CN105447776A - Method for evaluating carbon emission of green building - Google Patents

Method for evaluating carbon emission of green building Download PDF

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CN105447776A
CN105447776A CN201510688329.6A CN201510688329A CN105447776A CN 105447776 A CN105447776 A CN 105447776A CN 201510688329 A CN201510688329 A CN 201510688329A CN 105447776 A CN105447776 A CN 105447776A
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carbon emission
building
energy
carbon
emission
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王琼
於林锋
林茂松
陈勤平
江燕
支建杰
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Shanghai Building Science Research Institute Group Co Ltd
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Shanghai Building Science Research Institute Group Co Ltd
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
    • Y02P90/80—Management or planning
    • Y02P90/84—Greenhouse gas [GHG] management systems
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
    • Y02P90/80—Management or planning
    • Y02P90/84—Greenhouse gas [GHG] management systems
    • Y02P90/845—Inventory and reporting systems for greenhouse gases [GHG]

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Abstract

The invention discloses a method for evaluating carbon emission of a green building. The method is characterized in that a load caused on an environment is evaluated by considering an emission load of all greenhouse gas within a building life cycle. The building life cycle includes all life cycle stages of the building from the starting to ending for comprehensive and systematic environment load estimation, wherein the all life cycle stages include planning and designing, building material production, construction, daily usage, maintenance and repairing, updating and dismantling, waste treatment, and recycling.

Description

A kind of green building carbon emission evaluation method
Technical field
The invention belongs to energy-conserving and emission-cutting technology field, particularly a kind of green building carbon emission evaluation method.
Background technology
Global Carbon discharge capacity is large, and greenhouse effect are serious, and development low-carbon economy has become whole world common recognition.According to the use amount of fossil fuel, the statistical study of manufacture of cement, within 2007, whole world carbon dioxide total release is about 27,600,000,000 tons, and wherein China is 67.2 hundred million tons, and the U.S. is 5,900,000,000 tons.Vigorously advocate energy-saving and emission-reduction in China, develop the important content that low-carbon economy is 12 and even following work.
Building trade is China carbon emission rich and influential family, and statistics shows, and within 2002, China's building trade carbon emission amount reaches 1,119,600,000 tons, accounts for 26.47% of all departments total carbon emissions amount.Compared with other industry (as communications, manufacturing industry, energy industry etc.), the Control and treatment of building trade carbon emission is required, and less input and more easily obtain effect.Countries in the world are very large to the expectation value of building trade, and the carbon space that subtracts of China's building trade is also maximum.
The carbon emission of buildings is applied in the whole life-cycle processes of buildings all the time, and the consumption of the energy directly causes the discharge of greenhouse gases.According to statistics, Shanghai City buildings total energy consumption in 2008 is 2,153 ten thousand tons of standard coal equivalents.Wherein, the quantity of energy consumed in production of construction materials, building operation and building use procedure accounts for 14.8%, 8.4% and 76.8% of total energy consumption in life cycle environment assessment (not considering to remove energy consumption) respectively.Visible, the carbon emission in production of construction materials and building use procedure is the main carbon emission source of building trade.
Carbon emission evaluate and the correlative study of control technology existing certain basic abroad, but current low-carbon (LC) appraisement system is mainly for the higher industry of free carbon discharge capacity, not for building field.The ubiquitous present situation of building field is that monomer CER is less, but the scale of construction is very large, and overall CER is very considerable.But current international quantitatively evaluating standard differs, yardstick differs, the domestic also not relevant research about China's building carbon emission Quantitative Calculation Method.
Summary of the invention
The object of this invention is to provide a kind of green building carbon emission evaluation method, carry out building carbon emission Research on Calculation, and guide architectural control department and relevant enterprise to use new technology to reduce carbon emission amount by the application that green building calculates, reduce energy consumption, realize the economic benefit of owner and the doulbe-sides' victory of social influence, lead whole building trade to make the transition to low-carbon emission reduction direction.
Technical scheme of the present invention is, a kind of green building carbon emission evaluation method, and this evaluation method comprises the load considering to cause environment to weigh it with the discharge capacity of all greenhouse gases in the described building life cycle,
The described building life cycle refers to from the life of buildings to extremely, offal treatment is removed in i.e. planning and design, production of construction materials, construction, routine use, Renovation, renewal, life cycle each stage of recycling carries out the assessment of comprehensive, systematic carrying capacity of environment
The carbon emission source of described life cycle environment assessment includes buildings life cycle materialization stage, operational phase and removes the carbon emission in disposal stage.
