CN104950868A - 具有可变电流容量的电池模拟器 - Google Patents

具有可变电流容量的电池模拟器 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104950868A
CN104950868A CN201510121510.9A CN201510121510A CN104950868A CN 104950868 A CN104950868 A CN 104950868A CN 201510121510 A CN201510121510 A CN 201510121510A CN 104950868 A CN104950868 A CN 104950868A
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battery
state
circuit
electric
voltage
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CN104950868B (zh
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迈克尔·爱德华·洛夫特斯
本杰明·A·塔巴托斯基布什
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Ford Electric Mach Technology Nanjing Co ltd
Ford Global Technologies LLC
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Ford Global Technologies LLC
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    • G01R31/006—Testing of electric installations on transport means on road vehicles, e.g. automobiles or trucks
    • G01R31/007—Testing of electric installations on transport means on road vehicles, e.g. automobiles or trucks using microprocessors or computers
    • G—PHYSICS
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Abstract

公开了一种具有可变电流容量的电池模拟器。电池模拟器可操作为提供不同的输出。这些输出提供与被测试装置如何进行操作有关的不同的特性。在一示例中，诸如电子控制模块(ECM)或电池能量控制模块(BECM)的控制器可被测试。电池模拟器可提供不同的模式(例如，高电流模式或电压随时间改变模式)。牵引电池模拟器可包括：控制器；模拟输出电路，由控制器控制输出测试电流和测试电压；开关电路，连接到模拟输出电路并具有第一状态和第二状态。第一状态相对于第二状态提供随时间改变的增加的电压改变。第二状态提供与第一状态相比增加的电容。

Description

具有可变电流容量的电池模拟器
技术领域
各个实施例涉及一种用于模拟电池的***和方法，具体地讲，涉及一种用于对具有可变电流容量的电池或电池组进行模拟的***和方法，所述模拟可用于测试混合动力电动车辆的组件和设计。
背景技术
移动装置中使用的电池可经历宽范围的使用，例如，负载、充电、荷电状态、环境、寿命等。因此，电池在很多不同的情形下被测试，以证明电池及其控制装置和相关方法提供足够的性能。具体地讲，在车辆中使用的电池的用途广泛。电池模拟器可用于测试电池设计和控制器设计，以证明这些设计足够用于移动装置中。
发明内容
电池模拟器可进行操作以提供用于测试电池控制电路的不同输出。不同的输出将不同的电池特性提供给被测试装置(例如，诸如电子控制模块(ECM)或电池能量控制模块(BECM))。电池模拟器可提供不同的模式，例如，高电流模式或电压随时间改变模式。
