CN105377620B - 以取决于充电站温度的充电功率运行充电站的方法 - Google Patents
以取决于充电站温度的充电功率运行充电站的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于运行电动车10的充电站22的方法,其中,在电动车的充电控制装置14与充电站22之间协定充电功率,对应于该协定出的充电功率,该充电控制装置14控制从充电站22传输到电动车10的充电电流,其中,充电站的持续额定功率和最大功率是确定的,该最大功率大于持续额定功率。为了优化充电功率并加速充电过程而提出,首先协定高于持续额定功率并且最大等于最大功率的充电功率,监测充电站22中的温度,而且在高于极限温度的情况下协定新的充电功率,该新的充电功率最大等于持续功率。
Description
技术领域
本发明的主体涉及一种用于运行电动车的充电站的方法,其中,在电动车的充电控制装置与充电站之间协定充电功率,而且对应于该协定出的充电功率,该充电控制装置控制从充电站传输到电动车的充电电流,其中,充电站的持续额定功率和最大功率是确定的,该最大功率大于持续额定功率。
背景技术
充电功率的协定,特别是在电动车与充电站之间的充电电流强度的协定已充分地为人们所熟知。特别是在本发明主体所包括范围内的交流电充电站(AC-Ladestation)中,至少在充电过程开始时可以通过相应的方法协定充电功率。随后,对应于该协定出的充电功率,电动车的充电控制装置控制该充电功率或者充电电流。充电站可以监测车辆的充电控制装置是否遵循该已协定出的充电功率。在没有遵循的情况下,通过该充电站可以完成充电电流的切断。
国际专利申请WO 2011/012451 A1中已经公开根据充电电缆的温度来控制充电电流。根据现有技术,借助于温度的监测使对于将电动车与充电站相连的电缆组内部由于老化或腐蚀引起的缺陷的弥补成为可能。为此,在将电缆组与电动车或充电站连接起来的插拔装置内部设置有编码装置,借助于该编码装置可以对经过充电电缆可传输的电流强度的数值进行编码。该编码装置依赖于温度检测装置、特别是电阻而受到控制,从而该编码装置可以输出根据温度修改的编码值。
电缆组中的温度既取决于电流强度又取决于电缆组的传输阻抗或其中所包含的能量电缆的传输阻抗。该阻抗例如可以通过电缆上的缺陷或腐蚀而增大,这会导致传输路径上的功率损耗增高。增高的功率损耗导致电缆的过热。为了避免这一点,现有技术提出这样配置电缆的插头,即,该插头防止过载电流导致由温度引起的电缆的损坏。
借助于现有技术中已知的方法实现了取决于温度来降低充电功率。但是并没有实现通过将充电电流提高到高于持续电流来缩短充电时间。借助于现有技术中已知的插头仅可能的是,通过功率损耗的降低来避免电缆的损坏。
发明内容
因此,本发明主体的目的在于,在不对充电站中的组件造成永久性损坏条件下,将充电站的功率输出提高到高于持续额定功率。
该目的通过根据本发明所述的方法得以实现。即,用于运行电动车的充电站的方法,其中在电动车的充电控制装置与充电站之间协定充电功率;而且对应于已协定出的充电功率,充电控制装置控制从充电站传输到电动车的充电电流,其中,充电站的持续额定功率和最大功率是确定的,最大功率大于持续额定功率。首先协定充电功率,充电功率高于持续额定功率并且最大等于最大功率;监测充电站中的温度,而且取决于温度而协定新的充电功率。
为了实现缩短充电时间,应选择尽可能高的充电电流或充电功率。充电站通常这样针对于持续电流而设计,即,在充电站持续负载以这种方式确定的这样的持续电流的情况下,不会出现充电站的电气部件的损坏。持续额定功率通过充电站内部的部件/构件而确定,该组件/构件被最多地加热并因此构成了充电站热过载的最大潜在危险。
在优选具有紧凑结构的充电站中,装有大量分别会产生功率损耗的部件。该功率损耗取决于电流强度并且本身会导致充电站的加热。如果充电站在优选可能的情况下在没有主动冷却的条件下工作而因此仅具有被动冷却,部件的过热可能会导致充电站的损坏。被动冷却优选仅通过对流而完成,特别是通过将热功率损耗排放到周围空气中。
尽管如此,在不对这些部件造成损坏的条件下,在这些充电站中高于持续额定功率的短时间负载是可能的。该过载的可能持续时间取决于不同的因素。一方面,涉及到充电站中的部件的老化,因为功率损耗通常随着部件的使用时间的增加而增加。另一方面,例如也涉及到环境温度,因为充电站的被动冷却很大程度上取决于环境温度。
