CN104896302A - LNG vaporizer with step vaporization technology - Google Patents
LNG vaporizer with step vaporization technology Download PDFInfo
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- CN104896302A CN104896302A CN201510313021.3A CN201510313021A CN104896302A CN 104896302 A CN104896302 A CN 104896302A CN 201510313021 A CN201510313021 A CN 201510313021A CN 104896302 A CN104896302 A CN 104896302A
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Abstract
The invention discloses an LNG vaporizer with a step vaporization technology. Partition plates are utilized by the vaporizer to divide a vaporizer shell into an LNG heat exchange cavity, a first heat exchange medium heat exchange cavity and a second heat exchange medium heat exchange cavity, and through holes are formed in the positions, between the cavities, of the partition plates; a plurality of heat pipes penetrate and stretch into three different cavities through the through holes, and a plurality of fins are arranged on the heat pipes in a penetrating stretching manner; LNG, first heat exchange media and second heat exchange media flow through respective heat exchange cavities respectively; the heat pipes serve as heat transfer bodies, and the step temperature rising method is adopted to achieve the aim that the second heat exchange media with the high temperature are utilized for enabling the temperature of LNG at the temperature of -163 DEG C to rise, and for vaporizing the LNG; evaporation ends and condensation ends of the heat pipes and middle refrigerants are reasonably utilized for solving the problem that in the vaporization process of the LNG, due to the low initial temperature, the heat exchange media are iced, and the vaporization performance of the vaporizer is worsened; and the flow of the second heat exchange media is utilized and adjusted to be matched with the vaporization amount of the LNG, and it is ensured that the LNG vaporizer efficiently and stably runs.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of vaporizer, especially relate to a kind of LNG vaporizer adopting step vaporisation techniques, belong to field of heat exchangers.
Background technique
Along with the development of global economy, in short supply and the environmental pollution problem of global petroleum resources day by day serious, make the consumption figure sharp increase that flammability is good, pollute little rock gas, rock gas normal temperature is gas, be not easy to storage and long distance transportation, therefore general employing is first changed into-163 DEG C of cryogenic liquides (LNG), then storage and long distance transportation.But before use LNG, need the rock gas (NG) adopting vaporizing unit to realize the LNG of about-163 DEG C temperature to bring up to about 5 DEG C;
At present, mainly comprise for LNG vaporization vaporizer with Types Below:
(1) open-frame type vaporizer, namely LNG is at the heat transfer Bottomhole pressure of this device, and pipe is outer has seawater spraying device sprayed sea water in heat-transfer pipe, realizes the exchange of the heat of seawater and LNG; This apparatus structure is simple, and heat exchange volume is large, directly utilizes seawater and LNG to carry out heat exchange, but due to LNG in the heat transfer process Exchange of apparent heat temperature difference greatly, released cold quantity is many, easily causes seawater icing, and therefore this device vaporization efficency stability can not be protected.
(2) vaporizer of intermediate heat medium is with, namely LNG and intermediate heat medium carry out heat exchange, intermediate heat medium and seawater (or other thermals source) carry out heat exchange, because intermediate heat medium adopts subzero medium, ensure that the stable operation of system; But due to the device for intermediate flow need be increased, make apparatus structure complicated.
(3) shell of pipe type vaporizer, though this vaporizer compact structure, because the not high and thermal source flow of pipe shell type heat exchange efficiency is comparatively large, can not ensure stable the carrying out that LNG vaporizes.