电动车辆电池模拟器可包括：控制器；模拟输出电路，被构造为由控制器控制输出测试电流和测试电压；开关电路，跨接到模拟输出电路，与开关电路连接的模拟输出电路具有第一状态和第二状态，第二状态相对于第一状态具有增加的电容，所述增加的电容抑制测试电压变化率。
在一示例中，控制器基于电流要求控制与开关电路连接的模拟输出电路处于第一状态或第二状态。
在一示例中，第二状态提供与第一状态相比更高的电流状态。
在一示例中，开关电路包括电跨接到模拟输出电路的输出端的开关和电容器。
在一示例中，多个电源被连接以在模拟输出电路中模拟牵引电池。
在一示例中，与开关电路连接的模拟输出电路被连接到混合动力电动车辆的电子控制模块，以输出测试电流和测试电压。
一种模拟混合动力电动车辆电池的方法包括：在输出端启动开关控制：响应于要求电流超过阈值，使用开关控制闭合开关以将附加电容施加到输出端；响应于要求电流小于阈值，使用开关控制断开开关以从输出端移除附加电容。
在一示例中，所述方法可包括：改变施加到输出端以及施加到与输出端连接的电子控制模块的电压信号的变化率。
在一示例中，所述方法可包括：使用开关控制闭合开关来抑制施加到输出端的电压信号的变化率。
一种电动车辆电池模拟方法可包括：控制模拟输出电路输出测试电流和测试电压；基于电流要求，将电路在第一状态和第二状态之间进行切换，其中，第一状态相对于第二状态具有使电压变化率增加的减小的电容。
在一示例中，切换操作包括：闭合开关以将电容器跨接到模拟输出电路从而从第一状态切换到第二状态。
在一示例中，切换操作包括断开开关，还包括改变测试电压的变化率以对与模拟输出电路连接的引擎控制模块进行测试。
在一示例中，控制操作包括：将被测试装置连接到模拟输出电路的输出端。
在一示例中，第二状态抑制测试电压的变化率。
附图说明
图1是电池模拟***的示意图。
图2是根据示例的模拟***的示意图。
图3是可以模拟的电池参数的示意图。
图4示出用于对测试装置的电池进行模拟的方法。
图5是具有电池组的混合动力电动车辆的示例。
图6是电动车辆的电池组布置的示图。
图7是可执行在此描述的方法、用作电池模拟器控制器或用作电池电子控制模块或其组合的机器的示图。
具体实施方式
本文档在此详细说明本发明的实施例；然而，将理解，公开的实施例仅是本发明可以以各种替代形式实施的示例。附图不必按比例绘制；一些特征可被夸大或缩小，以示出特定组件的细节。因此，在此公开的特定结构和功能性细节将不被解释为限制，而仅被解释为用于教导本领域的技术人员多样地采用本发明的代表性基础。如本领域普通技术人员将理解的，参照附图中的任意一幅示出和描述的各个特征可以与一个或更多个其他附图中示出的特征进行组合，以产生未明确示出或描述的实施例。示出的特征的组合为典型申请提供代表性实施例。特征的各种组合和修改与本公开的教导一致，然而，可期望特征的各种组合和修改用于特定申请或实施方式。
本发明人已认识到在测试电池设计、控制器设计或车辆设计中对于改进电池模拟的需求。在电池模拟期间，会期望产生电池模拟，以对完全混合动力电动车辆(FHEV)、轻度混合动力电动车辆(MHEV)、插电式混合动力电动车辆(PHEV)和纯电动车辆(BEV或EV)或其他移动装置的控制器进行测试。然而，电池模拟器不产生如真实的电池单元所提供的推进车辆的“电池组”电流。然而，控制器(例如，电子控制模块(ECM)或电池能量控制模块(BECM))包括与电池单元平衡相关的特征，因此，为了测试控制器，需要电池模拟器提供真实电流。在示例中，潜在的电池单元平衡策略是自主电池单元平衡，自主电池单元平衡是一种要求每个电池单元达到5A的电流源容量的分散的电池单元平衡控制方法。
电池模拟器已成为通过能够传输用于模拟连接器连接/断开情形所必须的电流来识别控制器问题的工具。这种情形的示例可见于美国第14/015,335号专利申请，该申请通过引用包含于此以用于任意目的。
总体来说，存在要求电池模拟器能够传输大量电流的两种示例使用情况。第一种使用情况是电压随时间的动态改变(dV/dt)。据信，到电容性负载中的高dV/dt需要高峰值电流。第二种使用情况是电流容量。电流容量可以是模拟的电池单元能够传输的最大峰值电流或者持续电流。因此，与具有较低电流容量的测试器相比，具有高电流容量的测试器可传输较高的峰值电流和持续电流。可期望较高的dV/dt，因为较高的dV/dt提供电池单元性能的更真实的表现以及更高级的测试能力。dV/dt的定义是电池组电压的时间导数，电池组电压可以基于电池单元电平或整个电池组。高dV/dt意味着电池组电压随时间快速增长。例如，电池组电压的高dV/dt可以是140千伏每秒，这意味着由该改变所需要的电压的改变除以时间可以高达140000。dV/dt和电流容量性能指标是正相反的特征，随着dV/dt和电流容量性能指标中的一个的提高，另一个降低。例如，当添加电容以增加电流能力时，dV/dt性能变得过度衰减(over-damped)。本公开提供至少一种解决方案，以提供两种性能指标并因此提高测试能力。
