CN105431754B - 旋转的非圆形且非椭圆形的纤芯光纤以及使用其的设备 - Google Patents

旋转的非圆形且非椭圆形的纤芯光纤以及使用其的设备 Download PDF

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CN105431754B
CN105431754B CN201480027215.0A CN201480027215A CN105431754B CN 105431754 B CN105431754 B CN 105431754B CN 201480027215 A CN201480027215 A CN 201480027215A CN 105431754 B CN105431754 B CN 105431754B
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CN105431754A (zh
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叶昌庚
T·S·索斯诺基
J·科普宁
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Abstract

提供了用于模式辨别的光纤，所述光纤包括中央纤芯以及布置在所述中央纤芯的周围的包层。所述中央纤芯具有非圆形且非椭圆形的截面，并且其以选定的节距围绕沿光纤的长度的所述光纤的一条中心轴线旋转，导致对于大纤芯尺寸具有基础模式光束输出的能力。光学***包括被配置为提供种子光束的种子光源以及被配置为接收并放大所述种子光束的光学放大器。所述光学放大器还包括有源光纤，所述有源光纤具有围绕所述有源光纤的中心轴线旋转的大模场面积的非圆形且非椭圆形的纤芯，以提供模式辨别和基础模式输出。

Description

旋转的非圆形且非椭圆形的纤芯光纤以及使用其的设备
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求享有于2013年3月15日提交的美国临时专利申请US 61/800970的优先权，该申请的全部内容通过引用方式被整体纳入本文中。
背景技术
1.技术领域
总体来说，本发明的技术领域为光纤。更具体地，本发明涉及大模场面积光纤及其单模操作。
2.背景技术
日益重要的是使得产业跟上小尺度技术的发展。由于具有处理各种材料并且是在小尺度上处理的能力，激光***非常适于相应技术中的精确处理应用。特别地，由于其除了其它优点之外的紧凑、高效、成本可取性以及潜在的单模性能，高功率光纤激光器非常适于这种精确应用。然而，为了增加利用光纤的这种***的功率能力，存在各种障碍。例如，在一些方法中，光纤激光器的功率扩展需要大模场面积光纤来提供单模性能，即使这种光纤的纤芯尺寸增加至实际的单模范围之外的直径，诸如约25μm或更小。高阶模式的启用往往使来自光纤的输出束的束质量严重恶化，这导致低于最佳性能并限制输出功率扩展。已研发的用于使功率壁垒符合混合结果的各种方法要么仍在研发要么非常昂贵。因此，仍需要能够扩展至更高功率的光纤激光器***。
发明内容