Application number is the combined heat pipe exchanger that patent discloses a kind of refrigeration technology field of 200910307503.2, this system is primarily of casing, dividing plate, some heat pipes and heat pipe fixed structure composition, wherein: the two ends of casing respectively correspondence are provided with Imported gas pipeline, refrigerant outlet pipeline and refrigerant inlet pipeline, Liquid natural gas inlet pipeline, one end of dividing plate is fixedly installed between the Imported gas pipeline of box house one end and refrigerant outlet pipeline, the other end of dividing plate is fixedly installed between the refrigerant inlet pipeline of the box house the other end and LNG Liquefied natural gas export pipeline, heat pipe fixed structure is fixedly installed on dividing plate, heat pipe is connected with heat pipe fixed structure and perpendicular in dividing plate.Heat exchange process is divided into three warm areas by the present invention, the heat-pipe working medium of different boiling is chosen according to the requirement of each warm area operating temperature, in order to avoid causing solidifying of heat-pipe working medium because operating temperature is too low, under this technology solves the large temperature difference theoretically, LNG vaporizes.But because the operating temperature in heat exchanger can produce huge fluctuation along with the changes in flow rate of LNG evaporating capacity and refrigeration agent, the warm area divided in theory is caused to be destroyed, the heat pipe in this operation temperature area is made to make it lose efficacy due to the limitation of working medium boiling point, cannot heat transmission be carried out, and then make heat exchanger efficiency reduce the vaporization affecting LNG.
Application number be 201310120847.9 patent discloses a kind of small liquid natural gas vaporizer, its structure comprises housing, housing is provided with LNG import, NG outlet, refrigerant import and refrigerant exit, be provided with in housing in being connected with LNG import and manage, it is characterized in that, interior pipe arranged outside has sleeve pipe, the liquefied natural gas vaporization flowing through interior pipe generates rock gas gas, rock gas gas enters sleeve pipe, run on as intermediate medium in the gap of interior pipe and sleeve pipe formation, and exported by NG outlet.But be adopt to be used for carrying out heat exchange with LNG again as middle refrigerant using by the NG after pipe with refrigerant heat exchange temperature rise when running described by it, because the release of LNG heat exchange cold is large, in the gap that interior pipe and sleeve pipe are formed, NG may will be cooled to LNG again, and whole process can not meet the requirement of LNG vaporization; If LNG vaporization need be met must need have higher temperature and the growing amount of NG mates completely with the evaporating capacity of LNG by NG when requiring that this system operationally must ensure.But as described in this patent, in practical operation, these two aspects conditions each other, if when LNG vaporization demand is higher, this system due to LNG stream amount large, but NG is around being in control shortage of heat to provide the vaporization of LNG, whole system will be run, and if refrigerant temperature is too low, do not ensure the demand of NG temperature, this system also cannot normally be run.And be provided with sleeve pipe in this invention, and adopt wound tube heat exchanger, equipment is comparatively huge but cannot reach corresponding heat exchange efficiency, and the saying that the cold energy therefore mentioned in the present invention loses less and heat exchange efficiency is high remains to be discussed.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is for the limitation existing for above-mentioned prior art, provide a kind of LNG vaporizer adopting step vaporisation techniques.This vaporizer adopts heat pipe as thermal conductor, utilize the first heat transferring medium as middle refrigerant, by vaporizing end and the condensation end of Appropriate application heat pipe, and adopt step temperature rise method, solve the heat transferring medium caused because initial temperature is lower in LNG vaporescence freeze thus cause the problems such as vaporizer vaporization penalty, ensure that stable that LNG vaporizes carries out; By regulating the flow of the second heat transferring medium, coupling LNG evaporating capacity, and then realize the adjustment of operating conditions.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts following technological scheme:
A kind of LNG vaporizer adopting step vaporisation techniques, comprise housing 4, in described housing 4, employing offers the first dividing plate 8 and the second partition 14 of multiple lines and multiple rows through hole respectively, by it successively every being divided on housing 4 corresponding LNG heat exchanging chamber 7, first heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 17 and the second heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 12 being provided with inlet/outlet respectively; The first heat pipe 2 running through LNG heat exchanging chamber 7, first heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 17 and the second heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 12 is installed with in the through hole of described first dividing plate 8 and second partition 14 one end; The other end, be installed with the second heat pipe 5 running through LNG heat exchanging chamber 7 and the first heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 17 in the through hole of described first dividing plate 8, in the through hole of described second partition 14, be installed with the 3rd heat pipe 13 running through the first heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 17 and the second heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 12.
