CN105413444A - Single-tower dual-cycle wet flue gas desulfurization tower and tube groove type liquid collection device - Google Patents
Single-tower dual-cycle wet flue gas desulfurization tower and tube groove type liquid collection device Download PDFInfo
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- CN105413444A CN105413444A CN201610004790.XA CN201610004790A CN105413444A CN 105413444 A CN105413444 A CN 105413444A CN 201610004790 A CN201610004790 A CN 201610004790A CN 105413444 A CN105413444 A CN 105413444A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/80—Semi-solid phase processes, i.e. by using slurries
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
- B01D53/48—Sulfur compounds
- B01D53/50—Sulfur oxides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/30—Sulfur compounds
- B01D2257/302—Sulfur oxides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2259/00—Type of treatment
- B01D2259/12—Methods and means for introducing reactants
- B01D2259/126—Semi-solid reactants, e.g. slurries
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Abstract
The invention provides a single-tower dual-cycle wet flue gas desulfurization tower and a tube groove type liquid collection device, and belongs to the technical field of flue gas desulfurization. The desulfurization tower comprises a tower body, the bottom of the tower body is provided with a flue gas inlet, the top of the tower body is provided with a flue gas outlet, an upper spray layer and a lower spray layer are arranged on the portion, between the flue gas inlet and the flue gas outlet, inside the tower body, and the tube groove type liquid collection device is installed between the upper spray layer and the lower spray layer and separates slurry of the upper spray layer from slurry of the lower spray layer; the tube groove type liquid collection device comprises multiple liquid collection tube grooves which are formed for multiple layers in the longitudinal direction, the two adjacent layers of the liquid collection tube grooves are arranged in a staggered mode, the liquid collection tube grooves are arranged in an inclined mode, and the lower ends of the liquid collection tube grooves are communicated with a diversion groove. According to the single-tower dual-cycle wet flue gas desulfurization tower and the tube groove type liquid collection device, the flow field is uniformly distributed, the resistance loss of the structural design is small, and the contact effect between the gas and liquid is good. Therefore, the slurry of the upper spray layer can be collected, the system resistance can be reduced, and the desulphurization efficiency is improved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to flue gas desulfurization technique field, specifically a kind of single tower Two-way Cycle wet flue gas desulfurization tower and tube and tank type liquid collector.
Background technology
At present, the atmosphere pollution that coal-burning power plant causes receives increasing attention, and China is also more and more stricter to the discharge standard of coal-fired power plant's atmosphere pollution, and up-to-date fossil-fuel power plant atmospheric pollutant emission standard (GB13223-2011) is to SO
2emission limit improves comparatively large, and General Requirements is at 100mg/Nm
3within, some areas require 50mg/Nm
3.In " coal electricity energy-saving and emission-reduction upgrading and transformation action plan (2014-2020) ", " eastern region Thermal generation unit SO is then proposed
2concentration of emission reaches discharge of gas turbine limit value substantially " requirement, namely require SO
2emission limit 35mg/Nm
3.This requires that desulfuration efficiency must reach 98%, even more than 99% and could meet emission request, and now, traditional single tower single cycle Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization Technique has been difficult to realize this target.
Single tower Two-way Cycle Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization Technology is proposed by German Knoll Inc. the earliest, flue gas point two-stage washing in its absorption tower: bottom mainly cools, pre-wash flue gas and calcium sulfite oxidation become gypsum, and the pH value of lower closed circuit is 4.0-5.0; Top is then mainly risen and is absorbed SO
2effect, the pH value in cocycle loop is 5.5-6.5.Flue gas, behind cooling zone, enters the absorption circuit on top by liquid collector deflector.This technology has good SO
2load fluctuation buffer capacity, is particularly suitable for the means of flue gas desulfurization of power plant of high sulfur content, high desulfurization efficiency.
In single tower Two-way Cycle Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization Technology, liquid collector is its key core device, and its effect is separated by the upper and lower loop slurry with different pH value, to ensure that two closed circuits independently control.