图1示出电池模拟***100，该电池模拟***100包括控制模拟输出电路103和开关控制器105的操作的控制器101。控制器101例如通过执行从其他装置(未示出)接收到的可被内部存储的指令来运行电池模拟测试。模拟输出电路103根据控制器101的请求针对被测试装置产生特定测试所需要的电信号。这些测试可以是电流容量测试或电压改变测试。开关控制器105从控制器101接收指令，并基于这些指令设置模式电路107的状态。模式电路107可改变输出109的状态。模式电路可设置多个状态。一种状态可以是电压随时间动态改变(dV/dt)的状态。另一种状态可以是电压改变状态。另一种状态可以是电流容量状态。输出109可连接到被测试装置(例如，电子控制模块)。利用能够改变状态的模式电路107(例如，影响输出到被测试装置的信号和被测试装置的输出特性的电路)，模拟的电池可以为正被模拟的给定测试提供输出。
这两种模式(即，dV/dt状态和电流容量状态)可支持各种电池测试。下面是一些示例。在dV/dt状态下，电池模拟器能够获得如通过真实车辆性能记录的那样的真实电池组的快速动态变化。例如，被正确地配置的仪表***和数据记录器可记录电池组的电压输出的时间数据，并还可包括单独的电池单元电压。总体上，这种电池组电压呈现诸如如先前所示的140kV/秒的高dV/dt。现在，通过从数据日志文件控制电池模拟器，模拟器能够“回放”与在真实电池组上看到的曲线相同的曲线。为了能够获得这些快动态变化，将模式电路107设置为dV/dt模式是重要的。现在，我们将考虑电流容量状态。参照图2，开关S1将闭合，这会将大电容负载C2添加到模拟器输出109。存在一些针对被测试的电池能量控制模块的压力测试(诸如热插拔)，这意味着需要模拟将控制器的连接器***活动电池的效果。在***时，存在大峰值电流被牵引出的趋势，以对控制器电路的前端电容器进行充电。由于这里的模拟器处于电流容量模式，因此模拟器使用其能量存储器(电容C2)来在模块中获得高的真实峰值电流。在一些示例中，这能够再次创建可能的失败条件。
图2示出电池模拟***更详细的示意图。模式电路107包括开关S1和电容器C2。模拟输出电路被示出为包括电容C1。开关S1由开关控制器105控制。开关S1有两个状态(断开(非导通)状态和闭合(导通)状态)。电容C1是模拟输出电路103的未修改的电路的相对低的等效电容，模拟输出电路103利用断开状态下的开关S1来满足高dV/dt性能指标。控制器105控制S1在闭合状态下，从而将电容器C2添加到电路，这允许满足高电流容量性能指标。在闭合状态下，电容器C2与电容C1和输出端并联。将认识到，可在输出端对多个电子元件进行开关，以控制针对由电子控制模块表示的负载的输出信号。
图3示出可在电池模拟器的输出端模拟的电池参数301。这些电池参数301可包括内阻303、电流305和电压307。电池的内阻303可包括离子电阻、电子电阻和/或动力学电阻。这些电池参数可由电池制造商提供或者在针对将由电池模拟器100模拟的特定电池的其他测试期间被确定。
图4示出电池模拟方法400，在一些示例中，可使用电池模拟器100来执行电池模拟方法400。在401，开关控制开始设置电池模拟器的输出的状态，以将输出信号提供给被测试装置(例如，电池控制电路、ECM或BECM)。在403，确定被测试装置的操作模式。在一示例中，电池模拟器接收指示被测试装置的测试模式的信号。在405，确定测试模式是否应具有高电流容量。在一示例中，每个被模拟的电池单元或电流源的高电流模式大约为5.0安培。如果确定测试模式应具有高电流容量，则在407模式电路被设置为高电流模式。在一示例中，开关闭合，使得附加电路被添加到电池模拟器的输出端。在输出端，开关可以与电容电连接。电容可以是单个电容器或具有包含电容器或多个电容器的附加元件的电子网络。在一示例中，测试所需的电流的临界值超过阈值(例如，大于4安培、大于4.5安培或者大于或等于5安培)，则开关闭合，以使附加电容施加到输出端。在405，如果测试不要求高电流容量，则流程转到步骤409。在409，模式电路被设置在非高电流状态。在一示例中，开关断开，附加电路不被连接到电池模拟器的输出端。开关或模式电路的默认状态具有不在任何可感知程度上影响在输出端的电池模拟器信号的输出的附加电路。在一示例中，响应于对于小于阈值的电流的需求，使用开关控制断开开关以从输出端移除附加电容，或保持输出端的附加电容。在411，开关控制结束。