为了将光纤激光器***扩展至更高的功率，设计并在本文公开了新型的光纤，其允许在能够保持单模操作或另外地对高阶模式提供相当大抑制的光纤激光器***中使用大纤芯大模场面积光纤。具体地，新型光纤包括围绕其轴线旋转的非圆形且非椭圆形的中央纤芯结构。非圆形且非椭圆形的纤芯结构打破了传统光纤的旋转对称，并且提供了模式辨别的可能性，而纤芯围绕光纤的轴线的旋转提供了模式加扰和耦合。上述二者的结合产生了模式辨别，即使纤芯尺寸以及对应的光束功率被扩展至单模体制之外。对于本文中具有不同大纤芯尺寸的光纤，可以改变并选择特定的旋转周期，对于该特定的旋转周期，光纤的基础模式在工作波段内具有低传输损耗，而光纤的高阶模式具有高传输损耗。以此方式，可以在沿光纤传播时有效地抑制高阶模式，而基础模式将保持不变或基本上不受影响。因此，这种光纤将具有大模场面积，并且同时继续提供稳定的单模操作。本文中的光纤可以通过如下方式制造，即，通过提供具有非圆形且非椭圆形的纤芯截面的预成型件，然后以对应于期望的模式辨别性能的预定旋转速率拉动该预成型件。
根据本发明的其它方面，提供了光纤激光器和光纤放大器，其能够被扩展至极高的功率同时保持单模操作。根据另外的其它方面，提供了光谱过滤器，其能够使得进一步扩展光纤激光器和光纤放大器的功率并且能够对级联拉曼放大器提供额外的益处。
根据以下参照附图进行的详细说明，将明了前述以及其它目标、特征和优点，其中附图不必是按比例的。
附图说明
图1是根据本发明的一个方面的光纤的截面的透视图。
图2A是图1所示的光纤的截面视图。
图2B至图2F示出根据本发明的其它方面的光纤的另外的截面视图。
图3A是光传输损耗谱的图表。
图3B是示出根据图3A所示的光传输损耗谱的光纤的截面视图。
图4A是光传输损耗谱的图表。
图4B是示出根据图4A所示的光传输损耗谱的光纤的截面视图。
图5A是根据本发明的一个方面的光纤的光传输损耗谱的图表。
图5B是示出根据图5A所示的光传输损耗谱的光纤的截面视图。
图6是根据本发明的一个方面的光纤放大器***的示意图。
图7A示出根据本发明的一个方面的各种光纤构造的光传输损耗谱的多个图表。
图7B示出根据本发明的一个方面的、与图7A相关联且延伸至其右侧的多个附加图表。
图8是描述根据本发明的一个方面的级联拉曼放大器的性能的示意图表。
具体实施方式
现在参照图1和图2A，示出了根据本发明的一个方面的光纤10。光纤10包括与光纤12的中心纵向轴线14基本上对齐设置的中央纤芯12。中央纤芯12的周围是包层16。纤芯12具有非圆形且非椭圆形的几何形状，其在一个方面中如所示具有八边形构造18。如下将讨论的，其它几何形状也是可以的。围绕纤芯12的包层16具有圆形外径几何形状，但是其它结构也是可以的并且在很多情况下优选其它结构。如所示出的，光纤10为双包层光纤，尤其适于光纤激光器***。其它类型的构造也是可以的，诸如三包层纤维构造，并且为了简便省略了一些部件，诸如围绕包层16的套筒或涂层。根据具体应用或用途，光纤10的纤芯12可以是有源的或无源的。在典型实施例中，与常规光纤相比，纤芯12的直径大，诸如大于20μm、50μm、80μm或甚至100μm。
光纤10的中央纤芯12优选为能够支持比传播束的基础模式高阶的模式的大模场面积纤芯。然而，以纤芯结构沿光纤10的纵向轴线14并非静态的方式来制造光纤10。在优选实施例中，截面结构以预定频率沿光纤10的长度围绕纵向轴线14方位旋转，以形成旋转结构20。恒定旋转实施方案中的旋转结构20的特征在于节距或周期被优化用于模式辨别。例如，如图1所示，针对光纤10示出了约一个节距长度的旋转纤芯结构20。根据本发明所述节距长度可以改变并且用于达到不同效果。例如，恒定旋转纤芯的节距可按照慢速或快速的方式连续地或步进地增大或减小。此外，可以组合不同的节距频率，以形成以不均匀方式旋转的纤芯结构。