总而言之,已经具体确定的是,可以在电动车与充电站之间协定高于持续额定功率的充电功率。
高于持续额定功率的最大功率特别由充电站内部部件的最大载流量而确定。具有最小载流量的部件确定了最大电流并因此确定了最大功率。
为了缩短充电持续时间具体提出,首先协定高于持续额定功率且最大等于最大功率的充电功率。在协定出这个充电功率之后,电动车的充电控制装置对应于已协定出的充电功率为电动车的电池充电。
在充电过程中监测充电站中的温度。为此,在充电站中设置有负温度系数电阻(NTC-Widerstand)或正温度系数电阻(PTC-Widerstand)。
温度传感器在空间上优选设置在充电站的上方三分之一区域中、特别是在充电站的上方10%的区域中,因为在此能够确定出最高温度。还可能的是,温度传感器直接设置在具有最高功率损耗或具有最大温度敏感性的部件或构件上。特别是设置在会由温度而最先造成故障的构件上,特别是在温度过高的情况下。最大温度可以是这样的温度,即,在该温度下确保不会使组件故障或损坏。该最大温度特别是通过这样的部件而规定,即,该组件在最低的温度下已经故障或损坏。
优选间歇性地协定新的充电功率。在此,除了实际被监测的温度之外还可以考虑到各个部件的使用年数和/或环境温度。该调整优选这样进行,即,取决于实际的温度曲线(即例如该温度与环境温度的偏差)、温度梯度和/或该温度与环境温度的偏差的持续时间以及例如取决于至少一个单独部件的使用年数而分别地协定新的充电功率。在此,该调整优选这样进行,即,尽可能持续地避免出现超过最大温度的情况。因此,该调整并不是在达到最大温度时才进行,而是已提前完成。在此可以使用P调节器、PI调节器或PID调节器。
此外,不同的组件可以具有不同的温度故障特性。在充电功率的调整过程中,特别以较高优先级考虑安全相关的组件的故障特性,例如FI开关或控制装置。总是协定出这样的充电功率,在该充电功率下确保了不超过最大温度或避免了优选的、安全相关的组件的由温度引起的损坏或由温度引起的故障。
如果在监测充电站中的温度的情况下确定了该温度高于第一极限温度,那么会协定新的充电功率,该新的充电功率最大等于持续额定功率。为了起到冷却充电站的作用,优选新协定出的充电功率低于持续额定功率,从而在冷却之后可以至少以持续额定功率充电,但优选以高于持续额定功率的功率充电。该第一极限温度优选低于最大温度。以此可以实现,在温度接近最大温度的情况下,也就是说温度达到了极限温度(例如低于最大温度的10%)时,将充电功率强制下调至持续额定功率以下。
根据一个实施例而提出了,由充电站电气部件的最大载流量来确定最大功率。如上所述,在充电站中,在不同的电气组件中会产生损耗热量。该损耗热量可以导致充电柱构件的损坏。功率损耗和相应的损耗热量取决于从电动车获取的功率。该功率另外通过电流强度来确定。部件的载流量越高,流经该部件的电流的电流强度会更大。如果电流强度高于该部件的载流量,那么会损坏该部件。该损坏可以不依赖于损耗热量。
出于这一原因,最大功率至少由充电站的电气部件的载流量而确定。具有最小载流量的组件可以确定出该最大功率。此外,实际温度对于分别能够协定的最大功率而言也是相关的。通常对于确定最大功率的组件的载流量保有一个安全裕度,该安全裕度优选为低于最大载流量的10%,特别优选低于最大载流量的20%。这构成了为了保护组件不受损坏的安全缓冲。
通常,充电站内部的组件的规格定为,其最大功率明显大于其持续额定功率。组件的规格特别是定为,组件可以耐受比持续额定功率的情况下的温度明显更高的温度。因此提出,最大功率比持续额定功率高出持续额定功率的50%至100%。这意味着,相比于通过持续额定功率确定的功率,充电站通常可以提供1.5倍至2倍的功率。但是提高的功率会导致更大的损耗热量,从而不能持续地提供该功率。但是为了实现以提高的功率短时间充电,充电功率可以高于持续额定功率。
持续额定功率优选在22KW到44KW之间。如果以高于持续额定功率的充电功率运行充电站,那么可以缩短充电时间。以此避免了必须提高充电站的持续额定功率,而持续额定功率的提高可能导致所使用部件的价格明显增加,为了部分地实现明显更短的充电时间可以使用已有的充电基础设施。