At present, those skilled in the relevant art are mainly cone bucket shape formula for the research of liquid collector, as: US Patent No. 4250152A, US4322392A and US7294322B2 and Chinese patent CN203494395U the technical scheme that provides be the liquid collector of cone bucket shape formula, US Patent No. 5451250A is perforate on the liquid collector of cone bucket shape formula.Chinese patent CN102764583A discloses a kind of liquid collector of swash plate form, slurry stream can be made to side so that slurries are discharged.Above-mentioned patent document represents in the art for the more advanced achievement in research of liquid collector, but, all there is following drawback in above-mentioned liquid collector: flue gas flows through these liquid collectors and enters in the process of cocycle by lower circulation, often cause larger drag losses, what in cocycle loop, flue gas flow rate distribution also can become is uneven, make gas-liquid contact in tower insufficient, mass transfer ability declines, and finally affects desulfuration efficiency.
Summary of the invention
For the problems referred to above, the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of single tower Two-way Cycle wet flue gas desulfurization tower and tube and tank type liquid collector, this desulfurizing tower and liquid collector not only can realize the collection of spraying layer slurries, and by the current-sharing of tube seat, the distribution of better gas-liquid flow field can be obtained, strengthening gas-liquid mass transfer performance, improves desulfuration efficiency.
The present invention solves the technical scheme that its technical problem takes: a kind of tube and tank type liquid collector, comprise some liquid collecting tube seats, liquid collecting tube seat is provided with multilayer in the vertical, adjacent two-layer liquid collecting tube seat is staggered to accept the liquid that top falls, gap between liquid collecting tube seat forms exhaust gases passes, described liquid collecting tube seat is in tilted layout, and the low side of liquid collecting tube seat is connected with guiding gutter, and the bottom surface of guiding gutter is inclined plane.
Liquid collecting tube seat is for collecting the slurries of upper spraying layer, the slurries of spraying layer are avoided to fall into lower spraying layer, further, the liquid collecting tube seat being positioned at same layer is evenly arranged, and the distance between two liquid collecting tube seats adjacent on same layer is not more than the width at collector tube channel opening place.Meanwhile, the resistance when reduction flue gas of trying one's best again upwards runs, therefore, preferred scheme is the width that distance between two liquid collecting tube seats adjacent on same layer equals collector tube channel opening place.
For the liquid collecting tube seat making flue gas be arranged by groove grating smoothly reduces drag losses simultaneously as far as possible, further technical scheme is: adjacent two-layer liquid collecting tube seat is parallel to each other, and the distance between upper strata liquid collecting tube seat and lower floor's liquid collecting tube seat is not less than the distance between two liquid collecting tube seats adjacent on same layer.
A kind of selectable technical scheme is: described liquid collecting tube seat distributes in the bilateral symmetry of guiding gutter.Guiding gutter is connected with whole liquid collecting tube seats at middle part simultaneously, one end that liquid collecting tube seat is communicated with guiding gutter is lower than the other end, thus making overall liquid collecting tube seat form the arrangement of " V " shape, this kind of arrangement compact conformation the slurries be convenient in liquid collecting tube seat collect in guiding gutter.
Another kind of selectable technical scheme is: described liquid collecting tube seat distributes in the bilateral symmetry of a support bar, and guiding gutter is looped around liquid collecting tube seat one end away from support bar.Guiding gutter is positioned at the outer end of liquid collecting tube seat and is connected with whole liquid collecting tube seats simultaneously, and one end that liquid collecting tube seat is communicated with guiding gutter lower than the other end, thus makes overall liquid collecting tube seat form the arrangement of " Λ " shape.The guiding gutter of this kind of arrangement is positioned at position, liquid collecting tube seat outer, is namely positioned at desulfurizing tower wall, and now guiding gutter also can play the effect of flue gas collector ring, avoids flue gas to form " short circuit " at tower wall, can further improve desulfuration efficiency.
