和相位的方法,馈电线和相位提供一个带有功率的远程集线器,功率具有基于远程集线器所传输的长距离信息的特点。
美国专利申请号为No.13/888,102,名称为在变压器局域网中发现、分区、组织和管理通信设备的方法,通过引入并入全文,描述了一种方法,所述方法保证在在变压器局域网中所有的远程集线器和附属遥控器事实上由相同的服务变压器提供功率,并且在多相变压器的情况下,判断哪个遥控器作为远程集线器处于同一相位和哪个遥控器处于不同的相位。此外,美国专利申请号为No.13/911,849,名称为一种推断负载点和服务变压器之间的关系的***及方法并通过引入并入全文,描述了一种方法,识别具体服务变压器和它供应给指定仪表插头的空间坐标,和将其纳入该关系中并协调到配电网的地图中。在没有准确的地理坐标的情况下,公用事业至少已经知道每个电表的街道地址。在以上引用的应用、来自远程集线器报告的物理上和原理上的起点和变压器局域网的物理上和原理上的延伸中,利用***和方法中所包含的信息来准确定义远程集线器。这些发明描述了本质上是主从关系的变压器局域网架构,其中,一个遥控器,通常的远程集线器,包括大部分的智能化且投票更简单的代理的附属遥控器,用于组织变压器局域网和在变压器局域网中实现应用程序。本发明的***和方法在变压器局域网组织方面进行了主要描述。然而,一个主从网络组织仅仅是适合承载本发明的可能的网络组织之一。例如,一个对等变压器局域网也是适合的。一个广域对等网络,比如先进计量基础设施网状网络,也可能是适当给定的,网络中的结点有足够的信息通过变压器区域对它们自身进行逻辑划分,有足够的宽带用于分享本发明的测量代理所作出的测量,如下文所述。
本发明提供了一种关于与至少一个附属遥控器进行通信的远程集线器的方法,每个遥控器可以测量和存储电表中的电压和从电表流向计量负载的电流,在变压器局域网的服务变压器中或者在通过变压器局域网对负载供电的房屋中没有放置设备的情况下,可以识别变压器局域网中的窃电迹象。
出于这个目的,变压器局域网于每个相位上至少包括两个结点,比如一个远程集线器和一个或多个附属遥控器。进一步地,如果完整的防盗保护被实现了,那么变压器局域网中的每个负载(计量服务点)均应设有一个遥控器或者其他类型的通信仪表。这些方法能够应用于一些没有遥控器的仪表,但是一些窃电者在依靠变压器局域网的拓扑结构和关于通信仪表的非授权用电所在位置的情况下可能不被检测到。本发明描述这些方法,用于判断在变压器局域网的服务变压器中未要求测量的非法用电的存在和位置。避免在服务变压器中进行测量完全可以实现,因为仅在电表中添加仪表所需要的成本大大低于同时在电表和变压器中添加仪表所需要的成本,而且当所有的仪表在电表中驻留时还需要网络的维护成本。避免在计量服务点的房屋中放置设备完全可以实现,因为在房屋中放置设备需要得到用户的同意,也因为房屋中设备的维护通常在公用事业条款之外。
附图说明
附图并入说明书成为说明书的一部分,对本发明的实施例进行详细说明,并和说明书一起解释本发明的原理。如图:
图1描述一个径向拓扑结构变压器区域,其中有一个地上变压器和地上电线以及三个计量场所。
图2描述一个总线拓扑结构变压器区域,其中有一个垫式变压器和地下电线以及三个计量场所和一个单独的搭线。
图3描述一个径向拓扑结构变压器区域,其中有一个垫式变压器和地下电线以及三个计量场所和它自己的搭线。
图4描述图1中的区域,其区域被增强,并通过一个远程集线器形成一个变压器局域网和附属遥控器。
图5描述图4中的变压器局域网,其中添加了一个用于给一个温室供电的非法未计量搭线。
图6描述像图4和图5中的径向拓扑结构变压器局域网的电力情况,其中有任意数量的计量场所(结点)N。
具体实施方式
如图1所示,一个典型的单相垫式变压器101通过空中电线102连接于住宅103。在美国和许多其他地方,这是一个典型配置,尤其是落后地区。接入住宅的电线通常附着在屋顶的屋檐上,电线向下延伸至设于住宅103外部管道上的电表104。