That is, the carbon emission of buildings life cycle comprises the discharge of carbon dioxide of construction period, operation phase and teardown phase: wherein,
Construction period: be for building materials, the impact of Life cycle carbon emission is from material collection, produces, program and design, builds and transport, operation and maintenance, and in process total recycle process, the matter energy carbon dioxide produced that flows carries out comprehensive evaluation,
The production of construction materials stage: the carbon dioxide that production of construction materials directly discharges and the carbon dioxide that the energy that processing consumes produces;
Haulage stage: the carbon dioxide that building materials are carried, the energy of the machinery and equipment consumption of transport point use produces;
Construction stage: the carbon dioxide that the machine that construction period uses, the energy of devices consume produce;
Operation phase, comprise the routine use stage and upgrade the repairerment stage:
The routine use stage: after buildings is completed and uses, maintain buildings and run well, comprise the carbon dioxide that produces of energy of air-conditioning, illumination, washing, culinary art, power consumption;
Upgrade the repairerment stage: buildings basic maintenance, the carbon dioxide that the energy repairing and transform renewal consumption produces;
Teardown phase: the carbon dioxide that demolishing buildings, the energy disintegrating consumption produce;
The offal treatment stage: the carbon dioxide that the energy that carrying and offal treatment consume produces;
The recycling stage: the carbon dioxide that the energy that recovery and reuse of waste forms regrown material consumption produces;
Described building carbon emission evaluation method, also comprises the carbon emission considering that building operational phase, tenure of use and production of construction materials are introduced,
The computing formula of the carbon emission of described building, is shown below:
CO 2 buildingss, year=k (CO 2 building materials are introduced+ CO 2 building operations)/N (1)
Wherein: CO 2 buildingss, yearfor buildings unit uses the carbon emission amount in year;
CO 2 building materials are introducedfor carbon emission amount introduced by buildings building materials,
CO 2 building operationsoperation carbon emission in Building Design serviceable life,
K is the estimation coefficient of carbon emission amount to construction and teardown phase, gets k=1.05;
N is building life, in units of year;
Described CO 2 building materials are introducedbe divided into again 2 kinds of situations, non-composite type building materials and compound building materials,
The indirect carbon emission that the carbon emission source structure of non-composite type building materials comprises direct carbon emission in production run, energy consumption causes and direct carbon emission three part that Product transport oil consumption causes.
The carbon emission source structure of compound building materials comprises the indirect carbon emission that direct carbon emission in carbon emission, production run introduced by starting material, energy consumption causes and direct carbon emission four part that Product transport oil consumption causes.
Described C o2 builds operationrefer to, the CO2 emission building up the operation phase refers to the discharge in routine use stage, after comprising building completion, the carbon emission that the CO2 emission that the energy that air-conditioning, illumination, culinary art, washing, electrical equipment, power routine use consume causes is relevant with building operational phase, mainly comprise direct carbon emission, the carbon emission using the energy indirectly to cause and architecture greening carbon remittance effect that fuel combustion causes, three parts: the direct carbon emission that fuel combustion causes refers to fuel combustion when producing electric power, heat energy or steam; Use the carbon emission that the energy causes indirectly, the outsourcing electric power of equipment use in confession under directions buildings border; Architecture greening carbon converges effect, refers to from air, remove the process of carbon dioxide, activity, mechanism and effect by greening modes such as building roof greening, vertical plantings.
The present invention proposes to build the carbon emission computing method in the stages such as construction, operation and maintenances, is used to guide calculating and the evaluation of building carbon emission.Achievement in research can be departments of government and formulates effective policy and related measure and reduce building carbon emission and provide reference, and then effectively guides relevant enterprise to use new technology and owner to strengthen management to reduce carbon emission.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
1. carbon emission life cycle management (LCA) concept being introduced buildings calculates, utilize cycle assessment method, the energy consumption of the decision-making of the links of whole buildings and carbon emission system thereof on the whole society and the impact of environment can be indicated, be beneficial to the sustainable development of building.
2. the carbon emission computer capacity of building relates to the links of the whole life cycle of buildings, comprises production of construction materials, construction, building use to remove and dispose.But due to the whole life cycle complex structure of buildings, and by building energy conservation reduce discharging for the purpose of cycle assessment method at the early-stage, current existing research is the introduction of concept and the simple analysis of local link mostly, carries out detailed investigation and data statistics difficulty is very large from buildings each life link.
3., from the carbon emission weight analysis of buildings, production of construction materials and building operational phase are topmost buildings carbon emission sources, and the proportion that the carbon emission of architecture construction and teardown phase accounts for buildings total carbon emissions is very little.
4. propose building carbon emission computer capacity to be mainly building materials and to introduce and buildings uses two-part carbon emission amount, and propose computing formula.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is buildings life cycle each stage carbon emission source schematic diagram in the present invention.
Embodiment
Illustrate building carbon emission computing method below
1. build life cycle management carbon emission to introduce
Life cycle management evaluate (LCA) be a kind of evaluate product, technological process or activity from raw-material collection with being worked into production, transport, sale, use, recovery, maintenance, recycling the process of the carrying capacity of environment relevant with finally processing whole Life Cycle System.LCA highlights " life cycle " of product, is once called the evaluation of " from Cradle to Grave " in early days visually.It is by the identification using and discharge of whole life cycle self-energy and material and quantitatively, evaluating its impact on environment, simultaneously by analyzing, seeking the chance of environmental protect.LCA focuses on Study system to the impact of resources and energy consumption, human health and ecologic environment, does not generally consider impact that is economic and social aspect.
It is for short-term consumer products at first that life cycle management evaluates (LCA), does not prepare to apply on long-term building products.But this method clearly can demonstrate the relation between primary products and secondary product or use subsequently.Because building is high-quality, high quantities and long-lived product, the chance reused or reclaim can not occur very soon, so evaluation of life cycle just seems very necessary for building.Utilize cycle assessment method, the energy consumption of the decision-making of the links of whole buildings and carbon emission system thereof on the whole society and the impact of environment can be indicated, be beneficial to the sustainable development of building.