Another selectable technical scheme is: described liquid collecting tube seat is overall to same direction oblique arrangement, and guiding gutter is positioned at the low side of liquid collecting tube seat and is connected with whole liquid collecting tube seats simultaneously.The guiding gutter of this kind of arrangement is positioned at position, liquid collecting tube seat outer, is namely positioned at desulfurizing tower wall, and now guiding gutter also can play the effect of flue gas collector ring, avoids flue gas to form " short circuit " at tower wall, can further improve desulfuration efficiency.
Allow slurries be easy to flowing for avoiding having an impact to flow of flue gas simultaneously, further technical scheme is: the bottom surface of described guiding gutter comprises and the internal layer bottom surface of slurry liquid contacts and the outer bottom surface with smoke contacts, internal layer bottom surface is inclined plane, and outer bottom surface is horizontal plane.
In order to reduce the drag losses of flue gas, further technical scheme is: described liquid collecting tube seat is the strip groove of top end opening, the cross section of liquid collecting tube seat is semicircle, circular arc, flat " U " shape or " V " shape, and the opening diameter of liquid collecting tube seat is 100mm ~ 300mm.
For ensureing that the slurries that liquid collecting tube seat is collected are pooled to guiding gutter smoothly and discharge through guiding gutter, the impact that the reduction of trying one's best exchanges gas-liquid simultaneously, further technical scheme is: the angle between described liquid collecting tube seat and horizontal plane is 2 ° ~ 8 °; Angle between the bottom surface of described guiding gutter and horizontal plane is 2 ° ~ 8 °.If angle is too little, slurries can not flow out smoothly, cause slurries to overflow in liquid collecting tube seat; If angle is too large, the length of liquid collecting tube seat can be caused to increase too much, flue gas also can be made to shorten in the flow process of upper spraying layer.
The technical scheme that the present invention solves its technical problem also comprises: a kind of single tower Two-way Cycle wet flue gas desulfurization tower, comprise tower body, the bottom of tower body is provided with into mouth, the top of tower body is provided with outlet flue, tower body inside is being entered between mouth and outlet flue to be provided with spraying layer and lower spraying layer, on described, between spraying layer and lower spraying layer, above-mentioned tube and tank type liquid collector is installed, the slurries of upper spraying layer and lower spraying layer are separated by tube and tank type liquid collector, the minimum point of described guiding gutter is connected with slurry reflux pipe, the slurries that guiding gutter collects are transported to tower body outside by slurry reflux pipe.
Firm for ensureing that tube and tank type liquid collector is installed, further technical scheme is: the inner surface of described tower body sidewall is provided with liquid collector bracing frame, and tube and tank type liquid collector is arranged on tower body inside by liquid collector bracing frame.
Smoothly slurries are delivered to the outer high ph-values loop slurry case of desulfurizing tower for ease of slurry reflux pipe, further technical scheme is: described slurry reflux pipe is in tilted layout, and the angle between slurry reflux pipe and horizontal plane is 10 ° ~ 30 °.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
1, the multi-layer intercrossed arrangement of liquid collecting tube seat, form groove grating liquid collector, Flow Field Distribution is even, the slurries of upper spraying layer and lower spraying layer can either be separated, can reduce again the drag losses of flue gas, gas-liquid contact is effective, therefore, on realization is collected, SR can be reduced while spraying layer slurries, improve desulfuration efficiency.
2, when guiding gutter is positioned at position, liquid collecting tube seat outer, when being namely positioned at desulfurizing tower wall, guiding gutter also can play the effect of flue gas collector ring, avoids flue gas to form " short circuit " at tower wall, can further improve desulfuration efficiency.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of embodiment of the present invention desulfurizing tower;
Fig. 2 is that in Fig. 1, tube and tank type liquid collector is arranged on the partial enlargement structural representation in desulfurizing tower;
Fig. 3 is the structural representation of the embodiment of the present invention one tube and tank type liquid collector;
Fig. 4 is the structural representation of the embodiment of the present invention two tube and tank type liquid collector;
Fig. 5 is the structural representation of the embodiment of the present invention three tube and tank type liquid collector.
