CN1050459A - A kind of preparation is used to produce the improving one's methods of electrode of the device of heat - Google Patents

A kind of preparation is used to produce the improving one's methods of electrode of the device of heat Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1050459A
CN1050459A CN90107589A CN90107589A CN1050459A CN 1050459 A CN1050459 A CN 1050459A CN 90107589 A CN90107589 A CN 90107589A CN 90107589 A CN90107589 A CN 90107589A CN 1050459 A CN1050459 A CN 1050459A
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hydrogen isotope
electrolytic cell
hydrogen
metal
impurity
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米尔顿·E·沃兹沃思
西瓦拉曼·古鲁斯瓦米
杰拉尔德·J·伯恩
李俊
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University of Utah
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University of Utah
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B3/00—Low temperature nuclear fusion reactors, e.g. alleged cold fusion reactors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Abstract

A kind ofly handle improving one's methods of material, described material is used to produce the method for heat, and the method for described generation heat comprises hydrogen isotope is absorbed into described material.The method of described processing material comprises, handles described material to remove most of impurity of its surf zone, can absorb the film of the material of hydrogen isotope then at described material surface deposition one deck.Can also carry out additional treatments, to remove the hydrogen that is absorbed in the described material basically, the described material of heating in the hydrogen isotope gas atmosphere makes described material charge into hydrogen isotope in advance then.

Description

A kind of preparation is used to produce the improving one's methods of electrode of the device of heat
On March 13rd, 1989 application, application number is 323513, name be called " method and apparatus that produces heat " U.S. Patent application and application on May 2nd, 1989, application number is that 346079 name is called the U.S. Patent application of " energy-producing method and apparatus ", the method that produces heat and energy is disclosed, described method is a kind ofly to have the material of crystalline network that can absorption hydrogen to contact with the low atomic weight nuclear phase by making, these two pieces of assignees that patented claim has transferred present patent application are introduced into as reference at this.The invention provides and a kind ofly handle lattice material so that improve the improving one's methods of ability of this absorbed low atomic weight nuclear.
It is found that, can absorb the low-molecular-weight element for having, mainly be the material of the isotopic crystalline network of hydrogen, make these atoms of elements in metal lattice, produce diffusion and reaching under the condition for validity of enough degree, when described material is exposed to the source that produces these elements, can produce a large amount of excessive heat.
Be entitled as " nuclear that galvanochemistry causes deuterium merges " (Electroanalytical Chemistry (J.Electroanal.Chem.) 261(1989) 301-308 at Martin Fleischmann and Stanley doctor Pons) paper in, disclosing a kind of method that produces excessive heat, is to adopt galvanostatic method to produce the abundant pressure that deuterium enters palladium.This method uses Pd to make negative electrode in primary element, and the electrolytic solution in the primary element is that the heavy water of low amounts of water and the potpourri of deuterium Lithia are arranged.
As everyone knows, Pd can absorb a large amount of hydrogen, when particularly it is used as negative electrode in diluted acid electrolytic solution.The impurity, for example Pt that in body phase metal, exist have been known, have trended towards suppressing hydrogen and enter lattice that this is by promoting that generating hydrogen at the Pd cathode surface reduces hydrogen and spread and realize in lattice.When metallic cathode be by such as fusing or when the solid when method for calcinating prepares, these impurity tend to come the surface, therefore, these impurity that are positioned at the surface are as can or grinding and remove by machine work before the negative electrode.Though extensive studies is not carried out in the absorption on Pd to deuterium and tritium, the heavier isotopic absorption that these impurity of the absorption of hypothesis inhibition hydrogen also will suppress hydrogen is rational.
Everybody also knows, before research hydrogen penetrates into metal, can be by technology such as fusing and cooling or vacuum outgas, and as much as possiblely remove already present absorbed hydrogen.