现在参照图2B至图2F，示出了与本发明的另外方面一致的各种截面几何形状。通常，各种形状都是可能的并且在本发明的精神和范围内。为了便于制造，多边形形状可以是优选的。在图2B中，示出了如下光纤截面，其中光纤的纤芯22具有八角星形构造。其它多边形可以包括正方形、矩形、五边形、六边形等。在图2C中，示出了如下光纤截面，其中，光纤的纤芯24具有沿着纤芯24的外周的小凹口26。在图2D中，示出了如下光纤截面，其中纤芯28具有在沿纤芯28的外周的选定位置处的一个或更多个纤芯凸起特征30。在图2E中，示出了如下光纤截面，其中纤芯32包括关于纤芯32的外周的随机或不对称构造的特征。在图2F中，示出了如下光纤截面，其中纤芯34包括关于纤芯34的外周对称布置的纤芯凸起特征36。对于不同的截面几何形状，光学模式可以演进并在其中不同地相互作用，并且为了期望的模式辨别效果，可以利用束传播仿真以优化纤芯的旋转节距。
例如，现在参照图3-5，以三种不同的仿真示出了光纤设计。在每个仿真中，纤芯的边-边尺寸(或直径)为56μm，远大于以1064nm传播光通量的普通阶跃折射率光纤的单模体制。如所示出的，纤芯数值孔径为0.068，并且纤芯被动地掺杂有锗。图3B示出了具有圆形纤芯38的常规光纤的截面。图3A示出了以4.7mm节距围绕光纤的纵向轴线旋转的相同常规圆形纤芯光纤的传输损耗谱。通常，鉴于圆形纤芯38中的方位角对称，旋转节距基本上不影响或改变通过其的光学模式的传播。因此，基础模式LP01和下一高阶模式LP11(也表示其它高阶模式)分别指示在0.146和0.0346的宽光谱上的低传输损耗。光纤输出处的光束将包括大量不期望的高阶模式含量。
在图4B中，示出针对具有八边形纤芯40的光纤的截面。在该实施例中，光纤纤芯40没有被旋转。然后参照图4A，针对具有不旋转的八边形纤芯40的光纤示出了传输损耗谱。与具有图3A中的圆形纤芯38的光纤实施例类似，不旋转的八边形纤芯光纤在宽的光谱范围上经历低传输损耗。光纤输出处的光束将包括大量不期望的高阶模式含量。因此，纤芯的旋转或者非圆形且非椭圆形的纤芯结构单独均无法提供期望的模式辨别。现在参照图5B，示出了具有八边形纤芯42的光纤的截面，其与图4B所示的八边形纤芯的截面类似，除了纤芯结构42沿光纤的长度以4.7mm的节距旋转。如图5A所示，LP01模式的光传输损耗谱保持很低，在1060nm左右的工作波长带宽中保持在约0.3dB/m或更小。图5A还示出了最低的高阶模式LP11的光传输损耗大于20dB/m。其它高阶模式具有类似的或更高的损耗。由于单模光纤能够传播并发射具有极大模场面积的光束，这种大的高阶模式抑制能够确保光纤有效地工作。此外，在许多实施例中，这种单模操作对于不完美的发射条件以及其它外部干扰是稳定的。
在本发明的光纤的一些实施例中，使用玻璃光纤，而在其它实施例中，使用硅、氟化物玻璃(ZBLAN)或塑料光纤。此外，尽管为了简便示出了阶跃折射率光纤，但可以使用其它折射率分布，包括抛物线型、多阶跃型、三角型、下凹型、等级型等。如本文先前提到的，根据本发明的光纤可以是有源的或无源的。有源光纤可以包括镱掺杂、铒掺杂、铒-镱共掺杂、铥掺杂、钬掺杂、钕掺杂、铋掺杂以及其它掺杂物。无源光纤典型地包括锗掺杂、铝掺杂、多离子共掺杂或其它掺杂物组合。在一些实施方案中，光纤可以是感光的。本文中光纤的包层构造可以是所示的圆形或不是圆形，包括椭圆形、多边形、矩形、D形、花形以及不规则形。光纤的一些实施例可以包括单层或多层涂层，诸如丙烯酸酯、硅树脂、多聚物、碳、金属、纳米粒等，而其它实施例可以省略涂层。根据本发明的一些实施例的光纤可以支持线性、圆形、椭圆形、径向、方位角或其组合，涡旋或复杂偏振状态。在一些实施例中，可以使用长度短且具有大包层尺寸的棒型光纤。此外，一些光纤实施例可以包括沿光纤轴线具有变化的涂层或纤芯尺寸(或两者)的纵向成锥形的光纤。
根据本发明的一些制造方法包括通过使用八边形(或其它预选的非圆形且非椭圆形的纤芯结构)内孔套筒管来套住纤芯棒预成型件。随后慢慢地拉动光纤同时以预定的或动态控制的速率旋转该预成型件。