In figure: 1 tower body, 2 liquid collecting tube seats, 3 slurry reflux pipes, 4 liquid collector bracing frames, 5 guiding gutters, 6 support bars, 7 enter mouth, 8 outlet flues, 9 high ph-values slurry tanks.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with Figure of description and specific embodiment, the invention will be further described:
Embodiment one:
As shown in Figure 3.A kind of tube and tank type liquid collector, comprise some liquid collecting tube seats 2, liquid collecting tube seat 2 is the rectangular semicircle tube seat of top end opening, liquid collecting tube seat 2 is provided with two-layer in the vertical, two-layer liquid collecting tube seat 2 is staggered, the liquid collecting tube seat being positioned at same layer is evenly arranged, distance between two liquid collecting tube seats adjacent on same layer equals the width at collector tube channel opening place, SR is reduced while realizing collecting upper spraying layer slurries, gap between liquid collecting tube seat 2 forms exhaust gases passes, and liquid collecting tube seat 2 is connected with guiding gutter 5 thus the slurries of collection are pooled to guiding gutter 5.
For the liquid collecting tube seat making flue gas be arranged by groove grating smoothly reduces drag losses simultaneously as far as possible, adjacent two-layer liquid collecting tube seat 2 is parallel to each other, and the distance between upper strata liquid collecting tube seat and lower floor's liquid collecting tube seat is not less than the distance between two liquid collecting tube seats adjacent on same layer.
Liquid collecting tube seat 2 is in tilted layout, and the angle between liquid collecting tube seat 2 and horizontal plane is 6 °, and liquid collecting tube seat 2 distributes in the bilateral symmetry of guiding gutter 5.Guiding gutter 5 is connected with whole liquid collecting tube seats 2 at middle part simultaneously, one end that liquid collecting tube seat 2 is communicated with guiding gutter 5 is lower than the other end, thus making liquid collecting tube seat 2 entirety form the arrangement of " V " shape, compact conformation the slurries be convenient in liquid collecting tube seat 2 collect in guiding gutter 5.
For ensureing that the slurries that liquid collecting tube seat 2 is collected are discharged through guiding gutter 5 smoothly, the bottom surface of guiding gutter 5 is inclined plane, and the angle between the bottom surface of guiding gutter 5 and horizontal plane is 6 °.
The cross section of liquid collecting tube seat 2 is semicircle, and the opening diameter of liquid collecting tube seat is 200mm.
As Fig. 1, shown in Fig. 2, a kind of single tower Two-way Cycle wet flue gas desulfurization tower, comprise tower body 1, the bottom of tower body 1 is provided with into mouth 7, the top of tower body 1 is provided with outlet flue 8, tower body 1 inside is being entered between mouth 7 and outlet flue 8 to be provided with spraying layer and lower spraying layer, on described, between spraying layer and lower spraying layer, the tube and tank type liquid collector shown in Fig. 2 is installed, the minimum point of described guiding gutter 5 is connected with slurry reflux pipe 3, the slurries that guiding gutter 5 collects are transported to the high ph-values slurry tank 9 of tower body outside by slurry reflux pipe 3, thus the slurries of upper spraying layer and lower spraying layer are separated.
The inner surface of tower body 1 sidewall is provided with liquid collector bracing frame 4, and it is inner that tube and tank type liquid collector is arranged on tower body 1 by liquid collector bracing frame 4.Liquid collector bracing frame 4 can adopt the support of block structure, laminated structure or rod-like structure realization to tube and tank type liquid collector.
Slurry reflux pipe 3 is in tilted layout, and the angle between slurry reflux pipe 3 and horizontal plane is 20 °.