The inventor has repeated the test narrated in the above-mentioned paper of Fleischmann and Pons, in the heavy water electrolysis liquid that low amounts of water and deuterium Lithia are arranged, make negative electrode with the Pd rod.The present invention relates to a kind of improving one's methods of negative electrode of handling, strengthen the absorption of deuterium in the cathodic metal lattice, and improve this system's generation thermal property thus by handling.
The invention provides a kind of energy-producing improving one's methods, make the isotope source of hydrogen invest the material that the crystalline network that can absorb hydrogen is arranged, its improvements are to handle lattice material, make impurity most of oxidized on surface and in solution, dissolve, then, on the surface of this material, deposit the film that one deck can absorb the material of hydrogen.This material is metal preferably, and it can be selected from VIII and IV b family metal and their alloy.
A kind of method of implementing this processing comprises, in electrolytic cell, this metal is used as electrode, at first make it carry out anode polarization, reach the voltage that is enough to the impurity on oxidation basically and the dissolution of metals surf zone, make it carry out cathodic polarization then, reduce the Pd oxide that generates and at the new Pd of its surface deposition one deck.Preferably, electrolytic solution contains the salt that will be deposited on the material on this metal surface, makes when metal electrode carries out cathodic polarization, deposits.This material is Pd preferably, and this salt can be PdCl 2Or Pd(NO 3) 2
This material can further be handled, and removes earlier the hydrogen that absorbs in advance basically, is heated in the atmosphere of hydrogen isotope gas then, and preferred hydrogen isotope is a deuterium, and it is placed a period of time under the temperature that can improve the absorption of deuterium.The pressure of hydrogen isotope gas is greater than atmospheric pressure.
Shown in Figure 1 is an electrolytic cell, and wherein the Pd negative electrode of handling by the present invention is exposed to the deuterium that electrolysis produces.
Figure 2 shows that another embodiment of described electrolytic cell.
First as described herein related to before diffusing into hydrogen isotope to metallic cathode, prepared that described metallic cathode is of the present invention improves one's methods.Second portion is described the inventor and is used the method that produces heat by the negative electrode of the inventive method preparation.
1. the preparation of metallic cathode
Negative electrode must be to prepare by absorbing the material that hydrogen isotope reaches the degree that is enough to produce heat.Preferable material is Pd, and still, having known before this has many other material and alloys also can absorb hydrogen.Particularly, VIII family metal except that Pd, comprises Rh, Ru, Ir, Os, Ni, Co, Fe and their alloy, especially Pd/Ag and Pd/Ce alloy, is found and is easy to absorb hydrogen.Other suitable material is IV b family metal, for example Ti, Zr and Hf and their alloy.
In a preferred embodiment, negative electrode is bar-shaped, but also can be the shape that other is fit to, for example tabular, tubulose, laminar (that it can the plane or crooked), the material that perhaps can absorb hydrogen isotope is the film on matrix, this matrix can be nonactive, or can absorb hydrogen, and perhaps this material is substantially spherical.
To being the negative electrode of for example bar-shaped, the tabular or tubulose of big bulk, first preparation process is to remove the superficial layer of material with mechanical means, and when negative electrode is when being shaped by casting or calcining, superficial layer contains the impurity of a great deal of probably.The amount that will remove scalping depends on the diameter of rod or pipe, the thickness of plate and the purity of this material.In a preferred embodiment, the Pd rod is machined to 2/3rds of its original diameter.
Then, anticathode cleans, to remove any surface contaminants.Preferably, at first, use the appropriate solvent clean surface then with the abrasive lapping surface of improving fineness gradually.In a preferred embodiment, use fineness 320 and 600Grit between emery paper grind, use distilled water and washed with de-ionized water then, clean with acetone at last.And then once clean negative electrode, and preferably it is immersed in the chloroazotic acid, use distilled water and deionized water wash subsequently.To sheet or film like negative electrode, solvent cleaning is normally only can practical cleaning step.