2. build carbon emission computing method
(1) life cycle management carbon emission composition is built
Current low-carbon (LC) appraisement system mainly for the higher industry of free carbon discharge capacity, not for building field.The ubiquitous present situation of building field is that monomer CER is less, but the scale of construction is very large, and overall CER is very considerable.But current international quantitatively evaluating standard differs, yardstick differs, the domestic also not relevant research about China's building carbon emission computing method.Japanese scholars proposes " life cycle CO2 emission evaluation index (LCCO2) ".Namely its load that earth environment is caused is weighed with the discharge capacity of greenhouse gases all in the Building life cycle cycle.Refer to that i.e. planning and design, production of construction materials, construction, routine use, Renovation, renewal are removed the life cycle such as offal treatment, recycling each stage and carried out the assessment of comprehensive, systematic carrying capacity of environment from the life of buildings to extremely.LCCO2 both can be used to evaluate buildings to the impact of environment, can be used to again the energy consumption characteristics evaluating buildings.It indicates that building energy conservation reduces discharging the renewal of idea, and building energy conservation reduces discharging the inseparable relation with environment of preserving our planet.
An architectural brick, a wood, an iron, a stone are all the products of the energy, and the crane in building course, haulage truck etc. also consume mass energy, and simultaneously the manpower, mental that consumes of build labourer, is also the energy resource consumption of another indirect form.Therefore, the carbon emission of life cycle environment assessment refers to regards a system as the Life cycle of building products, and this system is owing to consuming the total carbon of the energy, resource outwardly environmental emission.The carbon emission source of life cycle environment assessment includes buildings life cycle materialization stage, operational phase and removes the carbon emission (wherein the planning and design stage does not produce carbon emission in kind) in disposal stage.
The discharge of each stage carbon dioxide of buildings life cycle:
1, the construction period
For building materials, the impact of Life cycle carbon emission is from material collection, produces, program and design, builds and transport, operation and maintenance, and in process total recycle process, the matter energy carbon dioxide produced that flows carries out comprehensive evaluation.
(1) the production of construction materials stage: the carbon dioxide that production of construction materials directly discharges and the carbon dioxide that the energy that processing consumes produces;
(2) haulage stage: the carbon dioxide that building materials are carried, the energy of the machinery and equipment consumption of transport point use produces;
(3) construction stage: the carbon dioxide that the machine that construction period uses, the energy of devices consume produce.
We will consider the impact of raw-material recovery process on environment when selecting building materials, select the local material produced, to reduce the energy consumption in Transportation Engineering simultaneously as far as possible.Improve, eliminate that energy consumption is large, the production technology of severe contamination.
2, the operation phase
(1) the routine use stage: after buildings is completed and uses, maintain buildings and run well, as the energy that air-conditioning, illumination, washing, culinary art, power etc. consume the carbon dioxide that produces;
(2) the repairerment stage is upgraded: buildings basic maintenance, the carbon dioxide that the energy that repair and transformation renewal etc. consumes produces.
3, teardown phase
(1) teardown phase: the carbon dioxide that demolishing buildings, the energy disintegrating consumption produce;
(2) the offal treatment stage: the carbon dioxide that the energy that carrying and offal treatment consume produces;
(3) stage is recycled: the carbon dioxide that the energy that recovery and reuse of waste forms regrown material consumption produces.
Due to building energy conservation feature and complicacy, the cycle assessment method for the purpose of building energy conservation is at the early-stage, and current existing research is the introduction of concept and the simple analysis of local link mostly, lacks the case analysis using typical buildings as object.
Evaluation of life cycle is the theoretical core of ecotecture, green building and Sustainable Building new concept.Should according to the technological frame of the LCA determined in IS014040, on the basis fully studying the relevant energy of country and environmental policy regulation, in conjunction with the resources and environment feature of China, to the logistics of the building enclosure of the buildings of different purposes, Architectural Equipment and energy supply system, to flow and the inventory of emission carries out quantitative test.
(2) buildings life cycle management carbon emission weight analysis
Consider from the angle of life cycle management, the carbon emission of buildings operational phase is relevant with tenure of use.According to the achievement in research of the people such as building university Qiao Yong peak, Xi'an, calculate with the serviceable life of 30 years, new-type dull and stereotyped room is built to the carbon emission ratio in each stage in Table 1.2.1 (production of construction materials stage carbon emission calculates and do not comprise the direct carbon emission of building materials).
The each stage carbon emission ratio of the new-type dull and stereotyped room building of table 1.2.1
From the research of Qiao Yongfeng, for the serviceable life of 30 years, the carbon emission of production of construction materials and inhabitation operational phase is the highest, account for 96.36% of total carbon emissions, and the proportion that all the other stages account for is less than 4%.Along with the prolongation of tenure of use, the carbon emission rising further than regular meeting of inhabitation operational phase, the carbon emission in other stages progressively declines than regular meeting.
Although the operation carbon emission proportion of buildings life cycle management is larger, the carbon emission proportion that building materials are introduced is less, but the turnout of annual China building materials is huge, environment is caused and has a strong impact on, thus can not introduce the proportion of carbon emission in buildings life cycle management because of building materials less and ignore the absolute magnitude of its carbon emission.
A given time period, project team uses production of construction materials, building and the carbon emission ratio of building dismounting is estimated.From the investigational data of the people such as Shanghai University Cheng Min, the energy consumption ratio that production of construction materials energy consumption, building Energy in use and architecture construction remove energy consumption three is 37.5%, 60% and 2.5%.Consider from energy consumption angle, the energy consumed in the use procedure of annual building is far away higher than production of construction materials and architecture construction demolishing process.