For ease of the understanding of the present invention, below in conjunction with its operation principle, the invention will be further described:
As shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, flue gas passes through tube and tank type liquid collector from bottom to top after lower spraying layer, contact with the slurries of upper spraying layer are reverse, liquid collecting tube seat 2 pairs of flue gases of multilayer staggered arrangement serve the effect of current-sharing, the raising of smoke distribution uniformity is conducive to gas-liquid and better contacts, and improves desulfuration efficiency.The slurries counter current contacting sprayed by spraying layer on the flue gas after liquid collector and desulfurizing tower carries out desulfurization, and the flue gas after purification is discharged to chimney from desulfurizing tower outlet flue.The slurries of upper spraying layer spray are collected by liquid collecting tube seat 2, and liquid collecting tube seat 2 is inclination, and guiding gutter 5 is coupled logical in one end that liquid collecting tube seat 2 is lower, collects under gravity to facilitate the slurries in liquid collecting tube seat 2 to the guiding gutter 5 at middle part.There is the gradient in guiding gutter 5 inside, facilitates the slurries collected in guiding gutter 5 to enter slurry reflux pipe 3 and be back to high ph-values slurry tank 9.
Embodiment two:
The feature that the present embodiment is identical with embodiment one repeats no more, and the present embodiment feature different from embodiment one is: as shown in Figure 4, liquid collecting tube seat 2 distributes in the bilateral symmetry of a support bar 6, and guiding gutter 5 is looped around liquid collecting tube seat 2 one end away from support bar 6.Guiding gutter 5 is positioned at the outer end of liquid collecting tube seat 2 and is connected with whole liquid collecting tube seats 2 simultaneously, and one end that liquid collecting tube seat 2 is communicated with guiding gutter 5 lower than the other end, thus makes liquid collecting tube seat 2 entirety form the arrangement of " Λ " shape.
Ensure that slurries are easy to flowing for avoiding having an impact to flow of flue gas simultaneously, the bottom surface of described guiding gutter 5 comprises and the internal layer bottom surface of slurry liquid contacts and the outer bottom surface with smoke contacts, internal layer bottom surface is inclined plane, outer bottom surface is horizontal plane, in guiding gutter 5 inside is arranged, namely play the mode of the gradient and guiding gutter 5 outer bottom maintenance level.
The operation principle of the present embodiment is identical with embodiment one, in addition, the guiding gutter of the present embodiment is positioned at position, liquid collecting tube seat 2 outer, namely the wall of desulfurizing tower tower body 1 is positioned at, now guiding gutter 5 also can play the effect of flue gas collector ring, avoid flue gas to form " short circuit " at tower body 1 wall, can further improve desulfuration efficiency.
Embodiment three:
The feature that the present embodiment is identical with embodiment one repeats no more, the present embodiment feature different from embodiment one is: as shown in Figure 5, described liquid collecting tube seat 2 entirety tilts to same direction, and guiding gutter 5 is positioned at the lower one end of liquid collecting tube seat 2 and is connected with whole liquid collecting tube seats 2 simultaneously.
In the present embodiment, guiding gutter 5 is positioned at the edge placement of whole tube seat liquid collector, ensure that slurries are easy to flowing for avoiding having an impact to flow of flue gas simultaneously, the bottom surface of described guiding gutter 5 comprises and the internal layer bottom surface of slurry liquid contacts and the outer bottom surface with smoke contacts, internal layer bottom surface is inclined plane, outer bottom surface is horizontal plane, in guiding gutter 5 inside is arranged, namely play the mode of the gradient and guiding gutter 5 outer bottom maintenance level.
The operation principle of the present embodiment is identical with embodiment two, same, the guiding gutter of the present embodiment is positioned at position, liquid collecting tube seat 2 outer, namely the wall of desulfurizing tower tower body 1 is positioned at, now guiding gutter 5 also can play the effect of flue gas collector ring, avoid flue gas to form " short circuit " at tower body 1 wall, can further improve desulfuration efficiency.