The present invention, for ensureing heat pipe heat exchanging high efficiency, is set with some fins on its external wall, according to heat pipe present position different on it to be set with fin also different: the outer wall of described first heat pipe 2 is set with some horizontal fins 3; On the outer wall that described second heat pipe 5 is applied in LNG heat exchanging chamber 7 one section and described 3rd heat pipe 13 be applied in the second heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 12 one section outer wall on be set with some horizontal fins 3 separately; Because the first heat transferring medium state can change in heat transfer process, for preventing liquid holdup and ensureing that heat exchange can efficiently be carried out, the outer wall that described second heat pipe 5 and described 3rd heat pipe 13 are applied in the first heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 17 one section is set with vertical fins 9, and its disconnected sectional shape is petal.
The present invention is divided into I grade of heat transfer zone and II grade of heat transfer zone according to LNG temperature variation (step temperature rise) in LNG heat exchanging chamber 7: wherein, the heat that in I grade of heat transfer zone, LNG absorbs from the second heat transferring medium heats up as cryogenic gaseous NG from-163 DEG C of liquid state, the intensification that in II grade of heat exchange area, cryogenic gaseous NG absorbs from the heat of the second heat transferring medium is normal temperature NG and exports 1 by NG to discharge, and LNG is by realizing step heat exchange in the heat exchange of two heat exchange area.I grade of heat transfer zone is positioned at described one end, and its length is 1/3 of described first dividing plate 8 and second partition 14 overall length; II grade of heat transfer zone is positioned at the described the other end, and its length is 2/3 of described first dividing plate 8 and second partition 14 overall length.
First dividing plate 8 of the present invention and second partition 14 are with housing 4 for being welded to connect, and housing 4 is provided with the cylindrical shape of convex spherical for two ends.First heat transferring medium of the present invention directly carries out heat exchange by heat pipe and LNG, because released cold quantity when LNG vaporizes is large, for ensureing that the first heat transferring medium can not freeze at heat transfer process, then needs to adopt low boiling phase transition heat working medium as propane; And described second heat transferring medium is without the need to considering the problems referred to above, namely adopt general heat transferring medium, as seawater.
The present invention is that guarantee three kinds of media fully can carry out heat exchange and realize the progressively raising of LNG temperature and avoided for the second heat transferring medium Yin Wendu too low causing solidified, LNG and two should be when kind of heat transferring medium flows in respective heat exchanging chamber: the first heat transferring medium and LNG are for forward to flow, second heat transferring medium and LNG are reverse flow and the staggered mesh formula that is arranged as of through hole on described first dividing plate (8) and second partition (14) arranges, and it is preferably equilateral triangle or Pin form arrangement.
The present invention according to the vaporizing property of LNG vaporescence, by reasonable combination be arranged in stablely carrying out of ensureing that LNG vaporizes as the vaporizing end of the heat pipe of heat exchanging body and condensation end in various heat exchange chamber; On the whole, being placed in the first heat pipe 2, second heat pipe 5 in LNG heat exchanging chamber 7 is the condensation end of heat pipe; Being placed in the second heat pipe 5 in the first heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 17 is the vaporizing end of heat pipe, and the first heat pipe 2 and the 3rd heat pipe 13 are the condensation end of heat pipe; Be placed in the vaporizing end that the first heat pipe 2 in the second heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 12 and the 3rd heat pipe 13 are heat pipe.
LNG of the present invention flows in LNG heat exchanging chamber 7, carries out heat exchange with as the first heat pipe 2 of condensation end of heat pipe and the second heat pipe 5, thus temperature raises, and realizes LNG vaporization; Described second heat transferring medium flows in the second heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 12, carries out heat exchange with as the first heat pipe 2 of heat pipe vaporizing end and the 3rd heat pipe 13, and heat pipe absorbs the heat from the second heat transferring medium, and is passed to LNG and the first heat transferring medium.