特别是能够看出,以提高的功率在短时间内对电池充电可以明显地改善电池的充电状态。在充电过程的前15至30分钟内,空电池的充电状态超出比例地升高,从而例如可以在20到30分钟之后达到电池总容量的80%的充电状态,反之为了完全充电,即为了100%充电容量,却需要2到4小时的充电。即,在前20到30分钟内可以充电电池容量的大部分,而仅为了剩下20%的充电功率却需要明显更长的充电时间。
如果确定了温度在环境温度以上且优选在极限温度或者最大温度以下,那么会重新协定充电功率。可以取决于实际温度与极限温度或最大温度的温度差距、温度以及温度梯度随时间的分布曲线而协定新的充电功率。另外,在确定新协定的充电功率时,也可以考虑至少一个单独部件的使用年数和/或至少一个单独部件依赖于温度的故障特性。温度越接近极限温度或最大温度,协定出的充电功率可能越小。
如上所述还提出了,新协定的充电功率也可以低于持续额定功率。这样促使充电站可以快速地冷却并且优选在低于下限值的情况下可以再次协定新的充电功率。通过设置温度的上限值和下限值可以实现待协定的充电功率的滞后。
充电功率的调整可以借助P调节器、PI调节器或PID调节器进行。根据所选择的调节器可以减弱所测得的实际温度的波动。也可以通过相应的调整防止高于最大温度。
优选在充电过程开始时协定充电功率。在电动车与充电设施、特别是与充电站连接的过程中,优选可以持续地重新协定充电功率,特别是可以持续地发出关于最大的可用充电功率有多高的信号。在进行充电过程期间,可以定期地调整该信号发送与最大的可用充电功率。就此,持续可以表示在一定间隔内、优选在规律的间隔,例如每分钟一次、每5分钟一次、每十五分钟一次或类似的间隔。
充电功率的信号发送可以通过电动车与充电站之间的电缆组完成。特别是就此可以将电缆组件的导频线(Pilotleiter)用于信号发送。另一方面也可能的是,该信号可以在电缆组的能量线上相应调整充电频率。
发送充电功率的信号特别借助脉宽调制(PWM)信号而完成。充电功率也可以根据CHADEMO协议或借助电力线通信(PLC),特别是根据IEC 15118标准而进行。其他通信的类型或通信协议类型也同样是可能的并包含在内。
除了温度监测之外还可以设置时间监测。在此可能的是,充电功率仅允许在已预设好的特定时间内高于持续额定功率。因此实现了,在经过充电功率大于持续额定功率的特定的时间之后协定新的、最大等于持续额定功率的充电功率。由此防止通过充电电流持续大于持续额定功率而出现组件的损坏,该损坏并不取决于组件的温度。
在充电站中能够连接多于一辆的电动车也是可能的。充电站中的整个充电基础结构设置用于充电站内部的每个连接点。为了能够将最大功率均匀地分给充电站不同的充电点,时间监测同样也是重要的。以此避免了在一个充电点上长时间地获得最大功率,从而其它充电点上仅很短暂地或完全不能获得高于持续额定功率的充电功率。
只要充电站内部的温度下降、特别是下降到下限温度以下,就会协定新的、高于持续额定功率且最大等于最大功率的充电功率。
上述方法也可以作为计算机程序或作为保存在存储介质上的计算机程序而实现。在此,可以在充电站端和/或在电动车端通过计算机程序来适宜地编程用于实施各个方法步骤的微处理器。
该方法和设备的特征能够自由地相互组合。
附图说明
随后借助示出实施例的附图进一步说明本发明的主体。在附图中示出了:
图1以示意性的方框图示出了由电动车和充电站组成的***的结构,该充电站经充电电缆与电动车连接,
图2示出了充电站内部的充电基础结构的示意性方框图,
图3示出了充电曲线根据电动车的电池的充电功率的走向,
图4示出了具体方法的流程。
具体实施方式
图1示出了具有电池12的电动车10。优选通过充电控制装置14使该电池12充电,其中,该充电控制装置14经过电气连接16和充电电缆18与充电站22的接头20连接。该充电电缆18在两终端分别具有插拔装置18a,18b,其中每个插拔装置18a,18b分别具有插头或插口,该插头或插口能够与电动车10或充电站22的对应的接头16,20连接。
充电站22与能源供应网连接并在内部具有充电基础结构,随后参照图2将进一步描述该充电基础结构。
充电电缆18具有用于充电电流的输电线(例如L1,L2,L3,N,PE),该充电电流从充电站22经过充电电缆18流至电动车10。此外,可以在该充电电缆18中设置至少一个用于传送导频信号的导频信号线。另外可以设置一个所谓的插头显示线(Plug-Present-Line),借助于该插头线,电动车10可以向充电站22显示是否有插头已经***。