Then, negative electrode is calcined in ultra-pure Ar gas.Calcining step is in order to reduce dislocation desity and point defect concentration, and removes dehydrogenation, and in lattice, along with the reduction of the dividing potential drop of the rising of temperature and hydrogen, the dissolving power of hydrogen reduces.Preferably, calcining heat is about 600 ℃, and calcination time is about 4 hours.Then, before negative electrode is taken out, make it in calcining compartment, be cooled to room temperature.
Then, the surface finish of negative electrode for example can be ground with thin alumina powder, further wash with distilled water and deionized water then, and dry in Ar atmosphere.
Then, handle cathode surface, strengthen in the surface the absorption of hydrogen isotope, and remove the impurity that can stop hydrogen isotope to absorb.This purpose is it to be placed in the electrolytic cell that electrolytic solution is housed realize.Electrolytic solution is by the solution composition that contains Pd salt and NaCl.Preferred Pd salt is PdCl 2And Pd(NO 3) 2Pt is preferred auxiliary electrode.Described negative electrode is at first carried out anode polarization, and the voltage of use is elevated to the voltage that is enough to oxidized surface impurity gradually from zero.In a preferred embodiment, voltage is increased to maximum positive voltage value 250mV gradually with the speed of about 5mV/ second.Electric current reduces with identical speed then, and after this negative electrode carries out cathodic polarization with identical speed, is about 250mV up to negative pressure.Cathodic polarization part in processing procedure has careful Pd thin film deposition from the teeth outwards.
Then negative electrode is taken out from electrolytic cell,, and transfer to immediately in the electrolytic cell that produces heat with distilled water and deionized water wash.
In another preferred embodiment, after (at high temperature) during first calcining step, make temperature be reduced to 400 ℃, aerating oxygen, and this temperature maintenance 10 minutes.Use Ar air-blowing calcining chamber then, feed deuterium gas, and kept again about 30 minutes in this temperature.Before negative electrode is taken out, make it be cooled to room temperature then, then in chloroazotic acid, flood, use distilled water and deionized water wash subsequently.
Except that above-mentioned preparation method, negative electrode also available hydrogen isotope carries out pre-service, charges into hydrogen isotope to be reduced to the phenomenon that generation heat takes place to negative electrode and reaches the required time of enough concentration.Preferably remove the hydrogen that has absorbed in the negative electrode crystalline network, for example by vacuum outgas.Then negative electrode is enclosed in Ar gas and covers in the autoclave down, and with high-purity Ar gas cleaning autoclave.Feed the deuterium gas of pressurization, and negative electrode is heated to the suitable temperature that deuterium is spread in metal lattice.In a preferred embodiment, the deuterium atmospheric pressure remains on the 120psi, and negative electrode was placed about 2 hours under about 125 ℃ of temperature.After this be cooled to about 80 ℃, and under this temperature, under same deuterium atmospheric pressure, placed about 12 hours.With the negative electrode cool to room temperature, under Ar gas covers, take out, and transfer to immediately in the electrolytic cell that produces heat then.
2. the use of prepared negative electrode
Figure 1 shows that by the Pd negative electrode 2 of method preparation of the present invention, be arranged in an electrolytic cell 4.Outside pool wall 6 is preferably made with glass.Pd negative electrode 2 is installed in the top of the glass tube 8 that has a liquid-tight glass capsulation 10.The lead 12 of one conduction, preferably make, be connected with negative electrode 2, so that cathode current is imported negative electrode with Pd.Anode 14 is made up of lead 16, and in this embodiment, the Pt lead twines on a series of glass bars 18 of arranging round negative electrode 2.The lead 20 that connects anode extends to the outside in pond, links to each other with the anode current of power supply.The lower end of negative electrode 2 is fixed on the dividing plate 22 with the rod 18 that is twining anode, and in this embodiment, dividing plate is a teflon manufacturing.