The transverse shape of liquid collecting tube seat 2 of the present invention is not limited to the semicircle described in embodiment, can also be set to " V " shape, circular arc or flat " U " shape, and the cross section of bottom surface is circular arc or " V " shape.Because flue gas flows from bottom to top, the liquid collecting tube seat 2 of said structure changes from small to big with the contact area of flue gas, and can reduce the drag losses of flue gas, gas-liquid contact is effective.
The foregoing is only preferred embodiment of the present invention; be not whole embodiment of the present invention, not in order to limit the present invention, within the spirit and principles in the present invention all; any amendment of doing, equivalent replacement, improvement etc., all should be included within protection scope of the present invention.
Except technical characteristic described in description, all the other technical characteristics are those skilled in the art's known technology, and in order to outstanding innovative characteristics of the present invention, above-mentioned technical characteristic does not repeat them here.
Claims (10)
1. a tube and tank type liquid collector, it is characterized in that, comprise some liquid collecting tube seats, liquid collecting tube seat is provided with multilayer in the vertical, adjacent two-layer liquid collecting tube seat is staggered to accept the liquid that top falls, and the gap between liquid collecting tube seat forms exhaust gases passes, and described liquid collecting tube seat is in tilted layout, the low side of liquid collecting tube seat is connected with guiding gutter, and the bottom surface of guiding gutter is inclined plane.
2. tube and tank type liquid collector according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the liquid collecting tube seat being positioned at same layer is evenly arranged, and the distance between two liquid collecting tube seats adjacent on same layer is not more than the width at collector tube channel opening place; Adjacent two-layer liquid collecting tube seat is parallel to each other, and the distance between upper strata liquid collecting tube seat and lower floor's liquid collecting tube seat is not less than the distance between two liquid collecting tube seats adjacent on same layer.
3. tube and tank type liquid collector according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described liquid collecting tube seat distributes in the bilateral symmetry of guiding gutter.
4. tube and tank type liquid collector according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described liquid collecting tube seat distributes in the bilateral symmetry of a support bar, and guiding gutter is looped around liquid collecting tube seat one end away from support bar.
5. tube and tank type liquid collector according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described liquid collecting tube seat is overall to same direction oblique arrangement, and guiding gutter is positioned at the low side of liquid collecting tube seat and is connected with whole liquid collecting tube seats simultaneously.
6. tube and tank type liquid collector according to claim 4, is characterized in that, the bottom surface of described guiding gutter comprises and the internal layer bottom surface of slurry liquid contacts and the outer bottom surface with smoke contacts, and internal layer bottom surface is inclined plane, and outer bottom surface is horizontal plane.
7. tube and tank type liquid collector according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described liquid collecting tube seat is the strip groove of top end opening, and the cross section of liquid collecting tube seat is circular arc, " U " shape or " V " shape.
8. a single tower Two-way Cycle wet flue gas desulfurization tower, comprise tower body, the bottom of tower body is provided with into mouth, the top of tower body is provided with outlet flue, tower body inside is being entered between mouth and outlet flue to be provided with spraying layer and lower spraying layer, it is characterized in that, on described, claim 1 ~ 7 arbitrary described tube and tank type liquid collector is installed between spraying layer and lower spraying layer, the slurries of upper spraying layer and lower spraying layer are separated by tube and tank type liquid collector, the minimum point of described guiding gutter is connected with slurry reflux pipe, the slurries that guiding gutter collects are transported to tower body outside by slurry reflux pipe.
9. one according to claim 8 single tower Two-way Cycle wet flue gas desulfurization tower, is characterized in that, the inner surface of described tower body sidewall is provided with liquid collector bracing frame, and tube and tank type liquid collector is arranged on tower body inside by liquid collector bracing frame.
10. one according to claim 8 single tower Two-way Cycle wet flue gas desulfurization tower, it is characterized in that, described slurry reflux pipe is in tilted layout, and the angle between slurry reflux pipe and horizontal plane is 10 ° ~ 30 °, and the angle between described liquid collecting tube seat and horizontal plane is 2 ° ~ 8 °; Angle between the bottom surface of described guiding gutter and horizontal plane is 2 ° ~ 8 °.
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