But production of construction materials not only consumes the energy, numerous building material product directly can discharge carbon dioxide in process of production, and as cement, glass etc., and this in line ratio accounts for the large percentage of building materials total carbon emissions, thus can not ignore.Below by way of 2007 and 2008 the whole nation main large building material product output, the in line default value provided in IPCC is provided, estimate the direct carbon emission amount of these two time production of construction materials processes, and compare with the carbon emission amount that building materials total energy consumption causes, following table is the estimation result of China 2007 and the direct carbon emission amount of main building material product in 2008.
The direct carbon emission estimation of table 1.2.2 China 2007 and main building material product in 2008
According to ASSOCIATE STATISTICS, the quantity of energy of 2007 and building materials industry consumption in 2008 is respectively 19,283 ten thousand tons of standard coal equivalents and 20,900 ten thousand tons of standard coal equivalents, adopts China standard coal equivalent reduction coefficient 2.4567kgCO 2/ kgce converts, then the indirect carbon emission amount that the building materials industry energy resource consumption of 2007 and 2008 causes is respectively 47,373 ten thousand tons of CO 2with 51,345 ten thousand tons of CO 2, the ratio of indirect carbon emission that thus the direct carbon emission of 2007 and China's production of construction materials in 2008 and production of construction materials energy consumption cause is respectively 2.7:1 and 2.5:1.Getting its average proportions is 2.6:1.
In result according to estimation, the direct carbon emission of production of construction materials process only calculates 5 kinds of large materials, other building material product, as iron, copper, concrete, walling etc. all do not count, illustrate within the given time period, the carbon emission ratio of production of construction materials accounts for the ratio of building total carbon emissions and should be higher than 68%, and building uses part addition to account for 99%.For building construction and the carbon emission amount of removing the disposal stage, its ratio accounting for building total carbon emissions, less than 1%, can not considered when the carbon emission of simple computation buildings.
From analyzing above, production of construction materials and building operational phase are topmost buildings carbon emission sources, and along with the increase of buildings tenure of use, the carbon emission ratio of building operational phase improves constantly, the carbon emission ratio of other link constantly reduces, but the absolute value of production of construction materials carbon emission amount is comparatively large, can not ignore.And the proportion that the carbon emission of architecture construction and teardown phase accounts for buildings total carbon emissions is very little, generally between 1% to 4%.
(3) carbon emission computing formula is built
Comprehensive above analysis, originally research and propose the reduced mechanical model of building carbon emission, be shown below:
CO 2 buildingss, year=k (CO 2 building materials are introduced+ CO 2 building operations)/N (1.2.1)
Wherein: CO 2 buildingss, yearfor buildings unit uses the carbon emission amount in year;
CO 2 building materials are introducedfor carbon emission amount introduced by buildings building materials, computing method refer to the 3rd chapter;
CO 2 building operationsoperation carbon emission in Building Design serviceable life, computing method refer to special item report;
K is the estimation coefficient of carbon emission amount to construction and teardown phase, gets k=1.05;
N is building life, in units of year.
The Quantitative Calculation Method of non-composite type building materials
It is the prerequisite that compound building materials and buildings carbon emission calculate that the carbon emission of the non-composite such as cement, glass type building materials calculates.If cement is as concrete starting material, introduce carbon emission as starting material and the carbon emission being directly used in concrete product calculated, glass is as buildings window material, and its result of calculation calculates the building material product total carbon emissions amount of buildings by being directly used in.Thus the carbon emission of non-composite type building materials calculates is the basis that compound building materials and buildings carbon emission calculate.
This model take production of construction materials as starting point, and it is terminal that building material product is transported to target unit, calculates the carbon emission amount of building materials within the scope of this.Below the composition of carbon emission footprint is set forth.
unit building material product production carbon emission
Unit building material product production carbon emission produces direct carbon emission by building material product and building material product energy consumption carbon emission forms.Most non-composite type building materials in process of production, because starting material are mineral or clay, wherein containing carbonate and oxide, through the production technology of high-temperature calcination or reduction reaction, can cause directly discharging carbon dioxide in production run; Building material product energy consumption carbon emission refers to the indirect carbon emission that the energy that unit building material product (comprises accessory production system etc.) in process of production and consumes causes, non-composite type production of construction materials enterprise energy complex structure, comprise the various energy resources such as fuel, electric power, coal, it is thorough to consider when calculating.
unit building material product transport carbon emission
Unit building material product transport carbon emission refers to building material product transport fuel carbon emission, and namely traffic unit building material product to that oil product of target burns the carbon emission amount caused.For non-composite type building materials, portion of material, as cement, lime etc., as the starting material of compound production of construction materials, its Product transport carbon emission contains in the carbon emission of compound building materials calculates; Portion of material, as glass, door-window section bar etc., as the function building materials of buildings, its Product transport carbon emission contains in the carbon emission of building at entity being calculated.