Electrolytic solution 24 is the heavy aqueous solutions that contain 0.1mol LiOD, preferably consists of 99.9% D 2O and 0.1% H 2O.Adjust liquid level of electrolyte by managing the more electrolyte solution of 26 addings, so that liquid level 28 remains on the glass capsulation 10.
The temperature of electrolytic cell is measured with a thermopair 30 that is enclosed within the thin-walled glass pipe 32.
In electrolytic process, there is gas to produce.It can be respectively by exporting 34 and be connected to the outlet 36 at center and the marginal portion of electrolytic cell is discharged.As the means that further are limited in the potential danger that the gas that accumulates in the electrolytic cell blasts, various leads from the electrolytic cell to the outside and pipe all pass through glass cover 38 derives, and this glass cover is connected on the electrolytic cell by the adapter glass 40 of a ground.When the amount of gas increased sharply, this covered before pool wall breaks and can suddenly fly to hold, and had therefore avoided the fierce blast and the loss of electrolytic solution.
Figure 2 shows that another embodiment of electrolytic cell.This electrolytic cell 50 is a quartz ampoule, has a heat-resisting glass roof 52 to be connected on this pipe by ground connection 54.The top of Pd cathode bar 56 is connected on the glass tube 58, and the Pd lead 60 that connects negative electrode 56 extends by this glass tube.Anode is one to be wrapped in Pt wire gauze or the line 62 on the glass bar grid 64.Anode sleds rod 64 tops are supported with anode sleds supporter 66, and the bottom is supported with anode sleds supporter 68, preferably makes supporter with teflon.Glass tube 58 passes a hole at the center that is positioned at anode sleds upper support 66, and the bottom of negative electrode 56 is supported with anode sleds lower support body 68.
In this embodiment, be positioned at three of the thin-walled glass pipe independently thermopair be used for measuring the temperature of electrolytic cell, respectively on top 70, middle part 72 and bottom 74 measure.
Use electrolytic solution same with the above-mentioned embodiment, but in this embodiment, the liquid level 76 of electrolytic solution is to have the glass tube 80 adding electrolytic solution that pass through of metering to keep continuously by syringe pump 78.On top 52, a gas vent 82 is set, to discharge water electrolytic gas.
Instantiation
Embodiment 1:
The purity of purchasing from Johnson Matthey PLC is about 99.95% Pd rod and is machined to 4mm from 6.25mm, with the polishing of 600 Grit Sic sand paper, then in ultra-pure Ar gas atmosphere in 600 ℃ of calcinings one hour.After this, with distilled water and this rod of deionized water wash, and at PdCl 2Carry out anode polarization 20 minutes in (saturated) and heavy aqueous solution NaCl(20mg/CC) earlier, carry out cathodic polarization 20 minutes again.In the operation of on-test on April 24th, 1989, be about 115mA/cm in current density 2Condition under operate.Electrolytic solution is the heavy water that contains 0.1mol LiOD.Anode is the Pt line, and diameter is 0.5mm.Find in early morning on May 2nd, 1989, the outside that withstands on electrolytic cell of electrolytic cell, obviously because blast suddenly flies out, this is considered to the cause that hydrogen/oxygen regroups.Electrolytic cell reconnects and starts.At 10:15 branch in afternoon on the 2nd May in 1989, observe a little blast, and the rostellum of electrolytic cell is jumped out so.Replaced in the top of electrolytic cell, reconnected electrolytic cell soon.The temperature of electrolytic cell rises to 54 ℃ from about 25 ℃, stops 40 minutes when 48 ℃ of left and right sides.
