CN104973674B - 一种重金属废水处理剂 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种重金属废水处理剂。按重量比计，该重金属废水处理剂包含8份β－环糊精，9份聚丙烯酰胺，3份角叉胶，8份胡敏酸钠和70份海泡石等。本发明重金属废水处理剂反应速度快，试剂处理过程的稳定性高，对环境耐受力强，在适宜条件下，重金属废水处理剂的Pb2+去除率能达到99%以上。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及废水、污水处理净化领域，更具体地指出，本发明涉及一种用于处理含重金属废水的重金属废水处理剂。
背景技术
人类对水资源的需求正在以惊人的速度扩展，同时日益严重的水体污染正蚕食着大量可供消费的水资源。全世界的人类都在关注环境保护和环境治理问题，重金属的污染也是人们考虑的环境问题之一，因为这严重威胁到了人类的日常生活和自身的健康。全世界每天约有200吨垃圾倒进河流、湖泊和溪流，所有流经亚洲城市的河流均被污染，美国40%的水资源流域被加工食品废料、金属、肥料和杀虫剂污染据近年调查资料，我国有1/3以上的河流受到污染，近50%的重点城镇水源地不符合饮用水标准，90%以上的城市水域污染严重。
近年来，我国的经济发展速度在不断加快，经济的大力发展所来带的环境问题非常严峻，从我国的国土资源部在2012年发布的中国国土资源公报发现，我国将近有60%的地下水质量为差，在全国所有的水质监测点中，有17%的水质质量是非常差，重金属污染严重的省市就达到14个之多。一直以来，地下水被不合格企业排放的污水、农药化肥的使用不善等原因污染着。二零一一年的四月，《重金属污染综合防治“十二五”规划》正式出台，将重金属污染的控制分为了两个等级，首要级别的重金属离子有铅、汞、镉、铬和类金属砷这五大类，其次严重危害的重金属离子分别为镍、锌、锡、铜、钼等，并且列出了需要重点管理的企业类别：有色金属方面的采矿企业、重金属相关的冶炼企业、电池行业、皮革以及化学试剂相关的制造企业，均被纳入被关切的对象，需要控制重金属离子的污染危害。
工业废水，是造成环境污染的主要污染源，其中含重金属离子废水的污染尤为严重。重金属是具有潜在危害的重要污染物，对人体健康和生态环境产生极大的危害。发展重金属废水处理技术，不仅有利于环境保护，而且可以促进工业发展和人类社会的进步。重金属废水主要来源于采矿、选矿、冶炼、电镀、化工、制革和造纸工业，这些行业产生的含铅、汞、镉、铬、镍、铜、锌等重金属的废水排入天然水体后，不仅对水生生物构成威胁，而且可能通过沉淀、吸附及食物链而不断富集，破坏生态环境，并最终危害到人类的健康。当重金属被生物体吸附时，除了单个离子存在外，还可能与生物体内的蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪酸、羧酸以及磷酸结合，形成有机酸盐、无机酸盐和螯合物。重金属离子及其化合物的毒性，一般都是通过与生物机体成分的结合而发挥作用，与生物体结合作用越强则毒性越强。自20世纪50年代在日本出现水俣病和骨痛病，并且调查这是由于汞污染和镉污染所引起的公害病以后，重金属的环境污染问题受到人们的极大关注。目前，最引人注意的是铅、汞、镉、砷和铬等的污染。
发明内容
本发明公开了一种重金属废水处理剂。重金属废水处理剂主要选用了β－环糊精、聚丙烯酰胺、角叉胶、胡敏酸钠和海泡石，通过一定的制作步骤和反应过程得到固态的重金属废水处理剂。本发明重金属废水处理剂抗极端条件的能力增强，适宜温度、pH值和进水COD浓度范围变宽。在适宜条件下，重金属废水处理剂的Pb2+去除率能达到99%以上。
一种重金属废水处理剂，具体制备包括以下步骤：
（1）β－环糊精溶液的制备
用量筒取35份蒸馏水，添加8份β－环糊精，将其放入离心机内，在1000~3000r/min下离心5分钟，离心结束后再用去蒸馏水冲洗加至50份β－环糊精溶液。
（2）螯合反应
按一定比例称取9份聚丙烯酰胺和3份角叉胶，向其中加入20ml蒸馏水加至90摄氏度螯合反应，在水浴锅内冷却到室温。加入50份β－环糊精溶液超声波震荡混合。
（3）半固状毛坯的制备
称取8份胡敏酸钠和70份海泡石，研磨过80目筛，将其加入上述混合溶液中，得半固状毛坯。
