CN1049980A - Supported hydrophilic film - Google Patents

Supported hydrophilic film Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1049980A
CN1049980A CN90102162A CN90102162A CN1049980A CN 1049980 A CN1049980 A CN 1049980A CN 90102162 A CN90102162 A CN 90102162A CN 90102162 A CN90102162 A CN 90102162A CN 1049980 A CN1049980 A CN 1049980A
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China
Prior art keywords
water
film
soluble substances
atresia
aperture
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Pending
Application number
CN90102162A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
约翰·爱·泰勒
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SEPERATION DYNAMICS Inc
Separation Dynamics Inc
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SEPERATION DYNAMICS Inc
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Publication of CN1049980A publication Critical patent/CN1049980A/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/10—Supported membranes; Membrane supports
    • B01D69/106—Membranes in the pores of a support, e.g. polymerized in the pores or voids
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/10—Supported membranes; Membrane supports
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/08—Hollow fibre membranes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/10—Supported membranes; Membrane supports
    • B01D69/107—Organic support material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/10—Supported membranes; Membrane supports
    • B01D69/108—Inorganic support material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
    • B01D69/1212—Coextruded layers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
    • B01D69/1213—Laminated layers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B01D71/08—Polysaccharides
    • B01D71/10—Cellulose; Modified cellulose
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
    • B01D2325/36—Hydrophilic membranes

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

A kind of supported laminated film 10 includes a porous tread support membrane 12, it is formed on structural ground floor and is bearing in second layer film above it, porous tread support membrane 12 include two sides 14,16 and pass its extend and make many apertures 18 that 14,16 liquid of two side faces communicate, atresia, water and water-soluble substances osmotic membrane 20 be provided with and be covered on each aperture 18 optionally only to allow the infiltration of water and water-soluble substances by each aperture 18.A kind of method of making film 10 comprises porous bearing materials 12 is formed ground floor, and with atresia, water and water-soluble substances osmotic membrane 20 stick on each hole 18 optionally only to allow water and water-soluble substances penetrate each aperture 18.