如图2所示,相反的,描述了一个总线拓扑结构变压器区域,这样的结构在世界其他地方比美国更加典型。图2中,一个垫式变压器201通过地下电线202分别连接于住宅203,204和205外部管道上的电表206,207和208。一个典型安装可以服务多个电表:在美国每个单相变压器服务的电表的平均数大约是六个,但是在欧洲却是几十个。
图3描述了一个美国典型的直埋电缆安装,其中,垫式变压器301通过直埋电缆302径向连接于住宅303的电表304。这三种配置代表了全世界大部分的配电网,为了应用于工业和商业会有轻微的局部变化和多相位变化。本发明在这些相同拓扑结构中的其中三个有轻微变化,如下文所述。一个三相位变压器的每个相位可作为一个单独的变压器局域网,即使在申请号130/888,102的专利文件中描述了一个三相位变压器区域可以基本组建成一个变压器局域网,但是,其中,变压器局域网中每个结点(例如遥控器)的相位都是可知的,来自变压器局域网的变电站边缘的传输通过相位被发送至目的地。
如图4所示,通过将图1中普通电表替换为两个附属遥控器402和404和一个远程集线器403,图1中的变压器区域就被转换为变压器局域网。申请号为13/871,944的专利文件中描述到,变压器局域网的通信仪表的时钟在一个已知范围内是同步的。服务变压器401不包括任何额外的通信设备或仪表,它和图1中的服务变压器是一样的。注意,服务点住宅405附近有一个无电的附属建筑406比如一个仓库。
本发明较佳的实施例中,遥控器402,404和403各有一个测量代理。每个代理在它所在的服务点周期性测量电压值和电流值。一个位于远程集线器403的监控代理周期性收集带有时间标记的电流和电压测量,电流和电压测量来自附属遥控器402和404以及来自它自己的测量代理。监控代理期间不要求和测量代理期间一样,但是,测量的时间与指定最近范围内的变压器局域网的能力是一致的。相对于一个典型先进计量基础设施网络中的事件的时间尺度,这两个期间都非常短,其中,电表读数仅仅每15分钟才被发送一次,或者甚至更慢。监控代理执行一个软件算法,算法是比较同一时间内不同电表所作的电流和电压测量,利用它们判断变压器和一个或多个计量服务点之间是否存在未计量的电流。
如图5所示,一个未计量搭线507被牵入住宅505,其电联接于变压器501和电表504之间。这个搭线电联接于附属建筑505。这种搭线不仅会造成公共事业的电能损失,而且,在负载高峰期,也会产生变压器火灾和***的危险,因为变压器局域网作为一个整体,其功率超过了变压器的额定最大功率。
图6提供一个径向拓扑结构的变压器局域网,其和图4和图5中所示的一样。图6中的变压器局域网至少包括两个计量服务点,或者结点,其中标记为1…N。电源601以中压水平给变压器607供电,通过变压器607将电压降至变压器局域网中电表可接受的低压水平,在这里以结点1(605)中的电表627为代表。由于电源601需给网络中所有的负载供电,电流604代表从电源流出的电流流向。电阻603代表中压水平网络中的电阻。在变压器607低电压侧的电压606随着电压602、电阻603和电流604的变化产生波动。这些数据中没有一个对于电表(比如627和629)中的软件代理是不变的、可测量的或可知的,但是电压602在一个可接受且可知的范围内可被预测围绕标记值变化。例如,在美国,电压602的一个典型标记值可为13.4V(尽管其他值也有可能),电压606的一个典型标记值可为240V,尽管其他值也有可能。这些标记值对于软件代理是可知的。