First heat transferring medium of the present invention enter in a gaseous form in the first heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 17 by heat pipe as heat exchanging body directly and LNG carry out heat exchange, because LNG released cold quantity when vaporizing is large, the first heat transferring medium hyperabsorption cold in heat transfer process can be caused and be condensed into liquid, if do not provide heat to ensure that it is gaseous state to the first heat transferring medium in follow-up heat transfer process, then greatly can reduce heat exchange efficiency; Therefore in this heat exchanging chamber, adopt the second heat pipe 5 and the 3rd heat pipe 13 to be staggered successively, and the 3rd heat pipe 13 that the vaporizing end that the second heat pipe 5 being arranged in this heat exchanging chamber is the second heat pipe 5 is arranged in this heat exchanging chamber is the condensation end of the 3rd heat pipe 13; Gaseous state first heat transferring medium by first being passed to LNG by the evaporator section release heat of the second heat pipe 5 by the second heat pipe 5, because release heat causes temperature to reduce thus be condensed into condensation end that liquid flows through the 3rd heat pipe 13 subsequently absorbing heat from the second heat transferring medium thus temperature raises and becomes gaseous state.First heat transferring medium realizes the varying cyclically from the state of gas-liquid-gaseous state by the heat exchange unit be made up of the second heat pipe 5 and the 3rd heat pipe 13, thus realizes the heat of the second heat transferring medium to pass to LNG, realizes the vaporization of LNG; Avoid in LNG vaporescence due to LNG discharge a large amount of cold according to directly with the second heat transferring medium heat exchange and cause it to solidify, LNG is vaporized and can not stablize the problem of carrying out.
LNG of the present invention becomes normal temperature NG in the second heat exchange area from low temperature NG and exports 1 eliminating by NG, heats up without the need to consuming too many heat at this stage NG, but II grade of heat transfer zone has higher heat due to the second heat transferring medium, be enough to make low temperature NG heat up as normal temperature NG, for effectively utilizing the heat of the second heat transferring medium, this system fully takes into account because in I grade of heat transfer zone heat transfer process, the first heat exchange medium temperature can decrease, for the high efficiency and the first heat transferring medium that ensure the first heat transferring medium cycle heat exchange are discharged in a gaseous form, then need to provide heat to it, therefore II grade of heat transfer zone, be placed in the first heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 17 and LNG heat exchanging chamber 7 first heat pipe 2 simultaneously as the condensation end of the first heat pipe 2, the heat of the second heat transferring medium is not only ensured, and LNG can heat up as normal temperature gaseous state, ensure that the first heat transferring medium can absorb heat and heat up as gaseous state simultaneously, thus the Effec-tive Function of the system of guarantee.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects as follows: the vaporizing end and the condensation end that utilize reasonable Arrangement heat pipe, and adopt the method for step temperature rise, and the problem that cause heat transferring medium freeze excessive due to released cold quantity when solving LNG vaporization and under identical evaporating capacity condition, the present invention has higher heat exchange efficiency and compact structure more compared with existing vaporizer, as being 360m at guarantee LNG evaporating capacity
3during/h, compared with existing vaporizer, the more existing vaporizer volume of structural volume of the present invention reduces 30%, and heat exchange efficiency improves more than 15%; By regulating the flow of the second heat transferring medium, LNG evaporating capacity can be mated completely, solving the instability causing system because operating mode changes.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of patent of the present invention,
Fig. 2 is the A-A sectional drawing of Fig. 1,
Fig. 3 is the B-B sectional drawing of Fig. 1,
Fig. 4 is the C-C sectional drawing of Fig. 1,
In figure: 1, NG outlet; 2, the first heat pipe; 3, horizontal fin 4, housing 5, second heat pipe; 6, LNG import 7, LNG heat exchanging chamber; 8, the first dividing plate; 9, vertical fins; 10, the first heat transferring medium import; 11, the second heat transferring medium outlet; 12; Second heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber; 13, the 3rd heat pipe; 14, second partition; 15, the second heat transferring medium import; 16, the first heat transferring medium outlet; 17, the first heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the present invention is further illustrated.
As shown in Figures 1 to 4, a kind of LNG vaporizer adopting step vaporisation techniques, comprise housing 4, in described housing 4, employing offers the first dividing plate 8 and the second partition 14 of multiple lines and multiple rows through hole respectively, by it successively every being divided on housing 4 corresponding LNG heat exchanging chamber 7, first heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 17 and the second heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 12 being provided with inlet/outlet respectively; The first heat pipe 2 running through LNG heat exchanging chamber 7, first heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 17 and the second heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 12 is installed with in the through hole of described first dividing plate 8 and second partition 14 one end; The other end, be installed with the second heat pipe 5 running through LNG heat exchanging chamber 7 and the first heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 17 in the through hole of described first dividing plate 8, in the through hole of described second partition 14, be installed with the 3rd heat pipe 13 running through the first heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 17 and the second heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 12.