The Quantitative Calculation Method of non-composite type building materials
the total computing method of non-composite type building materials carbon emission amount
The unit carbon emission of non-composite type building materials calculates is undertaken by following formula:
C i＝C i,N+C i,O+C i,H(1.2.2)
C i---the unit carbon emission amount of i class composite building material product;
C i,N---the production energy resource consumption carbon emission of unit i class composite building material product;
C i,O---the transport carbon emission of unit i class composite building material product;
C i,H---the direct carbon emission of unit i class composite building material production.
carbon emission quantization method (the C that unit product energy consumption causes n)
Non-composite type building materials consumes energy structure complexity in process of producing product, comprise electricity, fuel, coal etc., the domestic non-composite type building material product to high energy consumptions such as such as cement specifies energy consumption limit standard, and certain areas are also added up the unit consumption of energy of such building materials, also there is more relevant research data simultaneously, thus the production energy consumption data of unit product can obtain from above data, and unit product carbon emission can be calculated as follows:
C N = Σ i e i · k i - - - ( 1.2.3 )
C n---the production energy resource consumption carbon emission amount of unit building material product;
E i---unit product i class energy energy consumption limit;
K i---the CO2 emission factor of the i class energy.
the direct carbon emission quantization method (C that unit product transport oil consumption causes o)
Unit product transport oil consumption carbon emission can adopt two kinds of methods to calculate:
Method one: transportation range method
The method calculates identical with raw-material transport carbon emission method:
C o=E fortuneeF combustionh
C o---the carbon emission of unit building material product transport;
E fortune---the unit consumption of energy of building material product means of transportation;
EF combustion---effective CO2 emission factor of building material product transport fuel burning;
The transportation range of H---building material product.
Table 1.2.3 various energy CO2 emission coefficient 1
12006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories；
2electric power carbon emission factor values is originated: " Chinese regional power grids line-based emission factor in 2010 ", National Development and Reform Committee.
3IEA:CO 2EmissionsfromFuelCombustion2009.http://www.iea.org/statistics
4national Development and Reform Committee's energy announced
If the oil consumption statistics of unit product transport can be known, can calculate by following formula:
C o=EF energyd singleh (1.2.4)
EF energy---the CO2 emission factor that building material product transporting oil products consumes;
D single---the oil consumption of unit product unit transport distance.
Method two: transport oil consumption method
Transport oil consumption is directly converted to CO2 emissions by the method, and computing formula is as follows:
D---total oil consumption of building material product transport;
The total production of N---building material product.
The unit consumption of energy of table 1.2.4 several modes
Note: 1, railway, transport by road energy consumption data are taken from " Chinese energy statistical yearbook 1991-1996 ".
2, river transport and sea-freight data take from other results of study.
Effective CO2 emission factor (Continued) of table 1.2.6 different fuel
the direct carbon emission quantization method (C of unit product production run h)
Non-composite type building material product is of a great variety, its production technology and stoichiometry far from each other, therefore the direct carbon emission amount of non-composite type building material product production run cannot be characterized by unified computing method.Thus, according to the production principle of different materials and process characteristic, the direct carbon emission of its production run must be calculated respectively.The direct carbon emission computing method in the non-composite type production of construction materials processes such as cement, lime, glass, steel are provided in " IPCC country greenhouse gases inventory guide in 2006 ", this computation model mainly adopts the computing method in this inventory, and the direct carbon emission computing method of some non-composite type building materials are not listed in this inventory, the data that this model then adopts the research method of scholar in the industry and list of references to provide.
2) Quantitative Calculation Method of compound building materials
The compound raw building material such as concrete, walling kind is more, and introduce carbon emission calculation of complex, add that energy consumption is higher, the carbon emission amount of such building materials is larger; And such building materials belong to large material between floors, large usage quantity, occupies certain proportion in the carbon emission total amount of buildings life cycle management.Thus calculating the carbon emission of the composite building materials such as concrete is the emphasis calculated whole building material carbon emission.
The computation bound of this model is starting point from raw-material production carbon emission, and it is terminal that building material product is transported to engineering site, calculates the carbon emission amount of unit composite architectural materials product in this life-cycle process.Below the composition of carbon emission footprint is set forth.
carbon emission introduced by unit building material product starting material
Unit building material product starting material introducing carbon emission includes carbon emission by starting material and starting material transport fuel carbon emission two parts form, and converts according to the match ratio of different building material product in the carbon emission of unit building material product.Starting material include carbon emission and refer to the CO2 emissions that production unit raw material product causes, and starting material transport fuel carbon emission refers to that traffic unit starting material to the oil product of applying unit burns the carbon emission amount caused; Building material product match ratio refers to each raw-material use amount of unit composite building material product.
unit building material product production carbon emission
Unit building material product production carbon emission produces direct carbon emission by building material product and building material product energy consumption carbon emission forms.The production technology of the compound building materials of coagulation great soil group is hybrid technique, there is not the direct CO2 emission that fuel combustion or starting material chemical reaction cause in process of production, but picture clay brick class walling, need high-temperature firing in process of production, or foam process etc., directly can produce a certain amount of carbon emission; Building material product energy consumption carbon emission refers to the indirect carbon emission that the energy that unit building material product (comprises accessory production system etc.) in process of production and consumes causes, the energy that composite building material manufacturing enterprise consumes mostly is electric energy, does not generally need the energy purchasing other form.
unit building material product production carbon emission
Unit building material product production carbon emission produces direct carbon emission by building material product and building material product energy consumption carbon emission forms.The production technology of most compound building materials is hybrid technique, there is not burning or starting material chemical reaction causes CO2 emission, but minority building materials, as brick made of mud, need high-temperature firing in process of production, a certain amount of carbon emission can be produced; Building material product energy consumption carbon emission refers to the indirect carbon emission that the energy that unit building material product (comprises accessory production system etc.) in process of production and consumes causes, the energy that composite building material manufacturing enterprise consumes mostly is electric energy, does not generally need the energy purchasing other form.
unit building material product transport carbon emission
Unit building material product transport carbon emission refers to building material product transport fuel carbon emission, and namely traffic unit building material product to the oil product of engineering site burns the carbon emission amount caused.