During this section that temperature raises, be referred to as thermal shock, 70 watts of energy outputs, total energy is input as 9.6 watts.Input voltage and electric current are respectively 7.4V and 1.3A.Thermal shock has continued 40 minutes, ends because of slight blast top flies out.Re-assembly soon and be connected electrolytic cell.Electrolytic cell continues to present high temperature, and corresponding to about 24 watts energy output, its intake is about 10 watts.Voltage and current is 7.7V and 1.3A.Current test has continued 30 hours again, and electrolytic cell blast after this can not re-assembly.This electrode is taken out, handle again and re-use.The total excess energy that produces during current thermal shock is 1.4 hundred ten thousand joules.
Embodiment 2:
The Johnson Matthey rod of embodiment 1 is handled again, with 0.3 micron Al 2O 3Powder grinds and with distilled water and deionized water wash.This negative electrode is re-assemblied in new electrolytic cell.Test began on May 7th, 1989.Current density remains on 100mA/cm 2About.In early morning on May 21st, 1989, observe a thermal shock.Temperature in the electrolytic cell is from 31 ℃ of peak temperatures that are raised to 47 ℃, and temperature drops to a steady temperature (being about 42 ℃) then.The voltage and current of input is 9.76V and 0.95A.The energy of input is 9.3 watts, and is 44 watts to the conservative estimation of energy of output.Current thermal shock has continued 90 minutes.Current thermal shock is ended owing to heavy water being added in the electrolytic cell to remedy the loss that electrolysis causes.During current thermal shock, the total amount of heat that is produced is 187,000 joules.Electrolytic solution in two days later taking-up electrolytic cells of thermal shock shows that the value of tritium is 3 to 4 times of background.Electrolytic cell was closed on June 2nd, 1989, so that electrode is carried out the metallurgy analysis.
Embodiment 3:
Reuse the Johnson Matthey Pd rod 1(JM1 that once moved on April 10th, 1989 to May 1), this rod has been machined to 4mm, and polishes with 600Grit SiC sand paper, and calcines one hour at 900 ℃ in ultra-pure Ar gas atmosphere.This electrode is machined to 3mm again.This electrode was further handled 2 hours under vacuum condition at 275 ℃ on May 1st, 1989.Electrode was immersed in the chloroazotic acid 3 minutes.Electrode is cleaned dry then in water.At PdCl 2In the heavy aqueous solution of NaCl, electrode carried out anode polarization after, carry out cathodic polarization again.Electrode is put into electrolytic cell once more.Move in beginning on the same day next time.Apparent current density is 100mA/cm 2After 20 days, on May 21st, 1989, about 20:00, observe the little thermal shock that continues, this impact has kept a couple of days.
Embodiment 4:
The Pd purity of purchasing from Metallor is that 4mm, length are the electrode (PD3) of 9cm near 99.995% diameter, and the virgin state in current test when obtaining is used.Electrolytic cell started on April 26th, 1989, and used current density is 100mA/cm 2On May 4th, 1989, once slight blast took place in electrolytic cell, and electrolytic cell is destroyed.In about 8 o'clock afternoon on the 2nd of May in 1989, observe temperature rising in the electrolytic cell, surpass 2 ℃ of normal running temperatures approximately.Input voltage and electric current are 8V and 1A, and corresponding energy is output as 8 watts.The heat of being imported during current thermal shock is estimated as 11.5 watts.To the morning on the 4th May in 1989 electrolytic cell because of explosive damage before, thermal shock has continued 32 hours.
Embodiment 5:
With the previous Pd electrode that in embodiment 4, uses in air 300 ℃ of thermal treatments one hour, under ultra-pure Ar gas, in the time of 275 ℃, handled 2 hours then.This electrode is assembled in a new electrolytic cell, and test for the second time began on May 6th, 1989.This electrolytic cell re-assemblied once more on June 23rd, 1989, and then starting, interrupted therebetween about 2 hours.Observe a little thermal shock on July 1st, 1989, continue 60 minutes.The voltage and current of input is 9.7V and 1.0A, and corresponding intake is 9.7 watts.The energy of exporting during current thermal shock is about 13.5 watts, exceeds about 3.7 watts.