Wherein, the outer wall of described first heat pipe 2 is set with some horizontal fins 3; On the outer wall that described second heat pipe 5 is applied in LNG heat exchanging chamber 7 one section and described 3rd heat pipe 13 be applied in the second heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 12 one section outer wall on be set with some horizontal fins 3 separately; The outer wall that described second heat pipe 5 and described 3rd heat pipe 13 are applied in the first heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 17 one section is set with vertical fins 9.
The length of described first dividing plate 8 and second partition 14 one end is 1/3 of described first dividing plate 8 and second partition 14 overall length, and the length of described first dividing plate 8 and second partition 14 the other end is 2/3 of described first dividing plate 8 and second partition 14 overall length.
Described first dividing plate 8 and second partition 14 are with the connection of described housing 4 and are welded to connect.
The staggered mesh formula that the is arranged as arrangement of the through hole on described first dividing plate 8 and second partition 14; Described staggered mesh formula is arranged as equilateral triangle or Pin form arrangement.
Described housing 4 is provided with the cylindrical shape of convex spherical for two ends.
The disconnected sectional shape of described vertical fins 9 is petal.
Working procedure
LNG heat exchange process: LNG flows into LNG heat exchanging chamber 7 from LNG import 6 and carries out heat exchange with as the first heat pipe 2 of condensation end of heat pipe and the second heat pipe 5, absorb low boiling working fluid in heat pipe and absorb the heat thus temperature rising that obtain from the second heat transferring medium, according to step temperature rise method, in I level heat transfer zone, carry out heat exchange with the second heat pipe 5 as condensation end of heat pipe heat up as cryogenic gaseous NG from the LNG of-163 DEG C; Low temperature NG flows through II heat transfer zone and carries out heat exchange as the first heat pipe 2 of condensation end of heat pipe thereupon, absorb the heat from the second heat transferring medium further, thus temperature is elevated to normal temperature NG, discharges subsequently, complete the vaporescence of LNG from NG outlet 1.
First medium heat exchange process: gaseous first medium enters first medium heat exchanging chamber 17 from first medium import 10, first flow through by the second heat pipe 5 as heat pipe vaporizing end in I level heat transfer zone, absorb the cold from LNG release, temperature reduction is condensed into liquid state, flow through the 3rd heat pipe 13 as condensation end of heat pipe subsequently, absorb the heat from the second heat transferring medium, temperature raises immediately, and then be vaporizated into gaseous state and carry out heat exchange with LNG again subsequently, the second heat pipe 5 and the 3rd heat pipe 13 of cross arrangement is circulated through like this at I level heat transfer zone first heat transferring medium, as middle heating agent, thus transmission makes LNG temperature raise from the heat of Absorption by Sea Water, because LNG is many at I level heat transfer zone released cold quantity, when the first heat transferring medium enters II grade of heat exchange area, temperature can reduce (but higher than the LNG temperature be in around same heat pipe place), for ensure the high efficiency of following cycle first heat transferring medium and the heat that can provide in II grade of heat exchange area due to the second heat transferring medium be enough to satisfied first heat transferring medium and NG temperature rise required for thermal requirement, therefore II grade of heat exchange area first heat transferring medium with as condensation end of heat pipe the first heat pipe 2 carry out heat exchange, absorb the heat from the second heat transferring medium, thus improve the temperature of the first heat transferring medium and keep the first heat transferring medium to be in gaseous state, ensure that the first heat transferring medium can recycle under without external heat source heating state.