充电站22内部的充电基础结构在图2中示出。可以看出,该充电站22例如以三相的方式连接至能源供应网24。示出的有三个相线L1,L2,L3,而没有示出零线N以及地线PE。
三个相线L1,L2,L3首先经计数器26连接至FI开关28。该FI开关28与自动断路器30连接。该自动断路器30的输出端与接触器32连接,该接触器的输出端通入接头20中。此外,充电站22的内部还设置有充电控制装置34,能够经该充电控制装置对接触器32进行控制。该充电控制装置34因此可以通过接触器32而接通或切断充电电流。
充电控制装置34的输出端可以用于充电功率的信号发送,特别是该输出端可以与电缆18的导频线连接。通过该导频线例如借助脉宽调制信号可以与电动车10的充电控制装置14协定充电功率。
充电站22内部的每个部件26-32,特别是计数器26、FI开关28、自动断路器30、接触器32以及充电控制装置34都具有各自的耐热性。如果充电站22内部的温度高于最大温度,那么可能使这些部件26-32中的至少一个损坏。
部件26-32的耐热性可以是不同的,从而充电站22内部的最大温度可以由其耐热性最差的组件而确定。
此外每个组件26,28,30,32还具有最大的载流量。载流量决定了,在本身不通过电流而受到损坏的条件下有多大的电流可以经过这些部件26-32。该损坏不取决于温度。
载流量可以用于确定充电站22的最大功率。由组件26-32的载流量而确定的最大功率通常高于持续额定功率,该持续额定功率通常由部件26-32的耐热性决定。
充电站22内部的温度可以通过温度传感器36、特别是正温度系数电阻(PTC-Widerstand)或负温度系数电阻(NTC-Widerstand)测得。将所测得的温度提供给充电控制装置34。该充电控制装置34可以根据所测得温度与电动车10或者与电动车10的充电控制装置14来协定充电功率。
可以看出,该温度传感器36设置在充电站22的上方区域中、特别是在充电站的上方10%的区域中。部件26-34的损耗热量通过这些部件排到周围空气中。因此在充电站22内部被加热的空气向上升,从而在温度传感器36的区域中或在充电站22的上方区域中可测量最高温度。
但是,在每个部件26-34上设置一个独有的温度传感器36也是可能的,以此实现了单独的温度监测而且例如在更长的时间段中提供最大功率也是可能的,因为各个部件26-34本身并未达到其最大温度。
具体地可以看出,与充电过程接近结束时相比,电池12的充电状态在充电过程开始时明显更快地得以改善。特别是实现了,通过特别高的充电功率在充电过程开始时使电池14的充电状态(SOC)在短时间内达到总容量的70%-80%。这例如在图3中示出。
图3以曲线38示出了电池12的充电状态的变化以及以曲线40示出了充电电流强度的变化。纵坐标表示充电电流或充电状态而横坐标表示时间。
在图3中可以看出,电池12的充电状态随时间的增加而接近100%。另一方面还可以看出,在充电过程开始时,充电状态超出比例地上升并且充电状态可以很快地达到80%。为了促进充电状态的超比例的升高,应该在充电过程开始时选择尽可能大的充电电流强度。这通过曲线40示出。在具体方法的使用过程中,在充电过程开始时的充电电流强度大于通过充电站22的持续额定功率可能实现的充电电流强度。经过短时间之后,例如30分钟,充电电流强度下降。如果充电站22内部的温度高于极限值,那么可以提前进行充电电流强度的下降。
图4示出了具体方法的流程。
首先,电动车10经电缆18与充电站22连接(42)。
在检测电气连接之后,在充电控制装置14与充电控制装置34之间通过导频线借助脉宽调制信号来协定充电功率(44)。在此,首先协定出的充电功率高于为充电站22指定的持续额定功率。在协定充电功率(44)之后,充电电流由充电控制装置34通过指示释放到接触器32(46)。
接触器32关闭而且充电电流经电缆18的导线通过电动车10的充电控制装置14流向电池12。随后进行双向监测。通过充电控制装置34借助于温度传感器36监测充电站22内部的温度是否高于极限值。此外还监测经电缆18传输的充电电流或充电功率是否对应于已协定出的充电功率。该监测在步骤48中进行。
如果该温度在极限温度或最大温度以下而且充电功率没有高于已协定出的充电功率,那么根据流程48a继续进行监控步骤48。
如果充电功率高于已协定出的充电功率,那么相应的步骤48b通过使充电控制装置34打开接触器32而结束该充电过程。