目前,矩形605中的组件代表结点1。这是在服务变压器607与电表627之间传递功率的供电设备。有用的可测数据被标记在图上。电阻616代表结点1住宅的合法的计量负载,负载根据住宅中正在使用的仪器和设备可随时间变化。点626不是一个实际的设备,但是它代表变压器607与电表627之间的电线上的任意位置,一个非法电线可被安装于这个位置上。当没有窃电发生时,电阻612通常非常大,它代表一个潜在的非授权不计量负载。电阻609和613代表变压器607与电表627之间的电线上的一般电阻。电压611代表假设的搭线点626上的电压。这些数据对于电表627中的软件代理没有一个是可知的或可测的。电表627中的测量代理对电流614和电压615进行周期性测量,并通过电表627中的通信设备分享于变压器局域网。无论变压器局域网的网络结构是什么样,以一种将原始测量的电表的识别码和时间捆绑起来的方式进行分享,对于接收测量的信息的任何接收器,测量是可知的。注意,图6中的元件622不是变压器局域网的一个特征,但是是一个省略标识,即在结点1(605)和结点N(610)之间可能存在任意数量的附加结点。
相似地,矩形620中的组件代表结点N。这是在服务变压器607与电表629之间传递功率的供电设备。电阻625代表结点N住宅的合法的计量负载,负载根据住宅中正在使用的仪器和设备可随时间变化。点620不是一个实际的设备,但是它代表变压器607与电表629之间的电线上的任意位置,一个非法电线可被安装于这个位置上。当没有窃电发生时,电阻613通常非常大,它代表一个潜在的非授权不计量负载。电阻618和620代表变压器607与电表629之间的电线上的一般电阻。电压619代表假设的搭线点629上的电压。这些数据对于电表629中的软件代理没有一个是可知的或可测的。电表629中的测量代理对电流621和电压624进行周期性测量,并通过电表629中的通信设备分享于变压器局域网。
为了监测代理的算法,它不是问题,电表629、电表627或者结点1与结点N之间的其他结点的电表是否设有远程集线器和设有附属遥控器的电表。事实上,以上需要注意的是,变压器局域网通信的其他类型完全可被采用,只要它在一个足够短的时期内为变压器局域网中的所有电表提供足够的宽带去分享它们的测量。变压器局域网至少承载一个位于变压器局域网内任意位置的监测代理和一个位于每一个通信仪表中的测量代理。对于某些网络架构,在每个结点上承载一个监测代理可能更加有效。或者,在多个通信仪表中给监测代理分配工作。如果监测代理没有在一个有能力发送广域消息的电表上驻留,这个广域消息可以是变电站边缘消息,那么监测代理必须发送命令给一个广域的可用设备区使其发送异常报告。
假设一个电阻612所代表的非授权负载现在附着在点626上。因为电阻609流经更多的电流(流经非授权负载612的电流),所以电压611将会下降。这也将导致电压615下降。然而,流经电阻613的电流614不会相应地下降。一个位于电表627的测量代理能够测量电流614和电压615,不能判断电压615的下降是简单地因为电压606的下降,或者它是否窃电所导致,电压611的下降和电阻612(通常非常大)的减小代表窃电的发生。然而,位于电表629的测量代理作出测量。为简单起见,假设结点N(610)上的垫电阻623为适当大小,那么在结点N处没有窃电。一个位于电表619的测量代理将观测到电压666的下降导致电压624的下降。一个监测代理能够利用电表627和629(和其他的电表,在变压器局域网中如果有更多的通信结点的话)分别测得的电流614和612去评估每一个计量负载所导致的电压的适当下降。计量负载的影响一旦被去除,每个电表所测得电压的调整幅度可以进行比较。尽管变压器607和每个电表之间的电阻有小的差异,但是可以忽略不计。(在这个例子中,比较电表627的电阻699+613和电表629的电阻618+626。)在这个例子中,如果一个电表627,线路电阻在正常差异的误差范围内,发现一个调整后的电压降比其他电表更大,那么可以预测到在电表和变压器697之间存在一个不计量负载。
进一步地,比较电流和电压的这种方法从每个可用的“视角”检测变压器局域网中的窃电,尽管有多个窃点。尽管在每个电表和变压器之间附着有一个不计量负载,除非电阻612,613等等,由于非授权负载在任何时候都一样,所以窃点仍然会被可访问每个测量代理所作的电流和电压测量的监测代理识别,因为在某些测量点的电压降与在相同点的电流不成比例。