Description

Supported hydrophilic film
The present invention relates to as the film that from more hydrophobic material, divides dried up and water-soluble substances.Particularly the present invention relates to a kind of supported atresia hydrophilic film.
Approval give the inventor's and transfer the assignee of the present invention, on May 17th, 1988 applied for that its application number was 194,984 United States Patent (USP), described a kind of for remove the novel nonporous film material of hydro carbons and halogenated hydrocarbon from water.This film can be removed water and water-soluble substances expeditiously from hydro carbons and halogenated hydrocarbons.When playing the diffusion barrier shelves to water and water-soluble substances, this film does the time spent, the thickness that factor is exactly a film of restriction film efficient.The thickness of diffusion barrier is directly proportional with the flow efficient by it.
Approval give the inventor and transfer the assignee of the present invention, on September 6th, 1988 applied for that its application number was 240,632 United States Patent (USP), a kind of composite film material has been described, it combines the atresia hydrophilic material with the second kind of material that molecule is had differential permeability, and this molecule dissolves in these two kinds of thin-film materials but be water insoluble.This patent has also disclosed the pressing method that forms laminated film.
Ability and efficient that the cuprous ammonium film of several factors limit atresia is arranged.As mentioned above, critical factor is the thickness of film.To reducing the compensable factor of film thickness is the structural stability of film, to keep perfect as the flat film of non-supporting or hollow fibre.Above-cited application number is a cuprous ammonium cellulose hollow fibre of having announced this non-supporting in 194,984 the United States Patent (USP).
The present invention includes the device that a kind of ultrathin nonporous film such as cuprous ammonium cellophane are provided, this cuprous ammonium cellophane has sufficient structural integrity, when comparing, has significantly more high efficiency as diffusion film with the film of the thicker non-supporting of same type.
According to the present invention, the laminated film of supporting includes the supporting arrangement of porous, and it has formed thereon the structurally ground floor of tread support membrane, and this porous supporting arrangement includes two sides, with many apertures, aperture extends by it so that the fluid communication between its two side faces.The water of atresia and the permeability apparatus of water-soluble substances be arranged at each hole above, optionally only to allow the infiltration of water and water-soluble substances pass through aperture.
The present invention also provides a kind of method of making the laminated film of supporting, may further comprise the steps: the supporting material of making a porous is as ground floor, this material includes two sides and many apertures, and aperture extends by it, so that the fluid communication between two side faces.Atresia, water and the permeable film of water-soluble substances stick on each aperture, optionally only to allow the infiltration of water and water-soluble substances by each aperture.
Other superiority of the present invention are easy to make correct evaluation, by also in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, will become better understood with reference to following detailed description, wherein:
Fig. 1 is the perspective view of the film of manufacturing according to the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the fragmentary, perspective view of the another kind of film of manufacturing according to the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the part figure of the amplification that extracts along the 3-3 line of Fig. 2 substantially;
Fig. 4 is the perspective view that has parts decomposition and amplifier section of the present invention;
Fig. 5 is the schematic representation of apparatus of hollow fiber membrane constructed in accordance, has the some parts of representing with section form; With
Fig. 6 is the cross-sectional view that extracts along the 6-6 line of Fig. 5 substantially.
Supported laminated film integral body according to the present invention's design and manufacturing is represented with 10 in Fig. 1.
Generally, film 10 includes the porous bearing with 12 expressions, and it forms ground floor, so that structurally thereon with a film supports, and many apertures 18 that porous bearing 12 includes two sides 14,16 and extends through.Aperture 18 makes the fluid communication between two sides 14,16 of porous bearing 12.Atresia, water and the permeable film 20 of water-soluble substances be set at each hole 18 above, optionally only to allow the infiltration of water and water-soluble substances by each aperture 18.
More specifically, film shown in Figure 1 is flat laminated film, and porous bearing 12 is made up of microporous membrane material 22, and it has many fine apertures 18 that extend to its another side 16 from a side 14.Can adopt any microporous membrane material, as polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Kynoar, polysulfones, polyamide or polyimides, and micropore ceramics and sintering metal.Every kind of material in these materials all includes the micropore of another side of extending from its side to it.This material can provide as below with the structural bearings of the non-porous layer described.