（4）造球烧结
进行造球，大约直径6~10mm，造球时间为12min，焙烧温度为300℃，焙烧时间为30min，获得球状重金属废水处理剂。
与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果是：（1）重金属废水处理剂反应速度快，试剂处理过程的稳定性高；（2）重金属废水处理剂固液分离效果好，处理过程便于控制；（3）重金属废水处理剂对环境耐受力强（如pH、温度、有机溶剂、有毒物质）；（4）重金属废水处理剂通过降低水体中重金属的弱酸可溶态和可还原态的质量分数和比例、提高重金属的可氧化态和残渣态的质量分数和比例等；（5）促进重金属由高生物可利用态向低生物可利用态转化，从而降低水体中重金属的有效性和迁移活动性；（6）有效抑制了作物对重金属的富集和转运，减轻了重金属的毒害。
附图说明
图1是重金属废水处理剂用量的影响。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施实例，进一步详细地说明本发明。应理解下面实施例仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明范围。
实施实例1
制备用于重金属废水处理剂XMFS01。
（1）β－环糊精溶液的制备
用量筒取35份蒸馏水，添加8份β－环糊精，将其放入离心机内，在2000r/min下离心5分钟，离心结束后再用去蒸馏水冲洗加至50份β－环糊精溶液。
（2）螯合反应
按一定比例称取9份聚丙烯酰胺和3份角叉胶，向其中加入20ml蒸馏水加至90摄氏度螯合反应，在水浴锅内冷却到室温，加入50份β－环糊精溶液超声波震荡混合。
（3）半固状毛坯的制备
称取8份胡敏酸钠和70份海泡石，研磨过80目筛，将其加入上述混合溶液中，得半固状毛坯。
（4）造球烧结
进行造球，大约直径6~10mm，造球时间为12min，焙烧温度为300℃，焙烧时间为30min，获得球状重金属废水处理剂。
制得用于重金属废水处理剂XMFS01。
实施实例2
重金属废水处理剂的用量与溶液中Pb2+去除率的关系。
在常温常压下，取含Pb2+浓度为500mg/L的溶液40ml，加不同量的重金属废水处理剂，在振荡器上振荡反应2h，考察水处理剂的用量对水处理剂去除Pb2+的量及溶液中Pb2+去除率的影响。水处理剂的用量与溶液中Pb2+去除率的关系见附图1，从图1中可以看出，水处理剂的用量越大，溶液中Pb2+去除率也越大，而单位重量的水处理剂去除Pb2+的量越小，当水处理剂的用量达到2.4时，溶液中Pb2+去除率达到99.91%。
Claims (3)
1.一种重金属废水处理剂，其特征在于：（1）β－环糊精溶液的制备，用量筒取35份蒸馏水，添加8份β－环糊精，将其放入离心机内，在1000~3000r/min下离心5分钟，离心结束后再用蒸馏水冲洗加至50份β－环糊精溶液；（2）螯合反应，按一定比例称取9份聚丙烯酰胺和3份角叉胶，向其中加入20ml蒸馏水加热至90摄氏度螯合反应，在水浴锅内冷却到室温，加入50份β－环糊精溶液超声波震荡混合；（3）半固状毛坯的制备，称取8份胡敏酸钠和70份海泡石，研磨过80目筛，将其加入上述混合溶液中，得半固状毛坯；（4）造球烧结，进行造球，直径6~10mm，造球时间为12min，焙烧温度为300℃，焙烧时间为30min，获得球状重金属废水处理剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述一种重金属废水处理剂，其特征在于：使用的角叉胶是λ型角叉胶，或者λ型角叉胶与Kappa、Iota、Mu、Nu、Theta、Xi型角叉胶的一种或者多种复配的混合型角叉胶。
3.根据权利要求1所述一种重金属废水处理剂，其特征在于：离心机离心速度为2000r/min。
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| CN104129831A (zh) * | 2014-07-29 | 2014-11-05 | 南京大学 | 一种利用螯合树脂同时去除和回收重金属离子和有机酸的方法 |
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