A) compound building materials carbon emission quantization method
the total computing method of compound building materials carbon emission amount
The unit carbon emission of compound building materials calculates is undertaken by following formula:
C i＝C i,Y+C i,N+C i,O+C i,H(1.2.6)
C i---the unit carbon emission amount of i class composite building material product;
C i,Y---carbon emission introduced by the starting material of unit i class composite building material product;
C i,N---the production energy resource consumption carbon emission of unit i class composite building material product;
C i,O---the transport carbon emission of unit i class composite building material product;
C i,H---the direct carbon emission of unit i class composite building material production.
carbon emission quantization method (C introduced by unit building material product starting material y)
The calculating that carbon emission introduced by unit building material product starting material is carried out in two steps:
The first step, the raw-material introducing carbon emission of unit of account, is calculated as follows:
EF i＝EF i,h+EF i,y(1.2.7)
EF i---the raw-material introducing carbon emission of unit i class;
EF i,h---unit i class is raw-material includes carbon emission;
EF i,y---the raw-material transport carbon emission of unit i class.
Wherein, EF i,ycan be calculated as follows:
EF i,y=E i, fortuneeF i, combustionh i(1.2.8)
E i, fortune---the unit consumption of energy of i class starting material means of transportation;
EF i, combustion---effective CO2 emission factor of i class starting material transport fuel burning;
H i---the raw-material transportation range of i class.
Second step, according to the match ratio of different composite building materials unit, carbon emission introduced by the starting material of unit of account building material product, and computing formula is:
C Y = Σ i = 1 n EF i · M i - - - ( 1.2.9 )
C y---carbon emission introduced by the starting material of unit building material product;
M i---the raw-material consumption of i class in unit building material product.
carbon emission quantization method (the C that unit product energy consumption causes n)
The composite architectural materials such as concrete main main energy sources consumed in process of producing product is electric energy, and some product may also need to consume other form energy, and its unit product is produced and is calculated as follows:
C N = Σ i = 1 n E i · k i N - - - ( 1.2.10 )
C n---the production energy resource consumption carbon emission amount of unit building material product;
E i---the total amount consumed of the i class energy;
K i---the CO2 emission factor of the i class energy;
The total production of N---building material product.
the direct carbon emission quantization method (C that unit product transport oil consumption causes o)
With reference to the computing method of the transport carbon emission of non-composite type building material product.
the direct carbon emission quantization method (C of unit product production run h)
The direct carbon emission amount of unit product can be calculated as follows:
C H = Σ Q i · EF CO 3 , i - - - ( 1.2.11 )
C h---the direct carbon emission of unit building material product;
Q i---the content of unit product i class carbonate;
---the carbon emission coefficient of i class carbonate.
The carbon emission of non-composite type building materials calculates and analyzes
Unit product carbon emission for non-composite type building materials calculates, and need gather the basic datas such as raw building material transport, production of construction materials simultaneously, adopts the model originally researched and proposed to calculate.Sell cement for ordinary city, Shanghai City, its carbon emission computation process is as follows.
The present invention is based on building material product life cycle management angle to set out, propose the carbon emission Quantitative Calculation Method of non-composite type building materials and compound building materials; The indirect carbon emission that the carbon emission source structure of non-composite type building materials comprises direct carbon emission in production run, energy consumption causes and direct carbon emission three part that Product transport oil consumption causes, the carbon emission source structure of compound building materials comprises the indirect carbon emission that direct carbon emission in carbon emission, production run introduced by starting material, energy consumption causes and direct carbon emission four part that Product transport oil consumption causes.
Building operation carbon emission Research on Calculation
The CO2 emission of the CO2 emission building up the operation phase mainly in a few days normal operational phase.After the discharge in routine use stage mainly refers to build completion, the CO2 emission that the energy that the routine uses such as air-conditioning, illumination, culinary art, washing, electrical equipment, power consume causes.
The operational phase of building is usually all lasted many decades and is even gone up a century, its energy-output ratio is huge, usually account for more than 80 ~ 90% of the whole life cycle energy ezpenditure of buildings, even the building that energy use efficiency is high, the energy consumption proportion of its operational phase is also up to 50 ~ 60%.Building operational phase energy consumption relates generally to the energy resource consumption of the aspects such as building and heating, air-conditioning, ventilation, hot water supply, illumination, cooking, household electrical appliance, elevator, comprises residential housing Energy in use and public building Energy in use two class.
In the Energy in use of residential housing, the energy consumption of heating, air-conditioning, hot water and cooking occupies the overwhelming majority; For public building, its energy resource consumption then mainly occurs on air-conditioning system and electric consumption on lighting.In addition, individual building in use may need updating maintenance, and this part energy resource consumption is separately counted.
The carbon emission relevant with building operational phase, mainly comprises following three parts:
1, the direct carbon emission that causes of fuel combustion
Main finger stationary source (except electric device) is in order to produce fuel combustion when electric power, heat energy or steam.Such as: the use such as oil burning boiler, gas fired-boiler, cooking stove, gas heater causes.