Be shown in Fig. 1 atresia, the permeable film 20 of water and water-soluble material forms the second layers, adhere to and complete topped ground floor film 22.Film 20 atresia, water permeable and water-soluble substances is to be made by material of regenerated cellulose, as ammonium regenerated cellulose viscosity or cuprous.With regard to regenerated fiber, it is meant the regenerated cellulose of used cellulose for its nature.In other words, this cellulosic molecule this in chemically being immovable.Cuprous ammonium regenerated cellulose right and wrong cellulose of chemically deriving basically under its nature.Cuprous ammonium regenerated cellulose chemically is being the cellulosic molecule sheet.Its concrete ultra microstructure not too knows, but people know that this molecule sheet does not have to extend by its aperture.Between the molecule sheet, have firm hydrogen and connect (bonding), set up the crystalline texture of a height.This structure is very hydrophilic, and can be water and dissolved water-soluble substances provides aqueous solution channel.Water and dissolved water-soluble substances can diffuse through this film.The film (as cellulose acetate) that the film that cuprous ammonium regenerated cellulose is provided is made than the fibrous material that chemically derives is significantly much thin.
It is significantly much smaller that material diffuses through the distance that distance that cuprous ammonium cellophane passed through passes through by acetyl cellulose film than material.Therefore, cuprous ammonium cellophane has significant good effect aspect hydrodynamics, and it can provide quite little but more efficiently barrier, and only allows the water of diffusion and the water-soluble component that has dissolved pass through thereon.Yet it is different from the device of prior art, comprises that cuprous ammonium cellulose fibre all is non-supporting.The cuprous ammonium cellulose of the atresia that porous bearing of the present invention can make the second layer is placed on above it, and it is significantly much thinner than the cuprous ammonium fiber of previously used non-supporting.Be as thin as 1 micron or the littler cuprous ammonium cellulose layer of atresia and can be adhered on the porous bearing layer, and it has enough structural intergrities, so that a kind of fluid separation systems to be provided.
Shown in Fig. 2 and 3, porous bearing layer 12 includes aperture 18, and cuprous ammonium cellulosic material 20 is arranged separately in aperture 18.Under this mode, cellulosic superthin layer of cuprous ammonium or bubble can be attached in the apertures, and work by the present invention.By making aperture become littler, cuprous ammonium cellulose layer can make thinner, increasing and to improve the efficient of film, because film is made the thinner flow velocity that water and water-soluble substances pass through that increases.RCF regenerated cellulose film is an atresia, to very little particle, comprises passing through of microorganism, plays the effect of resistance shelves, can allow water see through simultaneously.Owing to water mat diffusion is permeated, thin RCF regenerated cellulose film can make flowing of water faster than the thicker film of similar type under the same conditions.
Hollow fibre also can be designed to use according to the present invention, and sheet microporous membrane discussed above, all can be used as the bearing of regenerated cellulose thin layer.Fig. 4 represents second concrete scheme of the present invention, wherein microporous fibre generally with 10 ' expression, it include a porous supporting course 12 ' and the cuprous ammonium cellophane of the regeneration layer 20 of outside atresia '.In addition, the supporting microporous layers also can be formed into skin, be placed on the cuprous ammonium cellulose of atresia internal layer above.Can use this fibroplastic fibre bundle, and be used in combination the device that in United States Patent (USP) (approval, application number is 194,984, relevant fluid separate content), is disclosed.This device designed according to this invention, the rate of flow of fluid of water that diffuses through isolated film is than faster many of the device of prior art.
The present invention also provides a kind of method of making the film 10 of supporting, and the step that it comprises is: make porous bearing materials 12 as ground floor.Material 12 includes two faces 14,16 and supplies fluid communication to extend through its many apertures 18 between two faces 14,16.Atresia, water and the permeable film 20 of water-soluble substances be adhered to every hole aperture 18 above, optionally to make the infiltration of water and water-soluble substances by every hole aperture 18.
More specifically, the device that this method is utilized is United States Patent (USP) 4,288 basically, 494 and 4,333,906(is people such as Porter for two pieces) described in.Inventor of the present invention is by the co-inventor of above-mentioned patent by name.This device schematically is shown in Fig. 5 and 6.
Directly with reference to figure 5 and 6, this device is whole, and this device 21 includes a spinning head with 21 expressions, and whole with 22 expressions, it comprises a housing 24, has the circular cell 26 that is surrounded by inwall 28.One end of chamber 26 communicates with the outer bottom of spinning head 22.The upper end of chamber 26 communicates with the inlet 30 of housing 24 sides.Round tube 32 has a chamber 34, extends with its length, and is fixed on one heart in the chamber 26.One end of pipe 32 communicates with the outer bottom of spinning head 22.The other end of pipe 32 exceeds the top of spinning head 22 and stretches out some distances.The outer surface of pipe 32 surrounds an annular space 36 jointly with inwall 28, and fiber forming material is squeezed out by this annular space.Core fluid, or liquid or gas can flow through pipe 32 chamber 34.
Device 21 also includes first storage tank 38 and pump 40, and storage tank 38 and pump are connected to the chamber 34 of pipe 32 by conduit 42.The material source of core fluid 44 is by storage tank 38 supplies, and core fluid 44 enters the chamber 34 of pipe 32 from storage tank 38 by pump 40.
This device also includes second storage tank 46 and second pump 48.Storage tank 46 and pump 48 are connected to inlet 30, by conduit 50 fluid are communicated with.Storage tank 46 fills film atresia, water permeable and water-soluble substances and forms material.The storage tank 38 that contains core fluid 44 also contains the porous bearing materials precursor.