Embodiment 6:
The Pd rod that the purity that will purchase from Metallor is 99.995%, diameter is 4mm, long 7cm immersed the chloroazotic acid 3 minutes, behind distilled water and deionized water wash, with 0.3 micron Al 2O 3Powder grinds.At PdCl 2With in the heavy aqueous solution of NaCl electrode is carried out anode polarization earlier, carry out cathodic polarization then.After this, electrode is assembled in the electrolytic cell with three-electrode system, with a measurement device cathodic overvoltage.Contrast electrode is a mercurous chloride electrode.Electrolytic solution has from the next Cl of contrast electrode solution -Pollutant.Electrolytic cell moved during May 23 on April 9th, 1989, made anode with the Pt sheet, its current density 100 to 350mA/cm 2Between change.On May 23rd, 1989, electrolytic cell was owing to strong blast destroys.This electrode is made anode and is equipped with in the new electrolytic cell of identical electrolytic solution to re-assembly at a usefulness Pd sheet.Observe little thermal shock on June 2nd, 1989, continued about 10 minutes very short time.The voltage and current of input is 9.7V and 1.6A, and corresponding intake is 15.5 watts.During current thermal shock 10 minutes, average energy is output as 25 watts.
Embodiment 7:
The purity of purchasing from Metallor is 99.995%, diameter is the Pd electrode of 4mm, long 8cm, on April 25th, 1989 at D 2Gas is under 110psi pressure, at first 125 ℃ of pre-deuterates one hour, then 80 ℃ of pre-deuterates 2 hours, at 110psi D 2Slowly cool off a night under the atmospheric pressure to room temperature.Then Pd rod negative electrode in making the electrolytic cell of anode, is assembled a usefulness Pt sheet.Begin test on April 26th, 1989.Used current density 160 to 280mA/cm 2Between change.After 5 days, on May 1st, 1989, observe a thermal shock.The voltage and current of importing during thermal shock is 8V and 2.6A, and corresponding intake is about 21 watts.Average energy output is about 25 watts.After 25 hours, thermal shock is ended because of blasting.
Though described the preferred embodiment of the invention, fully aware of, people can carry out various improvement and change, and it all within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (36)

1, a kind of energy-producing method by the material that the crystalline network that can absorb hydrogen isotope is arranged is invested in hydrogen isotope source, makes hydrogen isotope penetrate into crystalline network and reaches and be enough to cause energy-producing concentration, and improvements comprise:
Handle described material, so that oxidation is at most of impurity in this material surface zone;
Handle described material so that remove oxidized impurity basically; With
On the surface of described material, deposition one deck can absorb the film of the material of hydrogen isotope.
2, the method for claim 1 is characterized in that described material is a kind of metal.
3, method as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that described metal is selected from the material group by Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Os, Ni, Fe, Co, Ti, Zr and Hf and their alloy composition.
4, method as claimed in claim 2, it is characterized in that handling described metal so that the method for most of impurity of oxidized metal surface comprises, in electrolytic cell, this metal is used as anode, and the value of electrode potential that raise gradually to a calibration, be enough to make the impurity on surface oxidized basically at this potential value, and enter solution.
5, method as claimed in claim 2, it is characterized in that handling described metal so that the method for removing in the oxide layer of metal surface comprises, in electrolytic cell, described metal is used as negative electrode, and reduce the negative value of electrode potential to gradually, be enough to make the surface of oxidation to be reduced basically at this potential value.
6, method as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that depositing the method for film that one deck can absorb the material of hydrogen isotope and comprises, in the electrolytic cell of the solution that the salt that will be deposited on the material on the metal surface is housed, with described metal as negative electrode.
7, method as claimed in claim 6, the material that it is characterized in that absorbing hydrogen isotope is Pd, and the solution of NaCl and a kind of Pd salt is housed in the electrolytic cell, described Pd salt is selected from and comprises PdCl 2And Pd(NO 3) 2The material group.