当驻留于变压器局域网中远程集线器的监测代理检测到一个可能的窃电,远程集线器会发送一个变电站边缘消息向公用事业提示异常,上面提到的美国专利申请号为No.13/871,944的专利文件中描述到,变电站边缘消息从一个远程集线器传递到一个配电站,这个配电站向配电变压器供电,这里,变压器607。来自变电站的消息通过一个传统网络传递给一个数据中心,这个数据中心由公用事业或者能源管理服务提供商提供。一个窃电提醒也可以通过连接于远程集线器或者其他通信仪表的其他可用网络进行传播,比如一个先进计量基础设施网络。这个消息在异常的电流-电压关系中被检测到,它至少包括一个服务变压器或者电表的唯一识别码,这个识别码可用于识别带有网格地图数据库中数据的消息的来源。
上文中所描述的带有小的计算调整的方法同样能应用于一个总线拓扑结构的变压器区域,比如图2中所示的变压器区域,而不是图1和图3中所示的径向拓扑结构的变压器区域。在一个总线拓扑结构的变压器区域中,从变压器到电表的电压降是附加的,因为每个结点来自于变压器,因为计量负载是串联而不是并联,尽管如此,每个计量负载的电压降应该与每个电表的电流成比例。如果指定电表的电压降比于成比例的在变压器和电表之间测得的电流更大,基于带有时间标记的电流和电压测量通过其他电表被分享于变压器局域网-在这个实例中,尤其是,对应于变压器的串联电表比指定的测量点更早分享到。
为了在一个总线拓扑结构的变压器局域网中适用这个方法,那么,变压器局域网中对应于变压器的结点的顺序对于监测代理(至少)是可知的。通过监测代理可以对它进行判断。串联的顺序将与每个计量点所测得的电压相一致,原理上,离变压器越远电压越低。再次参照图2,原理上离变压器201最近的电表是204,串联中最远的是205。即使住宅205在地理位置上离变压器201比住宅203更近,这当然是可能的,这也仍然正确。这种情况在图2中也有描述。除此以外,即使窃电正在发生,这个原理推论仍然正确,因为产生的电压降仍然在积累。
美国专利申请号No.13/871,944,13/888,102and13/911,849,上面所提到的所有文件,描述了一些记录一个配电网的准确的网格地图的方法。这些发明所描述的网格地图方法包括每个变电站的馈电线和相位,变电站向网络中的每个计量负载供电,这个方法还包括对网络电表的正确且最新的对变压器局域网的划分。为了进行窃电检测,一个总线拓扑结构的变压器局域网的网格地图可以用变压器局域网的电表的串联顺序进行扩充,这个顺序应该进行更新,因为在变压器局域网中可以添加或者移除电表和负载。对于窃电检测,这个信息仅仅需要通过每个变压器局域网的监测代理对其进行维持,事实上,它可以通过每个监测代理进行周期性计算。然而,在一个集中性网格地图数据库中记录这个附加信息是很有用的,所述的集中性网格地图数据库在13/371,944文件中有所描述。为了达到这个目的,当在变压器局域网中发现一个新结点时,被发送的变电站边缘消息可能包括位于来自变压器的电源线总线上的电表的原理上的顺序。相似地,如果结点的顺序被观测到发生变化,例如,由于施工导致变压器局域网的功率的停运或者延期,可能会通过要被记录在网格地图数据库中的变电站边缘消息报告新的顺序。
不涉及创建一个非法搭线的窃电的其他方法有时被用到。这种方法涉及创建误导,在消费增长之前和邻居交换电表。任何类型的通信仪表已经能够通过拔出电表插头断开报告,然后在功率可用时再次***电表插头(是否是相同的插头或者不同的插头)。然而,一个积极的窃电会等待一个自然停电,然后与其他住宅的电表进行交换,或者破坏网络创造一个停电然后进行交换。然而,一个智能电表加入变压器局域网时,实时更新网格地图,如本文和所引用的相关发明所描述的,通过多种方式能够检测到一个非法动作:
如果两个电表在两个不同的变压器局域网之间进行交换,那么两个变压器局域网会报告发现一个新的电表,并与原来的电表失去通信。
如果两个电表以反转电表的相位这种方式进行交换,那么这个变化会通过网格地图代理进行报告。
如果两个电表在相同的变压器局域网和相同的相位中进行交换,如果变压器局域网是总线拓扑结构,那么两个电表将会被检测到,因为相对于它们的服务变压器的位置发生了改变,这个变化会通过监测代理进行报告。
如果一个电表拥有地理空间位置信号,那么电表的网格地图代理会对位置的变化进行报告。
在一个实施例中,在位于相同径向拓扑结构的变压器局域网的相同相位的两个住宅之间,交换两个不能接受地理空间位置信号的电表,这样不容易被检测到。从窃电者的角度来看,这个例子可能不会满意,因为住宅之间距离问题:与距离几个街区的住宅交换会比与隔壁邻居交换更好。
为了管理检测过程,一个代理,比如至少一个处于变压器局域网中的通信仪表(比如远程集线器)上的监测代理会利用一个变电站边缘消息或者其他可用的广域网报告每个测得的异常指标,这个广域网能够转发消息至一个处于能进入统一网格地图的数据中心中的软件程序。软件程序也接收关于来自用于管理网格的其他应用的网格规划变更的报告。例如,这些报告可能是工单,工单用于派遣现场工程师对配电网进行必要的更改和维修。软件程序通过将来自通信仪表的异常报告与这些工单或类似报告进行匹配来避免报告错误的窃电情况。能通过工单进行说明的这些异常不会作为潜在的窃电指标而被报告。与工单匹配失败的这些异常会产生警报,即一个潜在的窃电可能发生了,不管这个异常是否是网格地图的更改或者监测代理所报告的电压异常。窃电警报会包括受影响住宅的账户号码,和地址和受影响变压器和电表的识别码和地理空间位置,和可能用于定位窃电者的任何其他相关信息,以及窃电者是否通过移动电表或者创建一个非授权不计量搭线的方式进行了窃电行为。
以上所述对本发明进行了详细的说明和描述,并非因此限制本发明的实施方式及保护范围。在以上所述的基础上进行了一些修改和变化所得到的方案均应当包含在本发明的保护范围内。选择和描述本实施例能最好地解释本发明的原理及其实际应用,从而使本领域技术人员能够在各种实施例和各种预期的适于特定作用的修改中最好地利用本发明。本发明的保护范围由所附的权利要求限定。
Claims (15)
1.一种用于检测配电网窃电的***,***包括:
至少两个通信仪表,由每个服务配电变压器进行供电并检测盗电,所述仪表形成变压器局域网;
一个测量代理,用于周期性测量每个仪表中的电流和电压,并传输带有一个时间标记的所述测量以及仪表在变压器局域网中唯一的识别码;
至少一个监控代理,用于接收所述测量代理所传输的信息;
至少一个通信仪表,通信仪表位于可用窃电检测所在的每个变压器局域网内,用于在广域网内传输信息;
一个软件应用,处于数据中心内并可访问一网格地图数据库,用于通过变压器局域网中的一通信仪表接收所传输的信息。
2.如权利要求1所述的***,其特征在于,所述通信仪表为遥控器。
3.如权利要求1所述的***,其特征在于,至少一个用于通过广域网传输信息的通信仪表为远程集线器。
4.如权利要求1所述的***,其特征在于,所述变压器局域网具有径向拓扑结构。
5.如权利要求1所述的***,其特征在于,所述变压器局域网具有总线拓扑结构。
6.如权利要求1所述的***,其特征在于,网络地图代理托管在至少一个变压器局域网中的通信仪表上。
7.一种方法,用于在配电服务变压器的低电压侧检测非授权的,未计量的搭线搭线,方法包括:
提供大量通过服务配电变压器进行供电的通信仪表;
组织所述通信仪表进入变压器局域网;
配置所述变压器局域网中至少一个通信仪表,以在广域网中传输信息;
提供一个软件应用,软件应用处于数据中心并可访问一网格地图数据库,可从所述变压器局域网接收所传输的信息;
周期性测量每个通信仪表中的电流和电压;