如果充电站22内部的温度升高而且如果实际温度与环境温度的差距增大,根据指令48c可以在充电控制装置34与充电控制装置14之间协定新的充电功率(50)。可以通过P调节器、PI调节器或PID调节器调整为已协定出的充电功率。
随后监测充电站22内部的温度(52)。如果该温度仍高于环境温度,那么分路返回步骤50并且在必要时协定出更低或者甚至更高的充电功率。
如果该温度低于环境温度,那么分路至步骤44并再次协定出新的充电功率,该充电功率在必要时可以高于持续额定功率。
借助根据本发明的方法实现了,在不必将充电站内部的部件配置为适合于更高功率的条件下而显著地缩短电动车充电的时间。这促使有效地利用已有的充电基础设施。
Claims (10)
1.一种用于运行电动车的充电站的方法,其中
-在所述电动车的充电控制装置与所述充电站之间协定充电功率,而且
-对应于已协定出的充电功率,所述充电控制装置控制从所述充电站传输到所述电动车的充电电流,其中,
-所述充电站的持续额定功率和最大功率是确定的,所述最大功率大于所述持续额定功率,
其特征在于,
-首先协定充电功率,所述充电功率高于所述持续额定功率并且最大等于所述最大功率,
-监测所述充电站中的温度,而且
-取决于温度而协定新的充电功率。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,在高于极限温度的情况下协定新的充电功率,所述新的充电功率最大等于所述持续额定功率。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,通过所述充电站的电气部件的最大载流量来确定所述最大功率。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述最大功率比所述持续额定功率高出所述持续额定功率的50%至100%,其中,所述持续额定功率在22KW到44KW之间。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,协定出的所述新的充电功率低于所述持续额定功率。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,取决于所述充电站中的温度而调整所述充电功率,其中,所述调整通过P调节器按比例地进行、通过PI调节器以比例及积分的方式进行或者通过PID调节器以比例、积分以及微分的方式进行。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,在充电过程开始时协定所述充电功率和/或在充电过程期间多次重新协定所述充电功率。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,通过在电缆组中的导频线或能量线来协定所述充电功率,所述电缆组将所述充电站与所述电动车连接。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任意一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述充电功率超出所述持续额定功率特定的时间之后,协定出新的、最大等于所述持续额定功率的充电功率。
10.根据权利要求1至8中任意一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在低于极限温度的情况下协定新的充电功率,所述新的充电功率高于所述持续额定功率并且最大等于所述最大功率。
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DE102013005507A1 (de) | 2014-10-02 |
EP2981431A2 (de) | 2016-02-10 |
HUE033961T2 (en) | 2018-01-29 |
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WO2014161803A2 (de) | 2014-10-09 |
ES2635352T3 (es) | 2017-10-03 |
CA2908551A1 (en) | 2014-10-09 |
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