图5描述电动车辆502(例如，插电式混合动力电动车辆)的示例，电动车辆502可具有在被测试时与电池模拟器100交互的ECM。插电式混合动力电动车辆502可包括机械地连接到混合动力变速器506的一个或更多个电动马达504。此外，混合动力变速器506机械地连接到引擎508(例如，内燃机)。混合动力变速器506还可机械地连接到驱动轴510，驱动轴510机械地连接到车轮512。当引擎508启动时，电动马达504可提供推进能力。当引擎508关闭时，电动马达504可提供减速能力。电动马达504可被构造为发电机，并可通过回收通常会在摩擦制动***中作为热量而损失的能量，来提供燃料经济效益。由于混合动力电动车辆502在特定条件下可以以电动模式进行操作，因此电动马达504还可降低污染物排放。
牵引电池或车辆电池组514存储可由电动马达504使用的能量。车辆电池组514通常提供高电压DC输出。电池组514电连接到电力电子模块516，电力电子模块516可包括在此描述的ECM。电力电子模块516还可电连接到电动马达504，并提供在电池组514和电动马达504之间双向传输能量的能力。例如，典型的电池组514可提供DC电压，而在电动马达504可能需要三相AC电流来运行。电力电子模块516可例如通过使用逆变器模块来将DC电压转换为电动马达504所需要的三相AC电流。在再生模式下，电力电子模块516也使用逆变器模块或其他电路来将用作发电机的电动马达504的三相AC电流转换成电池组514所需要的DC电压。在此描述的方法同样适用于纯电动车辆或使用电池组的任意其他装置或车辆。电池组514可由电池模拟器100建模和模拟。
除了提供用于推进的能量之外，电池组514可以为其他车辆电气***提供能量。典型的***可包括将电池组514的高电压DC输出转换成与其他车辆负载兼容的低电压DC供应的DC/DC转换器模块518。诸如压缩机和电加热器的其他高电压负载可直接连接到电池组514的电压总线。在典型的车辆中，低电压***可电连接到12V电池520。所有的电动车辆可具有除了引擎508之外的相似的构造。
电池组514可通过外部电源526再充电。外部电源526可通过经由充电端口524进行电连接来将AC或DC电力提供给车辆502。充电端口524可以是被构造为将电力从外部电源526传输到车辆502的任意类型的端口。充电端口524可以电连接到电力转换模块522。电力转换模块可调节来自外部电源526的电力，以将合适的电压和电流电平提供给电池组514。在一些应用中，外部电源526可被构造为将合适的电压和电流电平提供给电池组514，并且电力转换模块522可以不是必需的。在一些应用中，电力转换模块522的功能可存在于外部电源526中。车辆引擎、变速器、电动马达、电池、电力转换和电力电子模块可由动力***控制模块(PCM)528控制。在一示例中，ECM可以是PCM 528的一部分。电池模拟器100可以在电池组514连接到充电端口524时对电池组514进行建模，并可从充电端口524接收电荷。
除了示出插电式混合动力电动车辆之外，如果移除引擎508，则图5还可示出电池电动车辆(BEV)。同样地，如果移除部件522、524和526，则图5可示出传统的混合动力电动车辆(HEV)或混联式混合动力电动车辆。图5还示出高电压***，高电压***包括电动马达、电力电子模块516、DC/DC转换器模块518、电力转换模块522和电池组514。高电压***和电池组包括高电压部件，高电压部件包括母线(bus bar)、高电压连接器、高电压线和电路中断装置。