根据本发明的光纤的不同实施例可以用于许多类型的光纤激光器和光纤放大器***。这些***将趋于从本文的新型光纤中显著受益，特别是关于束质量、指向稳定性、非线性效应以及物料损毁阈值。图6示出了根据本发明的利用本文所述的光纤的光纤激光器***的一个实施例并且总体用44标示。脉冲种子源激光器可操作用于在预定的脉冲宽度和重复频率提供相对低功率的激光脉冲。例如，一种合适的脉冲宽度可以为100ps并且合适的重复频率可以为10MHz。可以使用以其它脉冲宽度和重复频率为特征的其它种子源。在典型实施例中，使用一个或更多个预放大级将激光器脉冲的平均功率放大至数瓦特。还在各级之间使用一个或更多个光学隔离器以阻止不期望的反馈。
泵浦合束器(pump combiner)被配置为将来自一个或更多个泵浦激光二极管的泵浦光耦合到无源光纤的包层中，并且将来自放大的种子源的信号光耦合到无源光纤的纤芯中。然后，可以将无源光纤接合至本发明的示例性有源光纤中。替代地，无源光纤也可以是本发明的光纤。有源光纤可以具有八边形纤芯构造或根据本发明的其它纤芯结构。有源光纤具有以本文所述的5mm的预定节距进行旋转的旋转纤芯结构，和诸如60μm的大直径的纤芯。可以使用其它节距和纤芯直径。
在优选实施例中，有源光纤为3m长度、镱掺杂和双包层的。根据本发明的这种光纤被配置为对于LP01模式提供低的光传输损耗(诸如0.2dB/m)，而对于在约1060nm的工作波长的所有高阶模式提供高的光传输损耗(诸如大于20dB/m)。在接合点由于模式场不匹配和大的纤芯尺寸而可以激发多个模式的实施例中，高阶模式将继续经受高传输损耗并且将因此被抑制。输出光束的特征在于高增益和单模传播。输出束的对应模场直径可以超过50μm，与常规大模场面积光纤相比，非线性效应阈值增加约5倍，其通常达到最大模场直径22μm。
本发明的一些光纤示例可以用于谱过滤。参照图7A和7B，示出了不同纤芯旋转节距和纤芯结构的光谱响应的多个图表。图7A示出了针对特定的旋转节距4.7mm在不同的纤芯尺寸下的第一列的5条光谱响应曲线，以及针对稍大的旋转节距5mm在不同纤芯尺寸下的第二列的5条光谱响应曲线。图7B示出了针对3个更大的螺旋节距5.3mm、5.6mm和5.9mm对于与图7A所列出的不同纤芯尺寸的三个额外列的5条曲线。与LP01模式相关联的光传输损耗展示急剧的光谱响应并且关于纤芯尺寸和旋转节距可变。因此，光纤纤芯结构和纤芯旋转节距可以被配置为提供光谱过滤。相应的光谱过滤可以用于光纤激光器、光纤放大器以及无源光学组件。
在根据本发明的光谱过滤的一个应用中，光纤被配置为在1064nm处具有低的光传输损耗，并且在1110nm处具有高的光传输损耗，所述1110nm是在受激拉曼散射(SRS)平移波长的附近或近似于受激拉曼散射(SRS)平移波长。如在高功率操作的光纤激光器或光纤放大器中实施的，SRS效应将被显著地抑制，并且可以克服由于SRS导致的功率扩展限制。
在其它示例中，并且现在参照图8，光纤可以根据本发明被配置为在1100～1480nm之间提供低的光传输损耗，并且在更长的波长处提供高的损耗。当在级联的拉曼放大器中实施根据本发明的光纤时，1480nm之后的光谱截止效应将消除进一步的级联的斯托克斯产生，并在1480nm增强输出。