In the operating process, film atresia, water permeable and water-soluble substances forms material, as cuprous ammonium regenerated cellulose precursor material, is driven into by chamber 26 by conduit 50 passes with pump 48, becomes the tube wall 54 of an extrudate with extruding.Simultaneously, the core fluid that contains porous tread support membrane precursor is squeezed into chamber 34 with pump 40 by conduit 42.The wall 54 that does not have empty film formation material 52 surrounds core fluid 44.Has structure shown in Figure 3 after extrudate curing and the regeneration.If the core fluid is a gas, it does not need to remove from fibrous inside so.If the core fluid is a liquid, this fluid can be removed behind required fibre forming.So this device can be used to make film second layer porous bearing materials ground floor and atresia adhered thereto, water permeable and water-soluble substances.In other words, the film of atresia be squeezed out topped on established porous bearing materials.The fluid that contains the porous bearing materials precursor form fiber 10 ' hollow core, and fibre forming precursor deposition that will be through selecting is in nonporous film second layer inside.
The core fluid can serve a dual purpose, and both can be used as the solvent of chemical reaction, can be deposited as the fibrous film bearing that sticks to the hollow fibre nonporous film inner surface of extruding again.In the core fluid, add the chemicals that reacts, can be used as another method of starting new composite with extraordinary character.By required polymeric support film and basic cuprous ammonium cellulosic material are combined the film that can obtain very wide scope various types of properties.
In the film that uses by the present invention's design, porous bearing materials can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic thin-film material.If the intrinsic hydrophobicity of film, then tread support membrane usable surface activating agent such as Triton X make its hydrophiling.In addition, the aperture of hydrophobic film can come wetting by the processing method of aperture flushing with ethanol.In case the aperture at tread support membrane contains ethanol, available water is fallen alcohol flushing, and water is still stayed in the aperture.So this film can allow water and water-soluble substances to pass through by effectively as hydrophilic sieve, but do not allow hydrophilic passing through with plasma.It is to describe nonporous film that this term " sieve " looks like here, and nonporous film optionally makes by it and spreads, it with optionally filter differently by aperture, as function, it is similar in appearance to acetyl cellulose film.Promptly be exactly, the aperture of porous tread support membrane 12 does not play filtration, but quite plays bearing effect atresia, water and water-soluble substances osmotic membrane 20.
Embodiment 1
To have average aperture size and be 0.2 micron capillary polypropylene hollow fibre uses through 8.5% cuprous ammonium fiber of cohesion and regeneration its outer surface of coated usually, cohesion and renovation process can be according to United States Patent (USP)s 4,288,494 and 4,333,906(is people's such as Porter for two pieces) described in program.
The composite hollow fiber that generates includes the regenerated cellulose nonporous film layer of 20 microns of one decks, is polypropylene microporous hollow fiber substrate film below this thin layer.
Make the model that contains 0.06 per square meter of surface area by the composite hollow fiber film, and carry out the water permeability test.
Result of the test sees Table 1
The table I
Press water through-rate (ml/min)
40 13.4
50 24.4
60 28.8
70 33.6
80 37.6
90 42.8
These results show that when testting as single film, for the cuprous ammonium regenerated cellulose simple layer of 20 micron thickness, its water through-rate is 5.6 ml/min/rice 2/ pound/inch 2The water flux density of CRC is measured as 5.3 ml/min/rice 2/ pound/inch 2This data representation it within the experimental error scope.When RCF regenerated cellulose film atresia, hydrophilic is made compound, during as area supported, do not observe the excessive minimizing of current with microporous polypropylene film with 0.2 micron average pore size.
These data have shown that also the water that the ground microporous membrane does not postpone this composite construction flows through speed, therefore can make extremely thin cuprous ammonium RCF regenerated cellulose film layer.
Embodiment 2
The microporous membrane sheet of making by Kynoar (PVDF) that has 0.54 micron average pore size by on the coated with 2.5% cuprous ammonium cellulose solution by the preparation of embodiment 1 method.
Cuprous ammonium RCF regenerated cellulose film is formed on the top of PVDF film, and its method is at first to condense CRC solution with 10% NaOH, uses 2.0% sulfuric acid treatment again, and water cleans and be dry.Be fixed on made CRC film on the PVDF substrate film and have 0.5 micron thickness.Cutting into diameter is the PVDF/CRC laminated film disk of 5.5 centimetres (0.022 square metres), and is positioned in the excessive test cell that designs of current of measuring sheet film.It is 50 millimeter of mercuries (mm/Hg) that the film of test usefulness transmits pressure.
Result of the test
When pressure was 50 millimeter of mercuries, concerning the PVDF/CRC laminated film test disk of 22 micron thickness, its current are excessive to be 3.35 ml/min.
These data are converted to the water throughput of every square metre of film, show that then the water through-rate that this PVDF/CRC compound with 0.5 micron CRC thickness has is 152.3 ml/min/rice 2/ pound/inch 2
Utilize the leak test of air pressure, on the film of doing, do this test before excessive measuring current.The result has not recorded leakage, and cell maintains 20 pounds/inch 2Air pressure.When drying, the microporous PVDF film then can not keep air pressure separately.
The present invention is described in the mode of illustration, is appreciated that used term is to be used for the essence of glossary being described rather than being limited.
Clearly, say according to top, many improvement of the present invention and change are possible, therefore be appreciated that, wherein reference number only is for convenience in additional claim scope, limited, the present invention also can not resemble specifically described and implement with additive method.