Second heat transferring medium heat exchange process: the second heat transferring medium flows into the second heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 12 from the second heat transferring medium import 15 and carries out heat exchange with as the first heat pipe 2, second heat pipe 5 of heat pipe vaporizing end and the 3rd heat pipe 13, heat is supplied to LNG, makes LNG temperature raise and vaporize; Simultaneously owing to adopting the principle of step vaporization, in II grade of heat exchange area, for the first heat transferring medium provides heat, to make in circulating the first heat transferring medium without the need to consuming external heat source for ensureing stable the carrying out of heat exchange; And by regulating the flow entering the second heat transferring medium in the second heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber 12, thus coupling LNG evaporating capacity, realize the adjustment of real-time working condition.
These are only an embodiment of the invention, it describes comparatively concrete and detailed, but therefore can not be interpreted as the restriction to the scope of the claims of the present invention.It should be pointed out that for the person of ordinary skill of the art, without departing from the inventive concept of the premise, all employings are equal to the technological scheme of replacement or equivalent transformation formation, all belong to the scope that the claims in the present invention are claimed.
Claims (8)
1. one kind adopts the LNG vaporizer of step vaporisation techniques, comprise housing (4), it is characterized in that: described housing (4) interior employing offers the first dividing plate (8) and the second partition (14) of multiple lines and multiple rows through hole respectively, by it successively every being divided on housing (4) corresponding LNG heat exchanging chamber (7), the first heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber (17) and the second heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber (12) being provided with inlet/outlet respectively; The first heat pipe (2) running through LNG heat exchanging chamber (7), the first heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber (17) and the second heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber (12) is installed with in the through hole of described first dividing plate (8) and second partition (14) one end; The other end, be installed with the second heat pipe (5) running through LNG heat exchanging chamber (7) and the first heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber (17) in the through hole of described first dividing plate (8), in the through hole of described second partition (14), be installed with the 3rd heat pipe (13) running through the first heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber (17) and the second heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber (12).
2. the LNG vaporizer of employing step vaporisation techniques according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the outer wall of described first heat pipe (2) is set with some horizontal fins (3); On the outer wall that described second heat pipe (5) is applied in LNG heat exchanging chamber (7) a section and described 3rd heat pipe (13) be applied in the second heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber (12) one section outer wall on be set with some horizontal fins (3) separately; The outer wall that described second heat pipe (5) and described 3rd heat pipe (13) are applied in the first heat transferring medium heat exchanging chamber (17) one section is set with vertical fins (9).
3. the LNG vaporizer of employing step vaporisation techniques according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the length of described one end is 1/3 of described first dividing plate (8) and second partition (14) overall length, the length of the described the other end is 2/3 of described first dividing plate (8) and second partition (14) overall length.
4. the LNG vaporizer of employing step vaporisation techniques according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the connection of described first dividing plate (8) and second partition (14) and described housing (4) is for being welded to connect.
5. the LNG vaporizer of employing step vaporisation techniques according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the staggered mesh formula that the is arranged as arrangement of the through hole on described first dividing plate (8) and second partition (14).
6. the LNG vaporizer of employing step vaporisation techniques according to claim 5, is characterized in that: described staggered mesh formula is arranged as equilateral triangle or Pin form arrangement.
7. the LNG vaporizer of employing step vaporisation techniques according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described housing (4) is provided with the cylindrical shape of convex spherical for two ends.
8. the LNG vaporizer of employing step vaporisation techniques according to claim 2, is characterized in that: the disconnected sectional shape of described vertical fins (9) is petal.
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| CN110542015A (en) * | 2019-07-29 | 2019-12-06 | 武汉船用电力推进装置研究所（中国船舶重工集团公司第七一二研究所） | Enhanced heat exchange alloy hydrogen storage tank |
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| CN110542015B (en) * | 2019-07-29 | 2021-07-30 | 武汉船用电力推进装置研究所（中国船舶重工集团公司第七一二研究所） | Enhanced heat exchange alloy hydrogen storage tank |
| CN113506926A (en) * | 2020-03-24 | 2021-10-15 | 奥迪股份公司 | Battery system and vehicle |
| CN113506926B (en) * | 2020-03-24 | 2024-05-28 | 奥迪股份公司 | Battery system and vehicle |
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| CN104896302B (en) | 2017-01-18 |
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