在另一个实施例中，本发明的镱掺杂的光纤可以被配置为在诸如1064nm的激光信号波长处具有低的光传输损耗，并且在放大式自发射(ASE)带(约1020-1050nm之间)处具有高的光传输损耗。对应的光纤然后可以操作为ASE滤波器。通过在光纤激光器或光纤放大器中实施这种光纤，可以显著地抑制ASE噪声，使得ASE的累积将减少或ASE阈值将显著变高。通过减缓ASE，光纤可以提升激光器性能并且使得能够进一步进行激光器***的功率扩展。可以应用类似的技术，来抑制在铒-镱共掺杂的光纤中的在1000nm附近的ASE或伪激光，以及抑制在镱掺杂的光纤激光器和在976nm运行的放大器中的在1000nm附近的ASE或伪激光。
应明了从前述说明中将理解本发明及其相关的许多优点，并且将明白在不脱离本发明的精神和范围或者不牺牲其所有物料优点的情况下，可以在本发明的部件中进行各种改变，本文以上描述的形式仅是本发明的示例性的实施方案。

Claims (18)

1.一种光纤，包括：
中央纤芯以及布置在所述中央纤芯的周围的包层，所述中央纤芯具有非圆形且非椭圆形的截面，所述中央纤芯围绕沿着所述光纤的长度的一条中心轴线旋转；
其中所述中央纤芯的截面和旋转的周期被选择以提供能控制的模式辨别，使得在相应的波长范围内高阶光学模式比基础光学模式更衰减。
2.根据权利要求1所述的光纤，其中，所述旋转的周期被选择为使得模式辨别最大化。
3.根据权利要求1所述的光纤，其中，所述中央纤芯具有大于25μm的有效直径。
4.根据权利要求1所述的光纤，其中，所述中央纤芯具有大于50μm的有效直径。
5.根据权利要求1所述的光纤，其中，所述中央纤芯的截面为八边形。
6.根据权利要求1所述的光纤，其中，所述中央纤芯的截面为多边形。
7.根据权利要求1所述的光纤，其中，所述中央纤芯围绕所述中心轴线的旋转区分出比基础模式更高的模式。
8.根据权利要求1所述的光纤，其中，所述光纤为双包层光纤。
9.根据权利要求1所述的光纤，其中，所述中央纤芯掺杂有一种或更多种有源光纤掺杂物。
10.根据权利要求1所述的光纤，其中，所述光纤为三包层光纤。
11.根据权利要求1所述的光纤，其中，所述光纤在选定的波长处提供光谱过滤。
12.根据权利要求1所述的光纤，其中，所述光纤通过选择如下光纤参数来提供光谱过滤，所述光纤参数包括旋转节距和中央纤芯有效直径。
13.根据权利要求1所述的光纤，其中，所述光纤被配置为对于级联的拉曼放大器提供光谱截止效应。
14.一种光学***，包括：
种子光源，被配置为提供种子光束；以及
光学放大器，被配置为接收并放大所述种子光束，所述光学放大器包括有源光纤，所述有源光纤具有围绕沿着所述有源光纤的长度的中心轴线旋转的大模场面积的非圆形且非椭圆形的纤芯截面；
其中所述纤芯的截面和旋转的周期被选择以提供能控制的模式辨别，使得在相应的波长范围内所述光学放大器的高阶光学模式比所述光学放大器的基础光学模式更衰减。
15.根据权利要求14所述的光学***，其中，输出光束是基本上在基础模式中产生的。
16.根据权利要求14所述的光学***，其中，旋转的纤芯的旋转的周期被选择以使得模式辨别最大化。
17.根据权利要求14所述的光学***，其中，所述旋转纤芯具有大于25μm的有效直径。
18.根据权利要求14所述的光学***，其中，所述旋转纤芯具有八边形截面。
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CN105431754A (zh) 2016-03-23
EP2972528A2 (en) 2016-01-20
US9217825B2 (en) 2015-12-22
EP2972528A4 (en) 2016-10-12
EP2972528B1 (en) 2017-11-22
WO2014145862A3 (en) 2014-12-04

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