Claims (13)

1, a kind of supported film 10 includes porous stand apparatus 12, it forms structurally can support described film ground floor thereon, described porous stand apparatus 12 includes two faces 14,16 and passes its and extend and at 14,16 many apertures 18 that fluid communication is provided of described two faces, it is characterized in that atresia, water and water-soluble substances permeability apparatus 20 be provided with topped on each aperture 18, optionally only to allow water and water-soluble substances penetrate each described aperture 18.
2, film as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that described atresia, water and water-soluble substances permeability apparatus 20 form and be attached to and fully topped in the second layer of described ground floor.
3, film as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that described atresia, water and water-soluble substances permeability apparatus 20 include cuprous ammonium regenerated cellulose.
4, film as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that described porous stand apparatus 12 is made up of poromerics 22.
5, film as claimed in claim 4 is characterized in that described microporous membrane material is selected from the following substances, comprising: polypropylene, Kynoar, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polysulfones, polyamide, polyimides, micropore ceramics and sintering metal.
6, a kind of method of making supported film 10 may further comprise the steps: shaping porous bearing materials 12 is as ground floor, and ground floor includes two faces 14,16 and extend through it and many apertures 18 that fluid is communicated between two faces 14,16; And have an atresia, water and water-soluble substances osmotic membrane 20 adhere to topped on each aperture 18, optionally only to allow the infiltration of water and water-soluble substances by each aperture 18.
7, method as claimed in claim 6, it is characterized in that described adhering step be further be defined as with atresia, water and water-soluble substances osmotic membrane 20 second layers adhere to topped on ground floor.
8, method as claimed in claim 7, it is characterized in that described forming step be further be defined as squeeze out one have hollow core atresia, water and water-soluble substances osmotic membrane form material, and be form of film 20 with this material transition, described adhering step further is defined as the inert fluid that will contain porous bearing materials 12 precursors and is fed to hollow core, this precursor forms porous bearing materials 12, and atresia, on water and water-soluble substances osmotic membrane physics mode ground (mechanically) the aperture 18 attached to the porous bearing materials 12 of formation.
9, method as claimed in claim 8, it is characterized in that described extruding (extrusion) step is further defined to squeezes out film round the fluid of the precursor that contains porous bearing materials 12 and forms material, this fluid forms the hollow core of the fiber that forms thus, and this porous bearing materials of deposit is at the inner surface of formed film.
10, method as claimed in claim 9, it is characterized in that described forming step is further defined to is fed to precursor material in the chamber 26 that communicates with its outer surface, and by the annular space 36 between 32 space outerpaces squeezes out precursor and becomes hollow core extrudate 54 in chamber 26 and pipe, have a continuous chamber and manage 32, stretch along the whole length that is fixed on the pipe in the chamber 26.
11, method as claimed in claim 10, it is characterized in that described supplying step further is defined as the inert fluid 44 that will contain precursor material and is delivered to chamber 34, and simultaneously each draws extrudate 54 and at fluid 44 that its hollow core contained since annular space 36 and chamber 34.
12, method as claimed in claim 11 is characterized in that described ground floor is that the internal layer and the described second layer are skin.
13, method as claimed in claim 11 is characterized in that described ground floor is an internal layer for outer and the described second layer.
CN90102162A 1989-09-05 1990-04-12 Supported hydrophilic film Pending CN1049980A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US402,229 1989-09-05
US07/402,229 US4978451A (en) 1989-09-05 1989-09-05 Supported hydrophilic membrane

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JP (1) JPH0398623A (en)
KR (1) KR910005914A (en)
CN (1) CN1049980A (en)
AU (1) AU623946B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2007799A1 (en)
IL (1) IL92433A0 (en)
NO (1) NO895052L (en)

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JPH0398623A (en) 1991-04-24
NO895052L (en) 1991-03-06
EP0418432A1 (en) 1991-03-27
IL92433A0 (en) 1990-07-26
AU4547089A (en) 1991-06-20
AU623946B2 (en) 1992-05-28
KR910005914A (en) 1991-04-27
CA2007799A1 (en) 1991-03-05
US4978451A (en) 1990-12-18
NO895052D0 (en) 1989-12-15

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