2, the carbon emission using the energy indirectly to cause
The outsourcing electric power of equipment use in main confession under directions buildings border.Such as, the use such as architectural lighting equipment, indoor electric equipment, electric boiler causes.
3, architecture greening carbon remittance effect
Main finger removes the process of carbon dioxide, activity, mechanism and effect by greening modes such as building roof greening, vertical plantings from air.
1, the direct carbon emission that causes of fuel combustion
Combustion process refers to that Cucumber (i.e. fuel) discharges the process of heat energy (heating power) when Quick Oxidation.The activity of stationary combustion source can direct emission greenhouse gas, such as carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and atmosphere pollution.From the greenhouse gas emissions that stationary combustion source produces, be depend on fuel characteristic, fuel quantity and combustion technology, also can be variant because of its operating mode and maintenance method.
The method of carbon emission gauge at last based on Fuel Consumption in the present invention.This method be generally need collect for burn fuel classification and consumption as carbon emission activity data.
The computing method of CO2 emissions relate to fuel classification, Fuel Consumption and emission factor, and computing formula is as follows:
CO2 emissions=Σ Fuel Consumption × CO2 emission coefficient
In formula, discharge capacity is after all fuel classification addition calculation once used, with CO2 equivalent metric ton (or kilogram) for unit expresses; Fuel Consumption is for unit with the capacity of this kind of fuel (such as litre) or weight (such as kilogram); And CO2 emission coefficient, kgCO 2/ unit of fuel amount.
2, the carbon emission using the energy indirectly to cause
Electric power is burnt at fixing burner by fossil fuel, or consume that other fuels sources (such as rock gas, nuclear energy, wind-force etc.) produces.Although because of the caused greenhouse gases that buy power, the facility be actually being electric power fuel and feedstock conversion gives off Come outside buildings border, and associated emission still causes because consumer buys the energy.Just because of this, the greenhouse gas emission that consumption is bought the energy and caused is the result that purchase and power drain cause indirectly, is considered " indirectly " discharge.
The indirect carbon emission amount caused because consuming the electric power bought, estimate by following formula:
Electricity × electric power the emission factor of CO2 emissions=purchase
In formula, the electricity of purchase measures with kilowatt hour (kWh); Electric power emission factor is with kgCO 2/ kWh is unit.
Know according to above-mentioned analysis, the committed step that constructing operation stage carbon emission calculates is: the acquisition of building energy consumption data and the determination of carbon emission coefficient.
1, building energy consumption data acquisition
Investigation method on the spot can be adopted to obtain building Energy in use data for the building used.The energy consumption that selected residential housing or public building are carried out on the spot being investigated, using by calculating the annual energy consumption of building to the statistics of building energy consumption bill.Because purposes is different, residential housing and public building Energy in use level have respective feature, should carry out influence parameters analysis, refinement building type when investigating.The result investigating method is on the spot accurate, but compares consumes resources; In addition, to being in design or the building in building, its design objective can be adopted to calculate the energy consumption of operational phase.
Table 1.2.20 various energy CO2 emission coefficient 1
12006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories；
2electric power carbon emission factor values is originated: " Chinese regional power grids line-based emission factor in 2010 ", National Development and Reform Committee.
3IEA:CO2EmissionsfromFuelCombustion2009.http://www.iea.org/statistics
2, carbon emission coefficient is determined
Variety of energy sources is different, and CO2 emission coefficient is also just different.Owing to starting late in China's carbon emission accounting aspect, also do not set up the carbon emission coefficient determination result of scientific system at present.Therefore in this research, it is foundation that the carbon emission coefficient of the major consumers energy issues result according to domestic and international authoritative standard default or official mission.Table 1.2.20 is the CO2 emission coefficient of different energy sources.
The present invention analyzes building use procedure carbon emission process, show that the carbon emission relevant with building operational phase mainly comprises: the direct carbon emission that fuel combustion causes and the carbon emission using the energy indirectly to cause.Discuss this two parts carbon emission respectively and calculate the ring fence, quantization method and the job step that relate to.
Typical building carbon emission calculation and evaluation
Shen village's complex building belonging to Shanghai Construction Science Research Inst. is positioned at No. 568, Shen Fu road, Shanghai City, floor area of building 9992 square metres, wherein aerial part main building 4573 square metres, 2402 square metres, secondary building, under ground portion 3017 square metres.Main building 7 layers on the ground, 1 layer, underground, comprises general office building and conferencing function; Secondary building 4 floor on the ground, 1 layer, underground, comprises energy-conservation, and the professional research department such as acoustics bottom of the building Underground Garage also comprises switchgear building, the supporting room such as water plant.
Primary building material inventory is investigated
By statistics civil engineering, curtain wall engineering and fitting-out work, the primary structural material inventory of this building is in Table 1.2.21.
Table 1.2.21 part non-composite type building material product carbon emission
Building material product carbon emission total amount and unit area carbon emission gauge are calculated and be the results are shown in Table 1.2.22, and complex building construction period unit of shen village carbon emission is 700.2kgCO 2/ m 2.