8, the method for claim 1 is characterized in that also comprising:
Basically remove the hydrogen that has been absorbed in the described material;
In the atmosphere of hydrogen isotope gas, heat described material and reach the temperature that can strengthen the isotope absorption of hydrogen; With
In the hydrogen isotope gas atmosphere, described material is being placed a period of time under this temperature, be enough to make the hydrogen isotope infiltration to diffuse into described material during this period of time and reach steady state (SS).
9, method as claimed in claim 8 is characterized in that described hydrogen isotope gas is deuterium gas.
10, method as claimed in claim 8, the pressure that it is characterized in that described hydrogen isotope gas atmosphere is greater than atmospheric pressure.
11, a kind of preparation method of the electrode that in the method that produces heat, uses, the method for described generation heat is included in the solution that contains the hydrogen isotope source and absorbs hydrogen isotope, and described preparation method may further comprise the steps:
Described electrode is placed in the electrolytic cell, and this electrolytic cell is equipped with the solution of the salt of the material that can absorb hydrogen isotope;
Electric current is fed electrolytic cell, make described electrode carry out anode polarization;
The electrode potential that raises gradually reach one on the occasion of, be enough to most of impurity of the described electrode surface of oxidation at this potential value, and they be dissolved in the solution;
Reduce electrode potential gradually to zero, make electric current commutation then, make described electrode begin to carry out cathodic polarization by electrolytic cell;
Reduce electrode potential gradually and reach negative value, be enough to make the reduction of Pd oxidation film, and be enough on the surface of described electrode, deposit the isotopic material that one deck can absorb hydrogen at described potential value.
12, method as claimed in claim 11 is characterized in that described electrode by the metal manufacturing, and described metal is selected from the material group by Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Os, Ni, Fe, Co, Ti, Zr, Hf and their alloy composition.
13, method as claimed in claim 11, the material that it is characterized in that absorbing hydrogen isotope is Pd, described salt is selected from and comprises PdCl 2And Pd(NO 3) 2The material group.
14, method as claimed in claim 11 also comprises:
Basically remove the hydrogen that has been absorbed in the material;
The described material of heating reaches and can strengthen the temperature that hydrogen isotope is absorbed in the hydrogen isotope gas atmosphere; With
In said temperature and hydrogen isotope gas atmosphere, described material is placed a period of time, be enough to make the hydrogen isotope infiltration to diffuse into described material during this period of time and reach steady state (SS).
15, method as claimed in claim 14 is characterized in that described hydrogen isotope gas is deuterium gas.
16, method as claimed in claim 14, the pressure that it is characterized in that described hydrogen isotope gas atmosphere is greater than atmospheric pressure.
17, a kind of reinforcing material comprises the steps: the method for hydrogen isotope receptivity
Remove the outside surface of described material;
Handle described material, so that most of impurity in the described material surface of oxidation zone;
Handle described material, so that the impurity of removing oxidized basically; With
On the surface of described material, deposition one deck can absorb the film of the material of hydrogen isotope.
18, method as claimed in claim 17 is characterized in that described material is a metal.
19, method as claimed in claim 18 is characterized in that described metal is selected from the material group by Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Os, Ni, Fe, Co, Ti, Zr, Hf and their alloy composition.
20, method as claimed in claim 18, it is characterized in that handling described metal so that the method for most of impurity of its surf zone of oxidation comprises, in electrolytic cell, described metal is used as anode, the electrode potential that raises gradually reaches certain value, is enough to make most of impurity of described metal surface oxidized and enter solution under this potential value.
21, method as claimed in claim 18, it is characterized in that handling described metal so that the method for the impurity of removing oxidized comprises, in electrolytic cell, described metal is used as negative electrode, reduce cathode potential gradually to certain value, be enough to make oxidized impurity to be reduced basically at this potential value.