电池组中的单个电池单元可由各种化学成分构造。典型的电池组化学成分可包括但不限于铅酸、镍铬(NiCd)、镍合金氢化物(NIHM)、锂离子或锂离子聚合物。图6示出N个电池单元模块602的简单串联构造的典型电池组600。电池单元模块602可包括电并联的单个电池单元或多个电池单元。这些电池单元可由电池模拟器100建模。然而，电池组可由串联或并联的任意数量的单独电池单元和电池单元模块或其组合组成。典型***可具有一个或更多个控制器(诸如监视和控制电池组600的性能的电池能量控制模块(BCM)608)。BCM 608可监视数个电池组水平特性(诸如由电流传感器606检测的电池组电流、电池组电压610和电池组温度612)。在一些布置中，电流传感器606的性能对于建立可靠的电池监控***而言是重要的。电流传感器的精度对于估计电池的充电状态和容量而言是有益的。电流传感器可使用基于物理原理的各种方法来检测电流，所述方法包括霍尔效应IC传感器、变压器或电流钳、电压与流过的电流成正比的电阻器、使用干涉仪测量由磁场产生的光的相位变化的光纤光学设备或洛可夫斯基线圈。在电池单元充电或放电使得流入电池单元或流出电池单元的电流超过阈值的情况下，电池控制模块可通过使用电路中断装置(CID)(诸如保险丝或电路断路器)来断开电池单元的连接。BCM 608可以是连接到电池模拟器100以测试BCM的操作的装置。
除了电池组水平特性之外，可能需要测量和监视电池单元水平特性。例如，可测量每个电池单元的端电压、电流和温度。***可使用传感器模块604来测量一个或更多个电池单元模块602的特性。所述特性可包括电池单元电压、温度、使用年限、充放电周期等。典型地，传感器模块将测量电池单元电压。电池单元电压可以是单个电池的电压或电并联或串联的电池组的电压。电池组600可使用多达Nc个传感器模块604来测量所有电池单元602的特性。每个传感器模块604可将测量结果传输到ECM 608，以进行进一步处理和协调。传感器模块604可以以模拟形式或数字形式将信号传输到BCM 608。电池组600还可包括电池分配模块(BDM)614，电池分配模块614控制流入和流出电池组600的电流。电池模拟器100可模拟电池组600或电池组的电池单元。
图7示出计算机***700的示例形式的机器的示图，在计算机***700中可执行指令集，使所述机器执行在此讨论的方法、处理、操作或方法学中的任意一个或更多个。如在此描述的，电池模拟器***100可在一个或更多个计算机***700上进行操作。电池模拟器***100可包括一个或更多个计算机***700或计算机***700的部分的功能。
在一示例中，所述机器作为单独装置进行操作，或可连接(例如，通过网络连接)到其他机器。在网络配置中，所述机器可作为服务器-客户端网络环境中的服务器或客户端机器进行操作，或作为点对点(或分布)网络环境中的对等机器进行操作。所述机器可以是服务器计算机、客户端计算机、个人计算机(PC)、平板PC、机顶盒(STB)、个人数字助理(PDA)、蜂窝电话、网络装置、网络路由器、开关或桥或者能够(顺序地或以其他方式)执行指定机器将要进行的动作的指令集的任意机器。另外，虽然仅示出单个机器，但术语“机器”应还包括单独或联合地执行指令集或多个指令集以执行在此讨论的方法中的任意一个或更多个的机器的任意集合。
计算机***700包括经由总线708相互通信的处理器702(例如，中央处理单元(CPU)、图形处理单元(GPU)或CPU和GPU两者)、主存储器704和静态存储器706。计算机***700还可包括视频显示单元710(例如，液晶显示器(LCD)或阴极射线管(CRT))。计算机***700还包括字母数字输入装置712(例如，键盘)、光标控制装置714(例如，鼠标、触摸屏、操纵杆、触控板等)、驱动单元716、信号产生装置718(例如，扬声器)和网络接口装置720。
驱动单元716包括机器可读介质722，机器可读介质722上记录实施在此描述的方法或功能中的任意一个或更多个方法或功能的一个或更多个指令集(例如，软件724)。在由计算机***700执行软件724期间，软件724还可完全或至少部分地存在于主存储器704和/或处理器702中。主存储器704和处理器702也包括机器可读介质。
还可通过可对传输的数据进行编码或解码的通信协议，经由网络接口装置620通过网络726发送或接收软件724(例如，指令)。还可通过总线708传输软件724。
虽然在示例中机器可读介质722被示出为单个介质，但术语“机器可读介质”应被视为包括存储一个或更多个指令集的单个介质或多个介质(例如，集中或分散的数据库和/或相关联的高速缓存和服务器)。术语“机器可读介质”还应被视为包括能够存储、编码或承载由机器执行的指令集以及使机器执行本发明的实施例的方法中的任意一个或更多个的指令集的任意介质。这样的介质可包括有形介质。因此，术语“机器可读介质”应被视为包括(但不限于)总线、有形载波信号、固态存储器和光磁介质。