The building materials carbon emission amount result of calculation of table 1.2.22 multi-layer concrete structure house
(1), in the carbon emission of buildings, production of construction materials and building operational phase are the main carbon emission source of buildings life cycle management, and the proportion that architecture construction and teardown phase account for building total carbon emissions is less.In view of the complicacy of the whole life cycle structure of buildings, this subject study with production of construction materials and building operational phase carbon emission quantum chemical method for the starting point, propose the building carbon emission computing method based on life cycle management (LCA), its computing formula is:
CO 2 buildingss, year=k (CO 2 building materials are introduced+ CO 2 building operations)/N
K is conversion factor, gets k=1.05, to the estimation coefficient of carbon emission amount of construction and teardown phase.
(2) house primary structural material is divided into non-composite type building materials and compound building materials two type by this research, and for the productive prospecting of two class materials, propose the carbon emission computing method based on life cycle management, and utilize the method, the carbon emission of the main building material product in Shanghai City is calculated, establish house primary structural material unit product carbon emission amount database, as shown in table 1.2.23 and 1.2.24:
Table 1.2.23 non-composite type building material product carbon emission database
Table 1.2.24 compound building material product carbon emission database
(3) the present invention analyzes building use procedure carbon emission process, show that the carbon emission relevant with building operational phase mainly comprises: the direct carbon emission that fuel combustion causes and the carbon emission using the energy indirectly to cause, discuss this two parts carbon emission respectively and calculate the ring fence, quantization method and the job step that relate to.
(4) the present invention is applicable to the carbon emission Calculation Estimation of common buildings, and for shen village's complex building, as calculated, its construction period unit carbon emission is 700.2kgCO 2/ m 2.

Claims (1)

1. a green building carbon emission evaluation method, is characterized in that, this evaluation method comprises the load considering to cause environment to weigh it with the discharge capacity of all greenhouse gases in the described building life cycle.
The described building life cycle refers to from the life of buildings to extremely, i.e. offal treatment is removed in planning and design, production of construction materials, construction, routine use, Renovation, renewal, life cycle each stage of recycling carries out the assessment of comprehensive, systematic carrying capacity of environment.
The carbon emission source of described life cycle environment assessment includes buildings life cycle materialization stage, operational phase and removes the carbon emission in disposal stage,
That is, the carbon emission of buildings life cycle comprises the discharge of carbon dioxide of construction period, operation phase and teardown phase: wherein:
Construction period: be for building materials, the impact of Life cycle carbon emission is from material collection, produces, program and design, builds and transport, operation and maintenance, and in process total recycle process, the matter energy carbon dioxide produced that flows carries out comprehensive evaluation;
The production of construction materials stage: the carbon dioxide that production of construction materials directly discharges and the carbon dioxide that the energy that processing consumes produces;
Haulage stage: the carbon dioxide that building materials are carried, the energy of the machinery and equipment consumption of transport point use produces;
Construction stage: the carbon dioxide that the machine that construction period uses, the energy of devices consume produce;
Operation phase: comprise the routine use stage and upgrade the repairerment stage:
The routine use stage: after buildings is completed and uses, maintain buildings and run well, comprise the carbon dioxide that produces of energy of air-conditioning, illumination, washing, culinary art, power consumption;
Upgrade the repairerment stage: buildings basic maintenance, the carbon dioxide that the energy repairing and transform renewal consumption produces;
Teardown phase: the carbon dioxide that demolishing buildings, the energy disintegrating consumption produce;
The offal treatment stage: the carbon dioxide that the energy that carrying and offal treatment consume produces;
The recycling stage: the carbon dioxide that the energy that recovery and reuse of waste forms regrown material consumption produces;
Described building carbon emission evaluation method, also comprises the carbon emission considering that building operational phase, tenure of use and production of construction materials are introduced,
The computing formula of the carbon emission of described building, is shown below:
CO 2 buildingss, year=k (CO 2 building materials are introduced+ CO 2 building operations)/N (1)
Wherein: CO 2 buildingss, yearfor buildings unit uses the carbon emission amount in year;
CO 2 building materials are introducedfor carbon emission amount introduced by buildings building materials,
CO 2 building operationsoperation carbon emission in Building Design serviceable life,
K is the estimation coefficient of carbon emission amount to construction and teardown phase, gets k=1.05;
N is building life, in units of year;
Described CO 2 building materials are introducedbe divided into again 2 kinds of situations, non-composite type building materials and compound building materials,
The indirect carbon emission that the carbon emission source structure of non-composite type building materials comprises direct carbon emission in production run, energy consumption causes and direct carbon emission three part that Product transport oil consumption causes.
The carbon emission source structure of compound building materials comprises the indirect carbon emission that direct carbon emission in carbon emission, production run introduced by starting material, energy consumption causes and direct carbon emission four part that Product transport oil consumption causes,
Described CO 2 building operationsrefer to, the CO2 emission building up the operation phase refers to the discharge in routine use stage, after comprising building completion, the carbon emission that the CO2 emission that the energy that air-conditioning, illumination, culinary art, washing, electrical equipment, power routine use consume causes is relevant with building operational phase, mainly comprise direct carbon emission, the carbon emission using the energy indirectly to cause and architecture greening carbon remittance effect that fuel combustion causes, three parts: the direct carbon emission that fuel combustion causes refers to fuel combustion when producing electric power, heat energy or steam; Use the carbon emission that the energy causes indirectly, the outsourcing electric power of equipment use in confession under directions buildings border; Architecture greening carbon converges effect, refers to from air, remove the process of carbon dioxide, activity, mechanism and effect by greening modes such as building roof greening, vertical plantings.
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