22, method as claimed in claim 18, it is characterized in that depositing the method for film that one deck can absorb the material of hydrogen isotope comprises, in electrolytic cell, described metal is used as negative electrode, the solution of the salt of the material that deposit on described metal surface is housed in the described electrolytic cell.
23, method as claimed in claim 22, the material that it is characterized in that absorbing hydrogen isotope is Pd, and described electrolytic cell is equipped with NaCl and Pd salt solusion, and described Pd salt is selected from and comprises PdCl 2And Pd(NO 3) 2The material group.
24, method as claimed in claim 17 also comprises:
Basically remove the hydrogen that has been absorbed in the material;
In the hydrogen isotope gas atmosphere, heat the material to uniform temperature, under this temperature, can strengthen absorption hydrogen isotope; With
In said temperature and hydrogen isotope gas atmosphere, described material is placed a period of time, reach steady state (SS) being enough to make the hydrogen isotope infiltration to diffuse into described material during this period of time.
25, method as claimed in claim 24 is characterized in that described hydrogen isotope gas is deuterium gas.
26, method as claimed in claim 24, the pressure that it is characterized in that described hydrogen isotope gas atmosphere is greater than atmospheric pressure.
27, a kind of energy-producing method, by in electrolytic cell the cathode material that can absorb hydrogen being invested in the hydrogen isotope source, improvements comprise:
Handle described material, so that most of impurity in the described material surface of oxidation zone;
Handle described material, so that the impurity of removing oxidized basically; With
On the surface of described material, deposition one deck can absorb the film of the material of hydrogen isotope.
28, method as claimed in claim 27 is characterized in that described material is a metal.
29, method as claimed in claim 28 is characterized in that described metal is selected from the material group by Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Os, Ni, Fe, Co, Ti, Zr, Hf and their alloy composition.
30, method as claimed in claim 28, it is characterized in that handling described metal so that the method for most of impurity of its surf zone of oxidation comprises, in electrolytic cell, described metal is used as anode, the anode potential that raises gradually is to certain value, be enough to make the impurity of surf zone oxidized basically at this potential value, and enter in the solution.
31, method as claimed in claim 28, it is characterized in that handling described metal so that remove the method for oxide layer and comprise, in electrolytic cell, described metal is used as negative electrode, reduces cathode potential gradually, be enough to make oxidized impurity to be reduced basically at described potential value to certain value.
32, method as claimed in claim 28, the method that it is characterized in that depositing the film of the material that can absorb hydrogen isotope comprises, in electrolytic cell described metal is used as negative electrode, described electrolytic cell is equipped with the solution of the salt that will be deposited on the material on the described metal surface.
33, method as claimed in claim 32, the material that it is characterized in that absorbing hydrogen isotope is Pd, and splendid attire is NaCl and Pd salt solusion in the described electrolytic cell, and described Pd salt is selected from and comprises PdCl 2And Pd(NO 3) 2The material group.
34, method as claimed in claim 27 also comprises:
Basically remove the hydrogen that has been absorbed in the material;
In the hydrogen isotope gas atmosphere, heat the material to uniform temperature, under this temperature, can strengthen absorption hydrogen isotope; With
Under said temperature, in the hydrogen isotope gas atmosphere, described material is placed a period of time, during this period of time be enough to make the hydrogen isotope infiltration to diffuse into described material and reach steady state (SS).
35, method as claimed in claim 34 is characterized in that described hydrogen isotope gas is deuterium gas.
36, method as claimed in claim 34, the pressure that it is characterized in that described hydrogen isotope gas atmosphere is greater than atmospheric pressure.
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AU2316292A (en) * 1991-06-27 1993-01-25 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Apparatus for producing heat from deuterated film-coated palladium
WO1993001601A1 (en) * 1991-07-11 1993-01-21 University Of Utah Research Foundation Method for consistent reproduction of high deuterium loading and tritium gereration in palladium electrodes
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