如在此所述，不同电池模拟器可选状态的引入提供高dV/dt和电流容量性能指标两者。很多电池模拟器使用情况需要高dV/dt性能。一些电池模拟器使用情况需要高电流容量。通过引入模式电路(例如，软件控制下的输出电路的开关电容电路)，可根据需要以及在测试期间增加或移除电流容量。结果，可对控制器(例如，电池能量控制模块)执行更全面的动态测试。
电池模拟器(例如，牵引电池模拟器)可包括控制器、由控制器控制输出测试电流和测试电压的模拟输出电路、连接到具有第一状态和第二状态的模拟输出电路的开关电路。在一示例中，控制器基于电流要求，控制集合电路处于第一状态或第二状态。在一示例中，第二状态可提供比第一状态高的电流状态。在一示例中，开关电路包括电跨接在模拟输出电路的输出端的开关和电容器。在一示例中，多个电源可进行连接，以在模拟电路中模拟牵引电池。在一示例中，集合电路可被连接，以将测试电流和测试电压输出到混合动力电动车辆的电子控制模块。在一示例中，电池模拟器可包括第二状态，第二状态提供与第一状态相比的更高的电流状态。在一示例中，更高的电流状态可达到五安培每电池单元。在一示例中，电池模拟器可包括开关电路，开关电路包括电跨接在模拟输出电路的输出端的开关和电容器。在一示例中，电池模拟器可包括连接的多个电源，以在模拟电路中模拟牵引电池。在一示例中，电池模拟器可包括被连接以将测试电流和测试电压输出到混合动力电动车辆的电子控制模块的开关电路。
***可执行各种方法。所述方法可包括在输出端启动如下开关控制：响应于要求电流超过阈值，使用开关控制闭合开关以将附加电容添加到输出端；响应于要求电流小于阈值，使用开关控制断开开关以从输出端移除附加电容。在一示例中，所述方法可包括改变施加到输出端以及施加到与输出端连接的电子控制模块的电压信号的变化率。在示例中，使用开关控制闭合开关抑制了施加到输出端的电压信号的变化率。
电动车辆电池模拟方法可包括控制模拟输出电路输出测试电流和测试电压的操作。所述方法可包括：控制模拟输出电路输出测试电流和测试电压；基于电流要求将电路在第一状态和第二状态之间进行切换，相对于第二状态，第一状态具有使电压变化率增加的减小的电容。在一示例中，所述切换操作包括闭合开关，使电容器跨接到模拟输出电路，以从第一状态切换到第二状态。在一示例中，控制操作包括将被测试装置连接到模拟输出电路的输出端。在示例中，所述切换操作包括断开开关，还包括改变测试电压的变化率，以对与模拟输出电路连接的引擎控制模块进行测试。在一示例中，第二状态抑制测试电压的变化率。
本文档描述多个模块，将理解，这些模块可以作用于输入以产生输出的硬件(例如，电路、处理器和/或存储器)。模块可包括在硬件中执行以产生输出的指令。加载有指令的硬件用作专用机器。
虽然以上描述了示例性实施例，但这些实施例不意图描述本发明的全部可能形式。相反，说明书中使用的术语是描述性的词语而非限制，并且应理解，可在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下做出各种改变。另外，各种实现的实施例的特征可以被组合以形成本发明的进一步的实施例。

Claims (6)

1.一种电动车辆电池模拟器，包括：
控制器；
模拟输出电路，被构造为由控制器控制输出测试电流和测试电压；
开关电路，跨接到模拟输出电路，其中，与开关电路连接的模拟输出电路具有第一状态和第二状态，第二状态相对于第一状态具有增加的电容，所述增加的电容抑制测试电压的变化率。
2.如权利要求1所述的电池模拟器，其中，所述控制器基于电流要求控制与开关电路连接的模拟输出电路处于第一状态或第二状态。
3.如权利要求1所述的电池模拟器，其中，第二状态提供与第一状态相比更高的电流状态。
4.如权利要求1所述的电池模拟器，其中，开关电路包括电跨接到模拟输出电路的输出端的开关和电容器。
5.如权利要求1所述的电池模拟器，还包括连接的多个电源，用于在模拟输出电路中模拟牵引电池。
6.如权利要求1所述的电池模拟器，其中，与开关电路连接的模拟输出电路被连接到混合动力电动车辆的电子控制模块，以输出测试电流和测试电压。
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