在变压器局域网中传输电流和电压测量,每次传输的信息至少包括进行测量的通信仪表在变压器局域网中唯一的识别码、测量发生的时间、以及所测量的电流和电压;
在变压器局域网的时间同步公差内,收集不同仪表的测量;
通过所测量的电流调整电压测量以引起电压降;
比较调整后的电压测量用以确定电表观测的电压降与所述电表中的电流不成比例;
传输一广域消息,描述任何观测到的异常,包括至少一个在电表中不成比例的电压降,所述消息包括至少一个变压器的识别码或者观测到异常的电表的识别码,足以允许组件在网格地图数据库中进行匹配;
在数据中心接收所述广域消息,其中软件应用会处理消息并根据可能的窃电行为发出警报。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,所述变压器局域网具有总线拓扑结构,还包括下述额外的步骤:
以在每个电表测量的降压顺序,在一给定时间为电表报告的电流和电压测量排序。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,还包括以带有一个时间标记的报告期到下一个的顺序,报告一个改变,作为一个异常的可能性,指出了变压器局域网的仪表被篡改。
10.一种方法,用于在配电网中检测电表篡改和非授权的,未计量的搭线,方法包括:
在每个检测到篡改的服务变压器中提供一个变压器局域网;
在变压器局域网中提供至少一个通信仪表,用于在广域网中发送消息至;
提供一个软件应用,软件应用处于数据中心并可访问一网格地图数据库,以接收从所述变压器局域网所传输的信息;
配置所述软件应用,使其接收来自关于电网中计划变更的其它实用应用的通知;
传输来自变压器局域网的广域消息,无论何时在所述变压器局域网的配置中检测到变化;
匹配所述消息中的位置信息和存储于网格地图数据库中的位置信息;
比较从所述变压器局域网的消息与有关计划的变更通知的消息,以删除来自通过计划性配置变更进行解释的所述变压器局域网的消息;
无论什么消息未被消除,报告一个潜在的篡改事件。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,还包括:
传输一消息,用于报告新加入所述变压器局域网的电表的识别码和网格位置。
12.如权利要求10所述的方法,还包括:
传输一消息,用于报告在所述变压器局域网中已停止通信的电表的识别码和网格位置。
13.如权利要求10所述的方法,还包括:
传输一消息,用于报告在总线拓扑结构的变压器局域网中的电表的原理上的位置已经改变。
14.如权利要求10所述的方法,还包括:
传输一消息,表示电表的地理位置已经改变。
15.如权利要求10所述的方法,还包括:
传输一消息,表示由于非授权的,未计量的搭线,在变压器局域网中可能存在窃电搭线。
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US10564196B2 (en) | 2020-02-18 |
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WO2014201348A1 (en) | 2014-12-18 |
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CA2915066A1 (en) | 2014-12-18 |
MX357831B (es) | 2018-07-26 |
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MX2015017231A (es) | 2017-02-13 |
AU2018203997A1 (en) | 2018-06-21 |
AU2014277983B2 (en) | 2018-07-05 |
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